企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的影響因素外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　http://www.wenku1.com/news/2D70C93643191102.html</p><p>　　2600單詞，14500英文字符，4800漢字</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Tzovas, Christos. Factors influencing a firm's accounting policy decisions when tax

2、 accounting and financial accounting coincide [J]. Managerial Auditing Journal21.4 (2006): 372-386.</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Factors influencing a firm's accounting policy dec

3、isions when tax accounting and financial accounting coincide</p><p>　　Tzovas, Christos</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the fac

4、tors that influence the accounting policy decisions of firms operating in Greece. Emphasis is given to management's perceptions regarding the impact that accounting figures have upon the decision-making and opinions

5、of firms' stakeholders.</p><p>　　Design/methodology/approach – Through a survey the financial managers of the 200 largest firms in Greece have been asked to indicate their opinions regarding the impact t

6、hat reported figures have upon firms' stakeholders and the extent to which firms pursue specific profit-related objectives.</p><p>　　Findings – According to the participants in the survey accounting figu

7、res influence firms' stakeholders' perceptions and decision-making, and firms pursue profit-related objectives that may not coincide with the objective of minimization of firms' tax liability.</p><

8、p>　　Research limitations/implications – Although certain measures have been taken in order to limit the response bias, one cannot rule out the possibility that some bias have been introduced in the responses. A furthe

9、r empirical investigation based upon annual reports will provide additional evidence regarding the factors that influence firms' reporting policies.</p><p>　　Practical implications – This study helps res

10、earchers in identifying the factors that shape accounting policies of firms operating in countries with an environment similar to that of Greece. Additionally, the findings of this study can facilitate professionals who

11、undertake international financial analysis.</p><p>　　Originality/value – The findings of this study can contribute to explaining Greek firms' accounting decisions. Given that the accounting environment i

12、n Greece is similar to that prevailing in many European and non-European countries this study can provide an insight regarding the factors that influence financial reporting choices of firms operating in these countries.

13、</p><p>　　Keyword(s): Accounting policy; Accounting; Decision making; financial reporting; Greece. Journal: Managerial Auditing Journal</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　A firm's a

14、ccounting policy decisions are made on the basis of the economic consequences of the alternative policies. According to Holthausen and Leftwich a firm's reporting policy choice has economic consequences when:</p&g

15、t;<p>　　… Changes in the rules used to calculate accounting numbers alter the distribution of a firm's cash flows, or the wealth of parties who use those numbers for contracting or decision making.</p>

16、<p>　　In addition to their use in the contracting agreements between the various parties of a firm, reported accounting figures affect the firm's cash flows through their impact on the level of a company's t

17、ax liability. This is the case, provided that the same accounting treatment is used for financial reporting and tax purposes alike. Tax planning can result in an increase in the firm's tax saving and consequently it

18、can have a positive effect on a firm's cash flows. As a consequence, assuming ratio</p><p>　　The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the factors that influence the accounting-policy decis

19、ions of firms operating in an accounting environment in which tax rules are used for financial reporting purposes. For this purpose, the accounting environment of Greece has been chosen. In Greece, tax accounting and fin

20、ancial accounting coincide and it is expected that tax considerations will influence management’s accounting policy decisions. This study investigates whether non-tax con</p><p>　　Factors giving rise to sign

21、ificant non-tax costs</p><p>　　The significance of tax benefits and non-tax costs are conditional upon certain characteristics of a firm. A firm's ownership structure has been hypothesized to be associat

22、ed with the magnitude of the non-tax costs that can be generated from a tax-minimizing strategy. The management of firms characterized by a diffused ownership and a separation between management and ownership might face

23、significant non-tax costs. The extensive use of accounting-based contracts in these firms can induce manager</p><p>　　In Greece, as in many European countries (e.g. France, Italy), the ownership-structure of

24、 the majority of the firms is characterized by a high level of concentration. In most cases the owners are actively involved in their companies' administration, occupying important posts within the organizational str

25、ucture of their firms. Firms' owners can directly and effectively monitor and motivate their subordinate managers and they do not need to employ incentive schemes. Further, managers in such firms</p><p>

26、　　The use of accounting figures in a firm's negotiations with the providers of credit capital, and the inclusion of accounting numbers-based terms in the debt agreements, suggest that a particular accounting choice c

27、an generate important non-tax costs. Lower reported profit figures may adversely influence the banks' credit decisions, and thus raise the cost of capital for the firm. Furthermore, the violation of the terms of loan

