簡(jiǎn)介：THECOSTOFBUILDINGSTRUCTURE1INTRODUCTIONTHEARTOFARCHITECTURALDESIGNWASCHARACTERIZEDASONEOFDEALINGCOMPREHENSIVELYWITHACOMPLEXSETOFPHYSICALANDNONPHYSICALDESIGNDETERMINANTSSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONSWERECASTASIMPORTANTPHYSICALDETERMINANTSTHATSHOULDBEDEALTWITHINAHIERARCHICALFASHIONIFTHEYARETOHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONSPATIALORGANIZATIONANDENVIRONMENTALCONTROLDESIGNTHINKINGTHEECONOMICALASPECTOFBUILDINGREPRESENTSANONPHYSICALSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONTHAT,INFINALANALYSIS,MUSTALSOBECONSIDEREDIMPORTANTCOSTCONSIDERATIONSAREINCERTAINWAYSACONSTRAINTTOCREATIVEDESIGNBUTTHISNEEDNOTBESOIFSOMETHINGISKNOWNOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTRUCTURALANDCONSTRUCTIVEDESIGNOPTIONSANDTHEIRCOSTOFIMPLEMENTATION,ITISREASONABLETOBELIEVETHATCREATIVITYCANBEENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTCREATIVEDESIGNINNOVATIONSSUCCEEDUNDERCOMPETITIVEBIDDINGANDNOTBECAUSEOFUNUSUALOWNERAFFLUENCEASTHEFEWPUBLICIZEDCASESOFEXTRAVAGANCEMIGHTLEADONETOBELIEVEONECOULDEVENSAYTHATADESIGNERWHOISTRULYCREATIVEWILLPRODUCEARCHITECTURALEXCELLENCEWITHINTHECONSTRAINTSOFECONOMYESPECIALLYTODAY,WEFINDTHATTHEREISANEEDTORECOGNIZETHATELEGANCEANDECONOMYCANBECOMESYNONYMOUSCONCEPTSTHEREFORE,INTHISCHAPTERWEWILLSETFORTHABRIEFEXPLANATIONOFTHEPARAMETERSOFCOSTANALYSISANDTHEMEANSBYWHICHDESIGNERSMAYEVALUATETHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPLICATIONSOFTHEIRSTRUCTURALANDARCHITECTURALDESIGNTHINKINGTHECOSTOFSTRUCTUREALONECANBEMEASUREDRELATIVETOTHETOTALCOSTOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONOR,SINCETHETOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTISBUTAPARTOFATOTALPROJECTCOST,ONECOULDINCLUDEADDITIONALCONSIDERATIONFORLAND10～20PERCENT,FINANCEANDINTEREST100～200PERCENT,TAXESANDMAINTENANCECOSTSONTHEORDEROF20PERCENTBUTADISCUSSIONOFTHESESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISBOOK,ANDWEWILLFOCUSONTHECOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONONLYONTHEAVERAGE,PURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSACCOUNTFORABOUT25PERCENTOFTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,THISISSOBECAUSEITHASBEENTRADITIONALTODISCRIMINATEBETWEENPERHAPSKEEPINMINDHOWTHEACTUALCOSTOFASTRUCTUREISFINALLYPRICEDANDMADEUPTHUS,THEPERCENTAVERAGESSTATEDABOVEAREOBVIOUSLYCRUDE,BUTTHEYCANSUFFICETOINTRODUCETHENATUREOFTHECOSTPICTURETHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSWILLDISCUSSTHERANGEOFTHESEAVERAGESANDTHENPROCEEDTOADISCUSSIONOFSQUAREFOOTAGECOSTSANDVOLUMEBASEDESTIMATESFORUSEINROUGHAPPROXIMATIONOFTHECOSTOFBUILDINGASTRUCTURALSYSTEM2PERCENTAGEESTIMATESTHETYPEOFBUILDINGPROJECTMAYINDICATETHERANGEOFPERCENTAGESTHATCANBEALLOCATEDTOSTRUCTURALANDOTHERCOSTSASMIGHTBEEXPECTED,HIGHLYDECORATIVEORSYMBOLICBUILDINGSWOULDNORMALLYDEMANDTHELOWESTPERCENTAGEOFSTRUCTURALCOSTSASCOMPAREDTOTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTINTHISCASETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSMIGHTDROPTO10～15PERCENTOFTHETOTALBUILDINGCOSTBECAUSEMOREMONEYISALLOCATEDTOTHESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSONCEAGAINTHISIMPLIESTHATTHESYMBOLICCOMPONENTSARECONCEIVEDINDEPENDENTOFBASICSTRUCTURALREQUIREMENTSHOWEVER,WHERESTRUCTUREANDSYMBOLISMAREMOREORLESSSYNTHESIZED,ASWITHACHURCHORCATHEDRAL,THESTRUCTURALSYSTEMCOSTCANBEEXPECTEDTOBESOMEWHATHIGHER,SAY,15AND20PERCENTORMOREATTHEOTHERENDOFTHECOSTSCALEARETHEVERYSIMPLEANDNONSYMBOLICINDUSTRIALBUILDINGS,SUCHASWAREHOUSESANDGARAGESINTHESECASES,THENONSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS,SUCHASINTERIORPARTITIONWALLSANDCEILINGS,ASWILLASMECHANICALSYSTEMS,ARENORMALLYMINIMAL,ASISDECORATION,ANDTHEREFORETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSCANACCOUNTFOR60TO70PERCENT,EVEN80PERCENTOFTHETOTALCOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONBUILDINGSSUCHASMEDIUMRISEOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGS5～10STORIESOCCUPYTHEMEDIANPOSITIONONACOSTSCALEATABOUT25PERCENTFORSTRUCTURELOWANDSHORTSPANBUILDINGSFORCOMMERCEANDHOUSING,SAY,OFTHREEORFOURSTORIESANDWITHSPANSOFSOME20OR30FTANDSIMPLEERECTIONREQUIREMENTS,WILLYIELDSTRUCTURALCOSTSOF15～20PERCENTOFTOTALBUILDINGCOSTSPECIALPERFORMANCEBUILDINGS,SUCHASLABORATORIESANDHOSPITALS,REPRESENTANOTHERCATEGORYTHEYCANREQUIRELONGSPANSANDAMORETHANAVERAGEPORTIONOFTHETOTALCOSTSWILLBEALLOCATEDTOSERVICESIE,30～50PERCENT,WITHABOUT20PERCENTGOINGFORTHEPURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSTALLOFFICEBUILDING15STORIESORMOREAND/ORLONGSPAN

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襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁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簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目DESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREOFBULIDING文獻(xiàn)、資料來源期刊文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期2010810院（部）土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)土木工程2THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYFROMANENGINEERINGPERSPECTIVEASISCURRENTLYDONEFOROTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDOREARTHQUAKES,WHILSTATTHESAMETIME,PUTTINGSUCHAPPROACHESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSATTHEOUTSET,ITNEEDSTOBENOTEDTHATDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYISFARMORETHANSIMPLYCONSIDERINGTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITHASSUFFICIENTSTRUCTURALADEQUACYTHISISBECAUSEFIRESCANHAVEADIRECTINFLUENCEONOCCUPANTSVIASMOKEANDHEATANDCANGROWINSIZEANDSEVERITYUNLIKEOTHEREFFECTSIMPOSEDONTHEBUILDINGNOTWITHSTANDINGTHESECOMMENTS,THEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERWILLBELARGELYONDESIGNISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURETWOSITUATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHABUILDINGAREUSEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSIONTHEMULTISTOREYOFFICEBUILDINGSHOWNINFIGURE1ISSUPPORTEDBYATRANSFERSTRUCTURETHATSPANSOVERASETOFRAILWAYTRACKSITISASSUMEDTHATAWIDERANGEOFRAILTRAFFICUTILISESTHESETRACKSINCLUDINGFREIGHTANDDIESELLOCOMOTIVESTHEFIRSTSITUATIONTOBECONSIDEREDFROMAFIRESAFETYPERSPECTIVEISTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETHISISTERMEDSITUATION1ANDTHEKEYQUESTIONSAREWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHISTRANSFERSTRUCTUREANDHOWCANTHISBEDETERMINEDTHISSITUATIONHASBEENCHOSENSINCEITCLEARLYFALLSOUTSIDETHENORMALREGULATORYSCOPEOFMOSTBUILDINGREGULATIONSANENGINEERINGSOLUTION,RATHERTHANAPRESCRIPTIVEONEISREQUIREDTHESECONDFIRESITUATIONTERMEDSITUATION2CORRESPONDSTOAFIREWITHINTHEOFFICELEVELSOFTHEBUILDINGANDISCOVEREDBYBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISSITUATIONISCHOSENBECAUSEITWILLENABLEADISCUSSIONOFENGINEERINGAPPROACHESANDHOWTHESEINTERFACEWITHTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONS–SINCEBOTHENGINEERINGANDPRESCRIPTIVESOLUTIONSAREPOSSIBLE

