簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告題目土木與建筑系館設(shè)計(jì)方案四學(xué)生姓名XXX學(xué)號(hào)XXXXXX所在院系土木工程與建筑系專業(yè)班級(jí)建筑XXX指導(dǎo)教師XXXXXX年X月XX日2三、對(duì)本課題將要解決的主要問題及解決問題的思路與方法、擬采用的研究方法（技術(shù)路線）或設(shè)計(jì)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）方案進(jìn)行說明1解決的主要問題建筑學(xué)專業(yè)是個(gè)需要廣泛交流的專業(yè)，而傳統(tǒng)的教育模式往往對(duì)于這種要求都有著某種程度的忽視，而造成作為交流的物質(zhì)支撐條件的缺乏和不完善。這種情況已經(jīng)束縛了渴望交流的情感需要及專業(yè)的發(fā)展前景，為此我們一直在探討如何能夠解決這種束縛思想的問題。建筑學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)很大一部分來自老師與學(xué)生，學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間的交流。教室的意義在于提供一個(gè)空間，而不是限定這種交流。傳統(tǒng)的教室，老師授課，學(xué)生被動(dòng)接受知識(shí)，交流無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。能否改變這種形式，使學(xué)生和老師更加自由所以，在此設(shè)計(jì)中我更重視交流空間的營造和表達(dá)，希望引進(jìn)一種“開放性交流”的概念。所以這個(gè)系館的設(shè)計(jì)主要是想改變一種舊有的模式，創(chuàng)造新的交流形式。2解決問題所采用的研究方法在研究方法上主要是從功能、結(jié)構(gòu)及外部形態(tài)這些方面來深入考慮。一是功能，建筑系館不僅僅是一棟教學(xué)樓，他更象一個(gè)容器。我們?cè)诶锩嫔?、學(xué)習(xí)、工作、交流、思考、娛樂。這里面的功能是復(fù)雜多樣的，對(duì)各個(gè)空間的使用要求是不同的。因此在處理各部分空間時(shí)不能用一種手法進(jìn)行空間表達(dá)，需要采用綜合形式的空間組合。希望運(yùn)用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式滿足不同空間的使用要求。辦公、教學(xué)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、多功能演講、娛樂、活動(dòng)、休息等不同的空間都會(huì)在建筑中找到自己合適的位置，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能分區(qū)明確，流線合理，設(shè)施完善。二是結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榭臻g的復(fù)雜和無序，因此在結(jié)構(gòu)中大部分采用可以靈活分隔空間的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，使其既有流動(dòng)空間又有一定的隱蔽空間，部分也會(huì)加入磚混及梁板結(jié)構(gòu)，以便滿足一些特殊空間的使用要求。根據(jù)不同的使用要求空間采用不同的組合方式，使建筑更加經(jīng)濟(jì)合理；運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的科技表達(dá)前衛(wèi)的思想，并不束縛于傳統(tǒng)的空間理念，這是我想表達(dá)的結(jié)構(gòu)思想。另外在材料的使用上也希望既滿足教育類建筑的需求，也能反映一種時(shí)代及專業(yè)的特色。三是外部形態(tài)。在對(duì)建筑的外部形態(tài)的考慮上，希望不光單純的反映一種視覺效果，更能帶有專業(yè)的色彩，反映現(xiàn)代教育的精神和理念，使其成為校園中一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景線。四、檢索與本課題有關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)資料的簡要說明1中國現(xiàn)代美術(shù)全集建筑藝術(shù)，鄔德儂，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，199852耶魯大學(xué)藝術(shù)與建筑系館，（美）斯托勒，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，2001103建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集（1－8），蔡鎮(zhèn)鈺，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，199464現(xiàn)代建筑，肯尼斯弗蘭姆著，張欽楠譯，生活讀書新知三聯(lián)書店，200435空間組合論，彭一剛，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，200566建筑師，建筑師雜志社，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，200247公共建筑設(shè)計(jì)原理，張文忠，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，199510

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRM外文作者BESMAEELI,MRAVANSHADNIA,MTBANKI文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT,VOLUME4,2018ISSUE2如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2900單詞，18388字符字符就是印刷符，中文4686漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRMABSTRACTARRIVINGATTHEFINALBIDPRICEISACRITICALDECISIONWHICHISMOSTLYDONETHROUGHEXPERIENCEANDINTUITIONSAS,MANYFACTORSAFFECTTHEFINALPROPOSEDPRICE,NOQUANTIFIEDDECISIONPROCESSESMAYLEADTOIRRATIONALLOWORHIGHPROPOSEDPRICESTHEREFORE,VARIOUSATTEMPTSHAVEBEENDONETOPROPOSESYSTEMATICMODELSTOTRACKANDANALYZETHEBIDDINGTRENDSTHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHEPREVIOUSTRENDSOFTHEBIDDINGPRICESTOESTIMATEPROPERBIDDINGCOSTINTHEIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHEPRICESMIGHTBEINFLUENCEDBYENVIRONMENTALCHARACTERISTICSSUCHASCOMPETITORS’POLICIES,THENUMBEROFTENDEREDPROJECTS,THENUMBEROFCONTRACTORSCOMPETINGINTHECURRENTTENDER,PROJECTCHARACTERISTICS,ANDTHECLIENTTHESUBJECTOFBIDDINGPRICECANBEINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHTHECLIENTVIEWORTHECONTRACTORVIEWTHISPAPERATTENDSTHESECONDAPPROACHTHISPAPERPRESENTAQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFIMPACTOFNUMBEROFBIDDERSONPROJECTBIDPRICESTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFBIDDERSWILLRESULTINDECREASEDPROJECTBIDPRICESKEYWORDSBIDDINGSTRATEGY,STATISTICALANALYSIS,NUMBEROFBIDDERSTHEAUTHORSRIGHTFULLYSTATEDTHATTHEREISARENEWEDINTERESTINTHECOMPETITIVEBIDDINGPROBLEMANDINDICATEDTHATOVERTHELASTFIVEDECADESTHEREHASBEENARELATIVELYMODESTADDITIONTOTHESTATEOFTHEARTOSAMAMOSELHI,ANDTAREKHEGAZY4SUGGESTEDTHATBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELSBEGROUPEDINTOTHREEMAINCATEGORIES1MODELSBASEDONPROBABILITYTHEORYEG,FRIEDMAN19565ANDGATES19676TOMAXIMIZETHEEXPECTEDPROFIT2MODELSBASEDONDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSEG,AHMADANDMINKARAH19877TOACCOUNTFORTHEMULTIATTRIBUTEDNATUREOFBIDDINGDECISIONSAND3NEWLYEMERGINGMODELSBASEDONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCETECHNIQUESEG,TAVAKOLIARIDUTOMO19898TOCONSIDERTHEHEURISTICANDUNSTRUCTUREDNATUREOFSUCHADECISIONPROBLEMTHEREISAGREATVOLUMEOFLITERATURECONCERNEDWITHBIDDINGSTRATEGIESTHEBASICASSUMPTIONOFALLTHEBIDDINGCALCULATIONSISTHATARELATIONSHIPEXISTSBETWEENTHETENDERSUMANDTHEPROBABILITYORCHANCE’OFWINNINGTHECONTRACT3THEAIMOFPROBABILISTICMODELSISTOEXPRESSTHISNUMERICALLYINENTERINGABIDDINGCOMPETITIONITISASSUMEDTHATTHECONTRACTORSFIRSTESTIMATETHEIRCOSTSANDTHENADDAMARKUPTOCOVERPROFITORAMARKUPTOCOVERCONTRIBUTION,IEPROFITANDCOMPANYOVERHEADSIILITERATURESURVEYRESEARCHERSHAVEBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHEPROBLEMOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYSINCETHEMID1950SSINCEFRIEDMAN’S5MATHEMATICALMODEL,WHICHISKNOWNTOBETHEFIRSTONE,THELITERATUREHASBEENFLOODEDWITHMANYBIDDINGMODELSHOWEVER,MOSTOFTHESEMODELSREMAINEDINACADEMICCIRCLESANDDIDNOTFINDTHEIRWAYINTOTHEPRACTICALWORLD3FAYEK1PRESENTSACOMPETITIVEBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELFORUSEINSETTINGAMARKUPFORCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSFAYEKETALSTUDIEDBIDDINGPRACTICESINAUSTRALIANANDCANADIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRIES9,10JASELSKISANDTALUKHABA11FOCUSONBIDDINGCONSIDERATIONSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,CONSIDERINGTHEINHERENTRISKSEXISTINGSPECIFICALLYINTHESECOUNTRIESREGARDINGTHISISSUEWANOUSETAL12HADAQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYAMONGSYRIANCONTRACTORSLIETAL13APPLIESARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSFORCONSTRUCTIONMARKUPESTIMATIONEACHOFTHESESTUDIESHADVALUABLECONTRIBUTIONSTOBIDDINGANDMARKUPDECISIONSSEPARATELY