28、 agreements places a firm in technical default, a situation that can h</p><p>　　Banks are the main providers of funds for Greek companies. The dominant role of bank credit in the financing of business enterp

29、rises is a distinct characteristic not only of the Greek business environment, but also of many other European countries (e.g. France, Germany). Banks have developed a close relationship with many companies, while in cer

30、tain cases they own part of the firm's share capital. Thus, banks in many instances may directly obtain any relevant financial information, without havin</p><p>　　… Even listed companies in continental c

31、ountries are dominated by banks, governments or families, the need for published information is less clear.</p><p>　　Furthermore, in Greece the large state-controlled banks are not supposed to always base th

32、eir credit decisions on entirely objective and rational financial criteria. Consequently, the importance of public accounting information may further diminish. Moreover, a consequence of the close relationship between ba

33、nks and companies is such that a violation of a debt covenant may not have serious consequences for a firm. Within this context, a tax-reducing strategy is not likely to give rise to importa</p><p>　　Yet, so

34、me significant non-tax costs can still arise. Even if economic criteria do not always play a crucial role in banks' credit decisions, most companies will be required to meet some official criteria based on accounting

35、 numbers when making a loan application. If the applying firm has a strong link with a particular bank, one cannot rule out the possibility that the bank's officials will tolerate some “adjusting” of accounting figur

36、es in order to allow the firm to comply with the relevant ter</p><p>　　Within a framework of efficiently functioning capital markets, shareholders of public (listed) firms would prefer higher cash flows, sin

37、ce that would result in higher share prices. Consequently, higher tax-savings would be preferred. This could have been the case for Greek public firms, since the majority of them are owner-controlled firms and stock hold

38、ings constitute a substantial proportion of the personal wealth of the owner-managers. Yet, the perceived influence that accounting figures may </p><p>　　If managers believe that stock prices react more stro

39、ngly to reported income than to cash flow, the public capital market introduces a potential non-tax cost that serves to discourage them from [tax] conformity, even if conformity increases the firm's expected future c

40、ash flows.</p><p>　　And further:</p><p>　　…?, if new investors and creditors are willing to supply funds on terms that are affected by reported accounting numbers, managers and existing sharehol

41、ders may unanimously wish to report high income, even at the expense of paying additional tax. That is, firm value may be maximized by reporting higher income rather than reducing tax payments Cloyed et al. .</p>

42、<p>　　According to the Greek financial press, accounting figures have a dominant influence on the firm's stock value. Furthermore, it has been asserted that it is not uncommon for listed firms to get involved in

43、 income management through the selective application of accounting policies. Within this context, it can be expected that a tax-reducing policy due to its decreasing influence on the level of reported profits, can genera

44、te for the Greek public firms some non-tax costs,which may prevent them fro</p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　The present study investigated the factors that influence the accounting-policy decision

45、s of the industrial firms operating in Greece. A postal survey was undertaken in order to identify these factors. Although measures have been taken in order to limit the bias to the lowest possible level, one cannot rule

46、 out the possibility that some bias was introduced in the data. The analysis of the responses have provided some indication that the accounting policy decisions of Greek firms can be explained</p><p>　　This

47、study may contribute in understanding the factors that shape the accounting policy decisions not only of firms operating in Greece, but also of firms in countries with an accounting environment similar to that of Greece.

48、 Most Greek firms are characterized by concentrated ownership, while they are particularly dependent on bank financing. Furthermore, in Greece financial accounting figures are used for tax purposes as well. In many Europ

49、ean and non-European countries the broader business env</p><p>　　The present study is a step in the process of acquiring an insight into the factors that affect firms' financial reporting choices. Furthe

50、r empirical investigation is required in order to acquire a more comprehensive view of the elements that form the accounting policy decisions of firms. In particular, a thorough investigation is required regarding the wa

51、y tax considerations and financial-accounting policies articulate with each other and influence firms' accounting policy-decisions. This resea</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)稅務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)

52、務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)相符時(shí)企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的影響因素</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　目的-本文旨在探討影響希臘企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)政策選擇的因素。研究重點(diǎn)著眼于關(guān)于會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)企業(yè)利益相關(guān)者決策和意見的影響的管理觀念。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)/方法/途徑-通過對(duì)希臘的200家最大公司的財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，要求他們表明他們對(duì)于會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告數(shù)