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簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目BUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONCONCRETECRACKOFPREVENTIONANDPROCESSING文獻(xiàn)、資料來源期刊文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20091112院（部）土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)土木工程2ACCEPTABLEINCERTAINLYOFTHESCOPEJUSTNEEDTOADOPTVALIDOFMEASUREWILLITENDANGERDEGREECONTROLATCERTAINOFSCOPEINSIDETHEREINFORCEDCONCRETENORMISALSOEXPLICITPROVISIONSOMESTRUCTUREATPLACEOFDISSIMILARITYUNDERTHECONDITIONALLOWEXISTENCECERTAINTHECRACKOFWIDTHBUTATUNDERCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDASFARASPOSSIBLEADOPTAVALIDMEASURECONTROLCRACKCREATION,MAKETHESTRUCTUREDONTAPPEARCRACKPOSSIBLYORASFARASPOSSIBLEDECREASECRACKOFAMOUNTANDWIDTH,PARTICULARLYWANTTOASFARASPOSSIBLEAVOIDHARMFULCRACKOFEMERGENCE,INSUREENGINEERINGQUALITYTHUSCONCRETECRACKCREATIONOFTHEREASONBEALOTOFANDHAVEALREADYTRANSFORMEDTOCAUSEOFCRACKSUCHASTEMPERATUREVARIETY,CONSTRINGENCY,INFLATION,THEASYMMETRYSINKTOSINKETCREASONCAUSEOFCRACKHAVEOUTSIDECARRYTHECRACKTHATTHEFUNCTIONCAUSEPROTECTEDENVIRONMENTNOTAPPROPRIATETHECRACKETCCAUSEDWITHCHEMICALEFFECTWANTDIFFERENTIATIONTOTREATINTHEACTUALENGINEERING,WORK°OUTAPROBLEMACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALCIRCUMSTANCEINTHECONCRETEENGINEERINGTHEFAMILIARCRACKANDTHEPREVENTION1STEMSUOCRACKANDPREVENTIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKMUCHAPPEARAFTERTHECONCRETEPROTECTBEOVEROFAPERIODOFTIMEORCONCRETESPRINKLETOBUILDTOCOMPLETEBEHINDOFAROUNDAWEEKINTHECEMENTSYRUPHUMIDITYOFEVAPORATEWOULDCREATIONSTEMSUO,ANDTHISKINDOFCONSTRINGENCYISCANTNEGATIVESTEMSUOCRACKOFTHECREATIONBEMAINISBECAUSEOFCONCRETEINSIDEOUTSIDEHUMIDITYEVAPORATEDEGREEDISSIMILARITYBUTCAUSETOTRANSFORMDISSIMILARITYOFRESULTTHECONCRETEISSUBJECTEDTOEXTERIORCONDITIONOFINFLUENCE,SURFACEHUMIDITYLOSSLEADQUICK,TRANSFORMBIGGER,INNERPARTDEGREEOFHUMIDITYVARIETYSMALLERTRANSFORMSMALLER,BIGGERSURFACESTEMTHESUOTRANSFORMTOBESUBJECTEDTOCONCRETEINNERPARTCONTROL,CREATIONMOREBIGPULLSHOULDDINTBUTCREATIONCRACKTHERELATIVEHUMIDITYISMORELOW,CEMENTSYRUPBODYSTEMSUOMOREBIG,STEMTHESUOCRACKBEMOREEASYCREATIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKISMUCHSURFACEPARALLELLINESFORMORTHENETSHALLOWTHINCRACK,WIDTHMANYBETWEEN00502MM,THEFLATSURFACEPARTMUCHSEEINTHEBIGPHYSICALVOLUMECONCRETEANDFOLLOWITMOREINTHINNERBEAMPLANKSHORTTODISTRIBUTESTEMSUOCRACKUSUALLYTHEANTISHENOFINFLUENCECONCRETE,CAUSETHEDURABLEOFTHERUSTECLIPSEINFLUENCECONCRETEOFREINFORCINGBAR,UNDERTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEWATERPRESSUREDINTWOULDCREATIONTHEWATERPOWERSPLITCRACKINFLUENCECONCRETEOFLOADINGDINTETCCONCRETESTEMTHESUOBEMAINWITHWATERASHOFTHECONCRETERATIO,THEDOSAGEOFTHECOMPOSITION,CEMENTOFCEMENT,GATHERTOANTICIPATEOFTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告題目土木與建筑系館設(shè)計(jì)方案四學(xué)生姓名XXX學(xué)號(hào)XXXXXX所在院系土木工程與建筑系專業(yè)班級(jí)建筑XXX指導(dǎo)教師XXXXXX年X月XX日2三、對(duì)本課題將要解決的主要問題及解決問題的思路與方法、擬采用的研究方法（技術(shù)路線）或設(shè)計(jì)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）方案進(jìn)行說明1解決的主要問題建筑學(xué)專業(yè)是個(gè)需要廣泛交流的專業(yè)，而傳統(tǒng)的教育模式往往對(duì)于這種要求都有著某種程度的忽視，而造成作為交流的物質(zhì)支撐條件的缺乏和不完善。