簡介：THEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,4,65716518741495/102010BENTHAMOPENOPENACCESSTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEMMAGESWARI1,ANDDRBVIDIVELLI21RESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIA2PROFESSOROFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIAABSTRACTSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPUSEDINCONCRETEMAKINGLEADSTOGREENERENVIRONMENTINSHOPS,NEARBYCHIDAMBARAMMANYSHEETGLASSCUTTINGSGOTOWASTE,WHICHARENOTRECYCLEDATPRESENTANDUSUALLYDELIVEREDTOLANDFILLSFORDISPOSALUSINGSGPINCONCRETEISANINTERESTINGPOSSIBILITYFORECONOMYONWASTEDISPOSALSITESANDCONSERVATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGSGPASAREPLACEMENTINFINEAGGREGATEFORANEWCONCRETENATURALSANDWASPARTIALLYREPLACED10,20,30,40AND50WITHSGPCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH,TENSILESTRENGTHCUBESANDCYLINDERSANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHUPTO180DAYSOFAGEWERECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFCONCRETEMADEWITHNATURALFINEAGGREGATESFINENESSMODULUS,SPECIFICGRAVITY,MOISTURECONTENT,WATERABSORPTION,BULKDENSITY,VOIDS,POROSITYLOOSEANDCOMPACTSTATEFORSANDSANDSDAWEREALSOSTUDIEDTHETESTRESULTSINDICATETHATITISPOSSIBLETOMANUFACTURECONCRETECONTAININGSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPWITHCHARACTERISTICSSIMILARTOTHOSEOFNATURALSANDAGGREGATECONCRETEPROVIDEDTHATTHEPERCENTAGEOFSGPASFINEAGGREGATEISLIMITEDTO1020,RESPECTIVELYKEYWORDSSHEETGLASSPOWDER,MECHANICALPROPERTIES,FINENESSMODULUS,BULKDENSITY,MOISTURECONTENTINTRODUCTIONDURINGTHELASTDECADESITHASBEENRECOGNIZEDTHATSHEETGLASSWASTEISOFLARGEVOLUMEANDISINCREASINGYEARBYYEARINTHESHOPS,CONSTRUCTIONAREASANDFACTORIESUSINGWASTEGLASSINTHECONCRETECONSTRUCTIONSECTORISADVANTAGEOUS,ASTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTOFCONCRETEWILLGODOWN1WASTEGLASSESAREUSEDASAGGREGATESFORCONCRETE24INCHENNAITHEREISAPLACECALLEDCHIDAMBARAMWHEREMOSTOFTHECOLOREDSHEETGLASSESFROMWINDOWSAREPACKEDASAWASTEANDSENTTOLANDFILLTHEPLAINSHEETGLASSESCANBERECYCLED,BUTITISCOSTLYTOREMOVETHECOLOROFCOLOREDGLASSESANDRECYCLEAGAINESTIMATEDCOSTFORHOUSINGISMOREANDSOMECONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSLIKENATURALSANDAREALSOBECOMINGRARE5ATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORALONGTIMETOUSEWASTEGLASSESASANAGGREGATEINCONCRETE,BUTITSEEMSTHATTHECONCRETEWITHWASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONADDRESSCORRESPONDENCETOTHISAUTHORATTHERESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIATEL9942365816EMAILMAG_RAJABISHEKREDIFFCOMTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASATHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTTHEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,VOLUME467FIG3SHEETGLASSFIG4CRUSHEDSHEETGLASSFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERFIG6SIEVEANALYSISOFTHEMATERIALSTABLE1FINENESSMODULUSPARAMETERSANDCOARSESGP90S10SGP80S20SGP70S30SGP60S40SGP50S50SGPSPECIFICGRAVITY26527301327327322315314WATERABSORPTION83045156958504542MOISTURECONTENT37000525724222020BULKDENSITYDRYLOOSESTATEKG/M314681450131015101530154015401520VOIDS40839575354525152POROSITY28927363435343334BULKDENSITYDRYCOMPACTSTATEKG/M315121640153016201650170017001690VOIDS353934504949474646POROSITY25925333232313131FLAKINESSINDEX10ELONGATIONINDEX961TABLE2PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFMATERIALSOXIDESIO2A2O3FE2O3CAOMGOSO3LOINA2OK2OPERCENTAGEBYMASS722011307009022011MATERIALFINENESSMODULUSSANDS221SGP21690S10SGP22580S20SGP19870S30SGP19760S40SGP18450S50SGP182