53、據(jù)對(duì)公司利益相關(guān)者的影響以及對(duì)企業(yè)追求的具體利潤相關(guān)目標(biāo)會(huì)產(chǎn)生何種程度上的影響的看法。</p><p>　　調(diào)查結(jié)果—根據(jù)調(diào)查參與者反饋的調(diào)查信息顯示會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)影響公司利益相關(guān)者的看法和決策，以及企業(yè)所追求的利潤相關(guān)目標(biāo)，該目標(biāo)可能與盡量減少企業(yè)的稅務(wù)責(zé)任的目標(biāo)并不一致。</p><p>　　研究限制/問題-雖然采取了一些措施，以限制回復(fù)的偏差，但是不能排除這種可能性，回復(fù)中的一些偏差已經(jīng)被

54、采用。建立在年度報(bào)告基礎(chǔ)上的進(jìn)一步的實(shí)證研究將就公司報(bào)告政策的影響因素提供更多的證據(jù)。</p><p>　　實(shí)際影響-這項(xiàng)研究可以幫助研究人員確定形成公司會(huì)計(jì)政策的因素，這些公司經(jīng)營在與希臘會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境相似的國家，此外，這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果可以促進(jìn)培養(yǎng)承擔(dān)國際金融分析的專業(yè)人員。</p><p>　　創(chuàng)新/價(jià)值-本研究結(jié)果有助于解釋希臘企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)決定。鑒于希臘的會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境和當(dāng)前許多歐洲和非歐洲國家的會(huì)

55、計(jì)環(huán)境相似，這項(xiàng)研究可以對(duì)關(guān)于影響在這些國家經(jīng)營的公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告選擇的因素提供深入的研究視角。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字 ：會(huì)計(jì)政策，會(huì)計(jì)決策，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告，希臘。</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　一家公司的會(huì)計(jì)政策決定是在替代政策的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果的基礎(chǔ)上做出的，作出決定基礎(chǔ)上的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。根據(jù)Holthausen和Left

56、wich 的觀點(diǎn)，一家公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告政策的選擇會(huì)產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)后果，如果：</p><p>　　計(jì)算會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)則的變化會(huì)改變公司現(xiàn)金流的分配，或者改變依據(jù)那些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行承包或決策的當(dāng)事方的財(cái)富。</p><p>　　除了報(bào)告的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)在公司各當(dāng)事方之間合同協(xié)議的使用，報(bào)告的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)還通過它們對(duì)公司稅務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)水平的影響來影響公司的他們使用的合同協(xié)議各方之間的公司，報(bào)告會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的影響公司的現(xiàn)金流量。就是

57、提供同樣的會(huì)計(jì)處理方法的這種情況，同樣被用于財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告和稅務(wù)目的。稅收籌劃可以導(dǎo)致增加該公司的節(jié)稅效果，因此，它可以對(duì)公司的現(xiàn)金流量產(chǎn)生積極的影響。因此，在假設(shè)的合理和有效的資本市場(chǎng)，一項(xiàng)能夠盡量減少應(yīng)納稅所得額的會(huì)計(jì)政策應(yīng)該成為公司的首選 。但是，做到減少企業(yè)的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)通常是伴隨著其報(bào)告收入的相應(yīng)減少，在某些情況下的稅務(wù)籌劃，可以對(duì)參與公司的各當(dāng)事方產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響 。由于報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)水平的下降而可能出現(xiàn)的該公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況不利的情形，可能會(huì)對(duì)

58、關(guān)于公司滿足其合同和規(guī)章制度的義務(wù)的能力產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果，而股東和經(jīng)理的個(gè)人財(cái)富也可能受到影響。這些問題已被指定為“非稅收”成本-或稅收減少政策的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告成本。公司的每一方理應(yīng)權(quán)衡會(huì)計(jì)政策選擇的稅收優(yōu)惠，反對(duì)追求非稅收成本。這個(gè)權(quán)衡的結(jié)果理應(yīng)影響一個(gè)公司的會(huì)計(jì)政策的決定。</p><p>　　本研究的目的是提供一個(gè)對(duì)特定會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境下經(jīng)營的公司會(huì)計(jì)政策選擇影響因素的了解，在該會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境下，稅收規(guī)則被用于財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告目的。為此，

