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1、<p><b> 三江學(xué)院</b></p><p> 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p> 附件:1.外文資料翻譯譯文(約3000漢字);</p><p> 2.外文資料原文(與課題相關(guān)的1萬印刷符號(hào)左右)。</p><p> 附件:1.外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p&g
2、t; EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 第一章 總則</b></p><p><b> 1.1 范圍</b></p><p> 1.1.1 歐洲法規(guī)2的范圍</p><p> (1)供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 適用于建筑設(shè)計(jì)和利用純混凝土,鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土
3、建造的土木工程. 它遵守建筑結(jié)構(gòu)安全、可靠的原則及要求, 他們設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)和檢驗(yàn)在EN 1990:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)一章中提到。</p><p> (2) 供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 只注重混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗阻性,適用性,耐用性和耐火性. 其他要求例如絕熱性和隔音性是不被考慮的。</p><p> (3) 供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 是打算用來同如下內(nèi)容共同使用的:</p><p> EN 1
4、990: 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)</p><p> EN 1991:對結(jié)構(gòu)的作用對結(jié)構(gòu)的行動(dòng)</p><p> hEN’s: 有關(guān)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑產(chǎn)品</p><p> EN 1997: 土工技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p> EN 1998: 當(dāng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)被建造在地震區(qū)時(shí)的抗震結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p> (4供磷歐洲規(guī)范2
5、 被細(xì)分成如下部分:</p><p> Part 1.1: 總則和建筑規(guī)則</p><p> Part 1.2: 結(jié)構(gòu)的消防設(shè)計(jì)</p><p> Part 2: 鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝凝土橋</p><p> Part 3: 液體保留和含有 結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p> 1.1.2 1-1歐洲法規(guī)2部的適用范
6、圍</p><p> (1) P部分歐洲規(guī)范21-1 列出了正常骨料和輕骨料的純混凝土,鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土的建筑設(shè)計(jì)的一般基礎(chǔ),以及建筑的詳細(xì)規(guī)則</p><p> (2)P以下內(nèi)容在1-1中涉及</p><p><b> 第一章: 總則</b></p><p> Section 2: 設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)<
7、/p><p> Section 3: 材料</p><p> Section 4: 耐用性和鋼筋保護(hù)層</p><p> Section 5: 結(jié)構(gòu)分析</p><p> Section 6: 極限狀態(tài)</p><p> Section 7: 正常使用極限狀態(tài)</p><p> Sect
8、ion 8: 加固和預(yù)應(yīng)力筋腱的細(xì)節(jié)-總則</p><p> Section 9: 成員和特殊裁決的細(xì)節(jié)</p><p> Section 10: 預(yù)制混凝土成分和結(jié)構(gòu)的附加規(guī)則</p><p> Section 11: 輕骨料混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p> Section 12: 純混凝土和少量鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu) </p>
9、<p> (3)P 第一章和第二章提供了在EN1990中提到的“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)”的附加條款</p><p> (4)P 1-1這一部分沒有涉及到:</p><p> - 平原加固的使用</p><p><b> - 抗火性;</b></p><p> - 建筑特殊類型的詳細(xì)方面(例如高樓)</p
10、><p> - 土木工程類型的詳細(xì)方面(例如高架橋,橋梁,水壩,壓力容器,海上平臺(tái)或擋水結(jié)構(gòu)) ;</p><p> - 無沙混凝土和加氣混凝土結(jié)構(gòu),以及那些有重骨料或包含性結(jié)構(gòu)鋼所建造的建筑(參考Eurocode 4中的復(fù)合鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu))</p><p><b> 1.2 引用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</b></p><p> (1