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLESURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKRECEIVED13JULY2009/ACCEPTED15MARCH2010/PUBLISHEDONLINE27MARCH2010?SPRINGERVERLAG2010ABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION?FINITEELEMENTMETHOD?ANALYTICALMETHOD?SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD?EPBTBMTUNNELING?ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONMETHOD,THESHORTANDLONGTERMSURFACEANDSUBSURFACEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSSHOULDBEPREDICTEDANDREMEDIALPRECAUTIONSAGAINSTANYDAMAGETOEXISTINGSTRUCTURESPLANNEDPRIORTOCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELINGCOSTSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASESDUETODAMAGESTOSTRUCTURESRESULTINGFROMSURFACESETTLEMENTS,WHICHAREABOVETOLERABLELIMITSBILGINETAL2009BASICPARAMETERSAFFECTINGTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSAREGROUNDCONDITIONS,TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDTUNNELINGORCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSO’REILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006ATHOROUGHSTUDYOFTHEGROUNDBYSITEINVESTIGATIONSSHOULDBEPERFORMEDTOFINDOUTTHEPHYSICALSGERCELEBI?HCOPURMININGENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,ISTANBULTECHNICALUNIVERSITY,MASLAK,34469ISTANBUL,TURKEYEMAILERCELEBIITUEDUTRIOCAKRAILTRANSPORTATIONDEPARTMENTIETT,ISTANBULMETROPOLITANMUNICIPALITY,ISTANBUL,TURKEY123ENVIRONEARTHSCI201162357–365DOI101007/S1266501005306300KPAOFPRESSURETHROUGHTHEGROUTCANNELSINTHETRAILINGSHIELDTHISMETHODOFCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVENTOMINIMIZETHESURFACESETTLEMENTSTHESTUDYAREAINCLUDESTHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900M,BETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSGUNGORENFORMATIONOFTHEMIOSENAGEISFOUNDINTHESTUDYAREALABORATORYANDINSITUTESTSAREAPPLIEDTODEFINETHEGEOTECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEFORMATIONSTHATTHETUNNELSPASSTHROUGHTHENAME,THICKNESSANDSOMEOFTHEGEOTECHNICALPROPERTIESOFTHELAYERSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE2AYSON2005FILLLAYEROF25MTHICKCONSISTSOFSAND,CLAY,GRAVELANDSOMEPIECESOFMASONRYTHEVERYSTIFFCLAYLAYEROF4MISGRAYISHGREENINCOLOR,CONSISTINGOFGRAVELANDSANDTHEDENSESANDLAYEROF5MISBROWNATTHEUPPERLEVELSANDGREENISHYELLOWATTHELOWERLEVELS,CONSISTINGOFCLAY,SILTANDMICADENSESANDOF3MISGREENISHYELLOWANDCONSISTSOFMICATHEBASELAYEROFTHETUNNELISHARDCLAY,WHICHISDARKGREEN,CONSISTINGOFSHELLTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERTABLESTARTSAT45MBELOWTHESURFACETHETUNNELAXISIS145MBELOWTHESURFACE,CLOSETOTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHISDEPTHISMARMARASEAAKSARAYOTOGARBAAKEHIR0KM5KMEUROPEANSIDEANATOLIASIDEBOSPHORUSBAKIRKOYIDOHALKALIOLIMPIYATK?YüGüNEYSANAYIATATüRKAIRPORTGOLDENHORNKIRAZLI100000500100015002000250030003500400045005000VIADATGRADERWBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNEL1020304050607080CUTCOVERCUTCOVERCUTCOVERCUTCOVERSTRUCTURETYPEKILOMETERFILLCLAYSANDTRAKYAFORMATIONMETROLINE0M250MFIG1MAINROUTEANDGEOLOGICALSECTIONOFESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRMETROLINEOCAK2009TABLE1SOMEOFTHETECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEEPBTBMSHERRENKNECHTLOVATEXCAVATIONDIAMETER6500M6564MSHIELDOUTSIDEDIAMETER645M652MTBMLENGTH768M930MBACKUPLENGTH80M65MTOTALWEIGHT578T534TMAXIMUMCUTTERHEADRPM0–250–60TOTALINSTALLEDPOWER963KW1,622KWCUTTERHEADTYPEMIXEDGROUNDMIXEDGROUNDCUTTERHEADPOWER630KW900KWMAXIMUMTORQUE435TM445TMMAXIMUMTHRUST32000KN54000KNENVIRONEARTHSCI201162357–365359123

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