59、本文選取了希臘的會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境。在希臘，稅務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)與財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)相吻合，并且人們認(rèn)為稅收考慮會(huì)影響管理者的會(huì)計(jì)政策決定。本研究旨在探討非稅收考慮因素是否會(huì)影響企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)決策選擇，并提示他們偏離減少稅收的政策。希臘廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)和商業(yè)環(huán)境的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)影響了和某一特定會(huì)計(jì)政策決定有關(guān)的非稅收成本的顯著性。希臘的會(huì)計(jì)和商業(yè)環(huán)境與其他歐洲和非歐洲國家的相似意味著這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果可能會(huì)對(duì)在其他國家經(jīng)營的企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)政策的理解有一定的幫助。</p><

60、;p>　　引起重要非稅收成本的因素</p><p>　　稅收優(yōu)惠和非稅收成本的意義對(duì)公司的某些特性是有條件要求的。要判斷人們假設(shè)一家公司的所有制結(jié)構(gòu)和非稅收成本的規(guī)模有關(guān)，這種非稅收成本是在稅收最小戰(zhàn)略下產(chǎn)生的。以分散的所有權(quán)以及管理權(quán)和所有權(quán)分離為特點(diǎn)的公司的管理可能面臨著重大的非稅收成本。會(huì)計(jì)為基礎(chǔ)的合同在這些企業(yè)的廣泛使用，可以減少經(jīng)理對(duì)報(bào)告收入水平所分配的大量關(guān)注。此外，經(jīng)理人認(rèn)為會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的

61、外部使用者對(duì)他們的評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生影響的觀念可能會(huì)使他們特別關(guān)注報(bào)告利潤水平 。另一方面，對(duì)于那些所有權(quán)集中在相對(duì)較少數(shù)量的股東手中的那些公司來說使用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃的必要性就被削減了，這些股東積極的控制著公司的管理，同時(shí)經(jīng)理可以直接和股東溝通任何信息，而不必使用公布的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。因此，非稅收成本可能不太重要并且公司被預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)追求一種更加積極的稅收減少的政策。實(shí)證研究結(jié)果似乎支持了這一論點(diǎn)：相比較普遍持有的公司密切持有公司較少關(guān)注他們會(huì)計(jì)選擇的非稅收后果，

62、并且他們更傾向于執(zhí)行稅收減少戰(zhàn)略 。</p><p>　　在希臘，像在許多歐洲國家（如法國，意大利）一樣 ，大多數(shù)公司的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是高度集中。在大多數(shù)情況下，所有者積極參與其公司的管理，在他們公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)中占據(jù)重要職位，公司的所有者可以直接并且有效地監(jiān)督和激勵(lì)他們下屬的管理人員并且他們不需要使用激勵(lì)方案。此外，在這些企業(yè)的管理人員可以直接和上級(jí)所有者兼經(jīng)理交流關(guān)于他們業(yè)績(jī)的信息，而不必依賴財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。在這種

63、情況下，有人認(rèn)為，大多數(shù)希臘公司的所有制結(jié)構(gòu)有助于采用一項(xiàng)積極的稅收減少的戰(zhàn)略，因?yàn)樗鼈兊乃袡?quán)地位似乎沒有產(chǎn)生重大的非稅收成本。</p><p>　　會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)在公司與信貸資金提供者的談判中的使用，以及以會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的條款在債務(wù)協(xié)議中的列入，表明特定的會(huì)計(jì)選擇可以產(chǎn)生重要的非稅收成本。較低的報(bào)告利潤數(shù)字可能對(duì)銀行的信貸決策產(chǎn)生不利的影響，從而提高對(duì)公司的資本成本。此外，對(duì)貸款協(xié)議條款的違反會(huì)將公司置于專門違約的

64、境況，這種情況會(huì)對(duì)公司有特別不利的后果 。為了減少這些事件發(fā)生的可能性，公司更可能采用一項(xiàng)增加收入的會(huì)計(jì)政策。然而，這樣的決定最有可能和重要的稅收成本相聯(lián)系，因?yàn)橛纱水a(chǎn)生的報(bào)告收入的增加，很可能伴隨著后續(xù)應(yīng)納稅所得額的增加。一個(gè)公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿被用來作為公司對(duì)債務(wù)資金的需要和公司接近違反債務(wù)契約的代表指標(biāo)。公司預(yù)計(jì)面臨的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿越多非稅收成本也就越高，因此他們更傾向于選擇收入增加的會(huì)計(jì)政策。實(shí)證研究結(jié)果表明，越來越多的企業(yè)權(quán)衡稅收優(yōu)惠對(duì)非