11、)P 以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件包含在本文中涉及的規(guī)定,關(guān)于歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基本規(guī)定 . 至于過時(shí)的參考文獻(xiàn),并沒有在隨后對這些出版物進(jìn)行修正和校對。然而,建立在這個(gè)歐洲準(zhǔn)則基礎(chǔ)上的合約雙方,他們被鼓勵(lì)去調(diào)查應(yīng)用那些在下面所指出的的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件的最近版本的可能性。因?yàn)闊o日期的參考文獻(xiàn),最新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件版本已被應(yīng)用。</p><p> 1.2.1 常規(guī)參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p> EN 1990: 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)&l
12、t;/p><p> EN 1991-1-5: 對結(jié)構(gòu)的作用: 力量上的作用</p><p> EN 1991-1-6: 對結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 在施工中的作用</p><p> 1.2.2 其他參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p> EN1997: 土工技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p> EN 197-1: 水泥: 普通水泥的成分,規(guī)格,一致
13、性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p> EN 206-1: 混凝土:規(guī)格,性能,生產(chǎn)和一致性</p><p> EN 12390: 檢測硬化混凝土</p><p> EN 10080: 用于加固混凝土的鋼材</p><p> EN 10138: 預(yù)變形鋼</p><p> EN ISO 17760: 允許用于加固的焊接過程
14、</p><p> ENV 13670: 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的施工</p><p> EN 13791: 檢測混凝土</p><p> EN ISO 15630 用于加固的鋼材和混凝土預(yù)應(yīng)力的鋼材: 檢測方法</p><p><b> 1.3 假設(shè)</b></p><p> P 除了在EN 19
15、90中提到的一般假設(shè)外,還設(shè)計(jì)到以下假設(shè)</p><p> - 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是由有資格的,富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專業(yè)人員所設(shè)計(jì)的</p><p> - 適當(dāng)監(jiān)督和質(zhì)量管理無處不在,無時(shí)無刻在進(jìn)行著在工廠中,在植物中,和現(xiàn)場。</p><p> - 建筑由有著適當(dāng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人員所建造</p><p> - 建筑材料和產(chǎn)品是根據(jù)歐洲規(guī)范或相關(guān)材料、產(chǎn)品
16、說明書所使用的</p><p> - 建筑物將會(huì)被適當(dāng)維護(hù)</p><p> - 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)將會(huì)與建筑綱要一致地被使用</p><p> - 在ENV 13670 中提到的施工和工藝的要求要遵守</p><p> 1.4 原則和應(yīng)用規(guī)則的區(qū)別</p><p> (1)P 在EN 1990 中的規(guī)則適用于<
17、/p><p><b> 1.5 定義</b></p><p> 1.5.1 總則 一般</p><p> P 在EN 1990中涉及的條款和定義適用于</p><p> 1.5.2 在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中使用的附加條款及定義</p><p> 1.5.2.1預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu) . 預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件在其他地方
18、生產(chǎn)而不是在建筑的最終位置. 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,要素是為了確保所需建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)完整性</p><p> 1.5.2.2平原或輕輕鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件. 結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土構(gòu)件有</p><p> 不加固(素混凝土)或者比在第九章中提到的最小的混料總量性少的加固</p><p> 1.5.2.3無粘結(jié)和外部的肌腱。用于后受力桿件的無粘結(jié)筋后張預(yù)應(yīng)力成員</p><
19、;p> 有通風(fēng)管道,那些管道被永久地?zé)o粘結(jié)、肌腱 處于混凝土橫斷面的外部 (這可能會(huì)在強(qiáng)壓或有防護(hù)膜的情況下被混凝土包住).</p><p> 1.5.2.4 預(yù)應(yīng)力. 預(yù)應(yīng)力過程在于通過對與混凝土構(gòu)件相關(guān)的肌腱提供應(yīng)力來對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)提供作用力. “預(yù)應(yīng)力” 在全世界被使用,用來命名那些在預(yù)應(yīng)力過程中的永久作用, 它們包含了對結(jié)構(gòu)中的變形和型材的內(nèi)力.其他預(yù)應(yīng)力方法在喂在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中提及 </p>