這種情況已經(jīng)束縛了渴望交流的情感需要及專業(yè)的發(fā)展前景，為此我們一直在探討如何能夠解決這種束縛思想的問題。建筑學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)很大一部分來自老師與學(xué)生，學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間的交流。教室的意義在于提供一個(gè)空間，而不是限定這種交流。傳統(tǒng)的教室，老師授課，學(xué)生被動(dòng)接受知識(shí)，交流無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。能否改變這種形式，使學(xué)生和老師更加自由所以，在此設(shè)計(jì)中我更重視交流空間的營(yíng)造和表達(dá)，希望引進(jìn)一種“開放性交流”的概念。所以這個(gè)系館的設(shè)計(jì)主要是想改變一種舊有的模式，創(chuàng)造新的交流形式。2解決問題所采用的研究方法在研究方法上主要是從功能、結(jié)構(gòu)及外部形態(tài)這些方面來深入考慮。一是功能，建筑系館不僅僅是一棟教學(xué)樓，他更象一個(gè)容器。我們?cè)诶锩嫔?、學(xué)習(xí)、工作、交流、思考、娛樂。這里面的功能是復(fù)雜多樣的，對(duì)各個(gè)空間的使用要求是不同的。因此在處理各部分空間時(shí)不能用一種手法進(jìn)行空間表達(dá)，需要采用綜合形式的空間組合。希望運(yùn)用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式滿足不同空間的使用要求。辦公、教學(xué)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、多功能演講、娛樂、活動(dòng)、休息等不同的空間都會(huì)在建筑中找到自己合適的位置，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能分區(qū)明確，流線合理，設(shè)施完善。二是結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榭臻g的復(fù)雜和無序，因此在結(jié)構(gòu)中大部分采用可以靈活分隔空間的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，使其既有流動(dòng)空間又有一定的隱蔽空間，部分也會(huì)加入磚混及梁板結(jié)構(gòu)，以便滿足一些特殊空間的使用要求。根據(jù)不同的使用要求空間采用不同的組合方式，使建筑更加經(jīng)濟(jì)合理；運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的科技表達(dá)前衛(wèi)的思想，并不束縛于傳統(tǒng)的空間理念，這是我想表達(dá)的結(jié)構(gòu)思想。另外在材料的使用上也希望既滿足教育類建筑的需求，也能反映一種時(shí)代及專業(yè)的特色。三是外部形態(tài)。在對(duì)建筑的外部形態(tài)的考慮上，希望不光單純的反映一種視覺效果，更能帶有專業(yè)的色彩，反映現(xiàn)代教育的精神和理念，使其成為校園中一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景線。四、檢索與本課題有關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)資料的簡(jiǎn)要說明1中國(guó)現(xiàn)代美術(shù)全集建筑藝術(shù)，鄔德儂，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，199852耶魯大學(xué)藝術(shù)與建筑系館，（美）斯托勒，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，2001103建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集（1－8），蔡鎮(zhèn)鈺，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，199464現(xiàn)代建筑，肯尼斯弗蘭姆著，張欽楠譯，生活讀書新知三聯(lián)書店，200435空間組合論，彭一剛，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，200566建筑師，建筑師雜志社，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，200247公共建筑設(shè)計(jì)原理，張文忠，中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，199510

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRM外文作者BESMAEELI,MRAVANSHADNIA,MTBANKI文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT,VOLUME4,2018ISSUE2如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2900單詞，18388字符字符就是印刷符，中文4686漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRMABSTRACTARRIVINGATTHEFINALBIDPRICEISACRITICALDECISIONWHICHISMOSTLYDONETHROUGHEXPERIENCEANDINTUITIONSAS,MANYFACTORSAFFECTTHEFINALPROPOSEDPRICE,NOQUANTIFIEDDECISIONPROCESSESMAYLEADTOIRRATIONALLOWORHIGHPROPOSEDPRICESTHEREFORE,VARIOUSATTEMPTSHAVEBEENDONETOPROPOSESYSTEMATICMODELSTOTRACKANDANALYZETHEBIDDINGTRENDSTHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHEPREVIOUSTRENDSOFTHEBIDDINGPRICESTOESTIMATEPROPERBIDDINGCOSTINTHEIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHEPRICESMIGHTBEINFLUENCEDBYENVIRONMENTALCHARACTERISTICSSUCHASCOMPETITORS’POLICIES,THENUMBEROFTENDEREDPROJECTS,THENUMBEROFCONTRACTORSCOMPETINGINTHECURRENTTENDER,PROJECTCHARACTERISTICS,ANDTHECLIENTTHESUBJECTOFBIDDINGPRICECANBEINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHTHECLIENTVIEWORTHECONTRACTORVIEWTHISPAPERATTENDSTHESECONDAPPROACHTHISPAPERPRESENTAQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFIMPACTOFNUMBEROFBIDDERSONPROJECTBIDPRICESTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFBIDDERSWILLRESULTINDECREASEDPROJECTBIDPRICESKEYWORDSBIDDINGSTRATEGY,STATISTICALANALYSIS,NUMBEROFBIDDERSTHEAUTHORSRIGHTFULLYSTATEDTHATTHEREISARENEWEDINTERESTINTHECOMPETITIVEBIDDINGPROBLEMANDINDICATEDTHATOVERTHELASTFIVEDECADESTHEREHASBEENARELATIVELYMODESTADDITIONTOTHESTATEOFTHEARTOSAMAMOSELHI,ANDTAREKHEGAZY4SUGGESTEDTHATBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELSBEGROUPEDINTOTHREEMAINCATEGORIES1MODELSBASEDONPROBABILITYTHEORYEG,FRIEDMAN19565ANDGATES19676TOMAXIMIZETHEEXPECTEDPROFIT2MODELSBASEDONDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSEG,AHMADANDMINKARAH19877TOACCOUNTFORTHEMULTIATTRIBUTEDNATUREOFBIDDINGDECISIONSAND3NEWLYEMERGINGMODELSBASEDONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCETECHNIQUESEG,TAVAKOLIARIDUTOMO19898TOCONSIDERTHEHEURISTICANDUNSTRUCTUREDNATUREOFSUCHADECISIONPROBLEMTHEREISAGREATVOLUMEOFLITERATURECONCERNEDWITHBIDDINGSTRATEGIESTHEBASICASSUMPTIONOFALLTHEBIDDINGCALCULATIONSISTHATARELATIONSHIPEXISTSBETWEENTHETENDERSUMANDTHEPROBABILITYORCHANCE’OFWINNINGTHECONTRACT3THEAIMOFPROBABILISTICMODELSISTOEXPRESSTHISNUMERICALLYINENTERINGABIDDINGCOMPETITIONITISASSUMEDTHATTHECONTRACTORSFIRSTESTIMATETHEIRCOSTSANDTHENADDAMARKUPTOCOVERPROFITORAMARKUPTOCOVERCONTRIBUTION,IEPROFITANDCOMPANYOVERHEADSIILITERATURESURVEYRESEARCHERSHAVEBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHEPROBLEMOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYSINCETHEMID1950SSINCEFRIEDMAN’S5MATHEMATICALMODEL,WHICHISKNOWNTOBETHEFIRSTONE,THELITERATUREHASBEENFLOODEDWITHMANYBIDDINGMODELSHOWEVER,MOSTOFTHESEMODELSREMAINEDINACADEMICCIRCLESANDDIDNOTFINDTHEIRWAYINTOTHEPRACTICALWORLD3FAYEK1PRESENTSACOMPETITIVEBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELFORUSEINSETTINGAMARKUPFORCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSFAYEKETALSTUDIEDBIDDINGPRACTICESINAUSTRALIANANDCANADIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRIES9,10JASELSKISANDTALUKHABA11FOCUSONBIDDINGCONSIDERATIONSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,CONSIDERINGTHEINHERENTRISKSEXISTINGSPECIFICALLYINTHESECOUNTRIESREGARDINGTHISISSUEWANOUSETAL12HADAQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYAMONGSYRIANCONTRACTORSLIETAL13APPLIESARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSFORCONSTRUCTIONMARKUPESTIMATIONEACHOFTHESESTUDIESHADVALUABLECONTRIBUTIONSTOBIDDINGANDMARKUPDECISIONSSEPARATELY

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