65、稅收成本的杠桿作用。</p><p>　　銀行是希臘公司的主要資金提供者。銀行信貸在商業(yè)企業(yè)融資過程中的主導(dǎo)作用具有一個(gè)鮮明特征，不僅是在希臘的商業(yè)環(huán)境下，而且許多其他歐洲國家（如法國，德國）。銀行已經(jīng)和許多公司建立了密切的關(guān)系，在某些情況下，他們擁有公司股本的一部分。因此，銀行在許多情況下可直接獲得任何與公司相關(guān)的財(cái)務(wù)信息，而不必依靠公開披露的數(shù)據(jù)。有人認(rèn)為，在許多歐洲國家財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)已經(jīng)被稅收法規(guī)所控制，并且從來

66、沒有發(fā)展成一個(gè)真正獨(dú)立的會(huì)計(jì)的分支機(jī)構(gòu)的這一事實(shí)可部分歸因于一個(gè)事實(shí)，即當(dāng)：</p><p>　　即使在歐洲大陸國家的上市公司也主要是被銀行，政府或家族所控制，對(duì)公開信息的需要是不太清楚的。</p><p>　　此外，在希臘大型國有控股銀行不應(yīng)該總是將他們的信貸決定建立在完全客觀和合理的財(cái)務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基礎(chǔ)之上。因此，公共會(huì)計(jì)信息的重要性可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步減少。此外，銀行和公司之間密切關(guān)系的后果就是這樣

67、一個(gè)對(duì)債務(wù)契約的違反可能不會(huì)對(duì)公司產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。在這一背景下，稅收減少戰(zhàn)略不可能導(dǎo)致重要的非稅收成本</p><p>　　然而，一些重要的非稅收成本仍然可以出現(xiàn)。即使經(jīng)濟(jì)條件在銀行的信貸決策中并不總是發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用，當(dāng)進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)貸款申請(qǐng)時(shí)大多數(shù)企業(yè)將被要求必須符合一些基于會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)之上的正式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果申請(qǐng)公司和某一特定銀行具有很強(qiáng)的聯(lián)系，不能排除這種可能性：銀行的官員們將容忍一些會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的“調(diào)整”,以便使該公

68、司遵守有關(guān)的條款。因此，一家公司通過適當(dāng)?shù)臅?huì)計(jì)政策的選擇來影響會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的傾向?qū)⒖赡艿玫郊訌?qiáng)。此外，不能假定所有企業(yè)享有和某一銀行有密切關(guān)系的特權(quán)。因此，財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)因素仍然可以影響一家公司的會(huì)計(jì)政策決定。</p><p>　　在有效運(yùn)作的資本市場(chǎng)的范圍內(nèi)，公共（上市）公司的股東傾向于更高的現(xiàn)金流量，因?yàn)檫@將導(dǎo)致更高的股票價(jià)格。因此，具有更強(qiáng)節(jié)稅作用的會(huì)計(jì)政策將被優(yōu)先考慮。這本來可以是希臘公共公司的情況，因?yàn)檫@些企業(yè)中

69、的大多數(shù)是企業(yè)所有者控制的公司并且所持股份構(gòu)成了所有者經(jīng)理個(gè)人財(cái)富的很大比例。然而，會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)可能對(duì)公司的股票價(jià)格產(chǎn)生的影響可以增強(qiáng)對(duì)公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)的重視程度。一家公司的管理者可能會(huì)認(rèn)為，報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該公司的股價(jià)有相當(dāng)大的影響。這種影響可能會(huì)比由于公司的納稅責(zé)任水平的可能變化引起的影響更加強(qiáng)烈。在這種情況下，一個(gè)公司的管理層將爭(zhēng)取報(bào)告更高的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以影響其股票價(jià)格的情況成為可能，盡管會(huì)有相應(yīng)增加的稅收成本。因此，和私營（非上市）公司相比公

70、共公司更有可能傾向于收入增加的選擇。所有者兼經(jīng)理準(zhǔn)備放棄稅收優(yōu)惠以實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的報(bào)告盈余的事實(shí)，并不意味著他們的目的不是要實(shí)現(xiàn)公司價(jià)值并且進(jìn)一步他們財(cái)富價(jià)值的最大化。所有者兼經(jīng)理認(rèn)為，公司的價(jià)值是該公司會(huì)計(jì)利潤的一個(gè)作用，正如克羅伊德等指出的那樣：</p><p>　　如果管理人員認(rèn)為，股票價(jià)格對(duì)報(bào)告收入的反應(yīng)比對(duì)現(xiàn)金流的反應(yīng)更為強(qiáng)烈，那么公共資本市場(chǎng)就會(huì)引進(jìn)一種潛在的非稅收成本，該成本適于阻止他們遵守稅法，即使該遵

71、守會(huì)增加該公司的預(yù)計(jì)未來現(xiàn)金流量。</p><p><b>　　并進(jìn)一步指出：</b></p><p>　　如果新的投資者和債權(quán)人在某一條件下愿意向企業(yè)提供資金，該條件會(huì)受報(bào)告的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的影響，管理人員和現(xiàn)有股東就可能會(huì)一致希望報(bào)告高的收入，甚至不惜以支付額外的稅收為代價(jià)。也就是說，公司價(jià)值是通過更高的報(bào)告收入而不是通過減少納稅而實(shí)現(xiàn)最大化的。</p>

72、<p>　　根據(jù)希臘金融出版社的調(diào)查，會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)公司的股票價(jià)值會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)占主導(dǎo)地位的影響。此外，人們一直聲稱，對(duì)于上市公司通過有選擇地運(yùn)用會(huì)計(jì)政策來參與收入管理的現(xiàn)象并非罕見。在這種情況下，可以預(yù)計(jì)，稅收減少的政策由于它減少了對(duì)報(bào)告利潤水平的影響程度，可以對(duì)希臘公共公司產(chǎn)生一些非稅收成本，這種非稅收成本可能阻止他們追求這樣的政策。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></

73、p><p>　　本研究探討在希臘經(jīng)營的工業(yè)企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的影響因素。采取了一項(xiàng)郵件調(diào)查的方式來確定這些因素。雖然已經(jīng)采取了措施來將偏見限制在盡可能最低的水平，但也不能排除這種可能性，一些偏見被引入到數(shù)據(jù)當(dāng)中。對(duì)這些答復(fù)的分析提供的一些跡象表明：希臘公司會(huì)計(jì)政策決定可以在這些會(huì)計(jì)政策選擇可見的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果的基礎(chǔ)上被解釋。似乎稅收考慮和隨后的非稅收成本可能會(huì)影響到希臘公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的選擇。參加調(diào)查的人士認(rèn)為，會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)影響

74、會(huì)計(jì)信息外部使用者的看法和決策。此外，似乎他們的目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤有關(guān)的目標(biāo)，這些目標(biāo)或許與稅收最小化的目標(biāo)相沖突，源于稅收減少政策的非稅收成本，可能會(huì)迫使許多企業(yè)偏離了堅(jiān)持這種政策。一公司的杠桿特性，以及是否該公司為國有或私有都是更可能引起重大非稅收成本的因素，然而大多數(shù)希臘公司的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)不太可能產(chǎn)生重要的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)研究可能有助于理解形成會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的因素，不僅是在希臘經(jīng)營的企業(yè)，而

75、且在會(huì)計(jì)環(huán)境與希臘類似的其他國家經(jīng)營的企業(yè)。大多數(shù)希臘公司的特點(diǎn)是集中的所有權(quán)，同時(shí)，他們特別依賴于銀行融資。此外，在希臘財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)也用于稅收目的。在許多歐洲和非歐洲國家廣泛的商業(yè)環(huán)境具有類似特點(diǎn)。對(duì)要求這些國家公司會(huì)計(jì)政策選擇的解釋的理解將不僅有助于學(xué)術(shù)研究同時(shí)也可能促進(jìn)國際會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)分析，它們?cè)诖蠖鄶?shù)投資和籌資的決定過程中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用，由于總體上日益全球化的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，特別是歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的一體化，這個(gè)問題的重要性進(jìn)一步提高。&l

76、t;/p><p>　　目前的研究是對(duì)影響公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告選擇的因素獲得深入了解過程中的一個(gè)步驟，為了獲得對(duì)形成公司會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的要素更為全面的看法，需要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的實(shí)證研究。特別是，關(guān)于稅收考慮和財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)政策的彼此相關(guān)性，以及影響公司會(huì)計(jì)政策決定的方式，需要進(jìn)行一次深入徹底的調(diào)查。這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目提供了一些跡象表明，希臘公司的報(bào)告政策可能構(gòu)成了旨在減少企業(yè)稅務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)的稅務(wù)籌劃策略的一部分。 對(duì)稅收減少策略的要素的調(diào)查可以成為