20、<p><b> 1.6 符號(hào)</b></p><p> 為了這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ,以下符號(hào)適用</p><p><b> 注意: 符號(hào)基于</b></p><p><b> 拉丁大寫字母</b></p><p><b> A 偶然作用</b>
21、;</p><p><b> A 橫截面積</b></p><p> Ac 混凝土橫截面積</p><p> Ap 一個(gè)或多個(gè)預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋束的面積</p><p> As 加固的橫截面積</p><p> As,最小的加固橫截面積</p><p> Asw剪切鋼筋
22、的截面積 </p><p><b> D 心軸直徑</b></p><p> DEd 疲勞損害因素</p><p><b> E 作用的影響</b></p><p> Ec, Ec(28) 正常重量混凝土的切線彈性模量σC=0應(yīng)力切線正常體重的混凝土彈性模量并在28天內(nèi)</p>
23、<p> Ec,eff混凝土的有效彈性模量 </p><p> Ecd 混凝土彈性模量的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)</p><p> Ecm 混凝土的割線模量</p><p> Ec(t) 正常重量混凝土的切線彈性模量在σC= 0在時(shí)間t的壓力和切線正常體重的混凝土彈性模量</p><p> Ep預(yù)變形剛的彈性模量的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p&
24、gt;<p> Es 鋼筋的彈性模量的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b> EΙ抗彎剛度</b></p><p><b> EQU偽靜態(tài)平衡</b></p><p><b> F 作用</b></p><p> Fd 一個(gè)行為的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)</p>
25、;<p> Fk一個(gè)動(dòng)作的特征值</p><p><b> Gk典型的永久作用</b></p><p> Ι 混凝土截面慣性矩</p><p><b> L 長度</b></p><p><b> M 彎矩</b></p><p>
26、; MEd 應(yīng)用的內(nèi)部彎矩的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b> N 軸向力</b></p><p> NEd 應(yīng)用的軸向力的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù) (張力或壓迫)</p><p><b> P 預(yù)應(yīng)力</b></p><p> P0 在壓力之后緊接的活性結(jié)束的肌腱的內(nèi)部力量</p><
27、;p> Qk 典型的變量作用</p><p> Qfat 典型的疲勞負(fù)荷</p><p><b> R 阻力</b></p><p><b> S 內(nèi)力和瞬間</b></p><p> S SLS地區(qū)的正常使用極限狀態(tài)的靜力矩</p><p><b>
28、; T 扭矩</b></p><p> TEd 應(yīng)用扭矩ULS的極限狀態(tài)的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b> V 剪力</b></p><p> VEd 應(yīng)用剪力的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b> 拉丁小寫字母</b></p><p><b>
29、; a 間隔</b></p><p><b> a 幾何數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p> Δa 幾何數(shù)據(jù)的偏差</p><p> b 橫截面的總寬,或者 實(shí)際凸緣總寬或?qū)嶋H在T或L梁翼緣寬度T,I或L梁體重的網(wǎng)頁寬度</p><p><b> d 直徑 ; 深度</b><
30、/p><p> d 橫截面的有效深度</p><p> dg 最大量的集料粒度</p><p><b> e 離心率</b></p><p><b> fc 砼抗壓強(qiáng)度</b></p><p> fcd 混凝土的抗壓強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p>
31、; Fck在28天的混凝土的壓鋼強(qiáng)度特征特點(diǎn)壓缸混凝土強(qiáng)度在28天內(nèi)</p><p> fcm 混凝土的圓柱體的抗壓強(qiáng)度的平均值</p><p> fctk 混凝土的軸向拉伸強(qiáng)度特征</p><p> Fctm混凝土軸向抗拉強(qiáng)度的平均值</p><p> fp 預(yù)變形鋼的抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p> fpk
32、預(yù)變形鋼的典型抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p> fp0,10.1%的證明應(yīng)力預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼預(yù)變形剛有0,1% 的抗壓力</p><p> fp0,1k特征0.1%證明預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋的應(yīng)力</p><p> f0,2k特性0,2%證明應(yīng)力鋼筋</p><p> ft 加固的抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p> ftk 加固的典型抗壓強(qiáng)度
33、</p><p> fy 加固的抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p> fyd 加固的設(shè)計(jì)抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p> fyk 加固的典型抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p> Fywd剪切鋼筋的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)量</p><p><b> h 高度</b></p><p> h 一個(gè)橫截面的總深
34、</p><p><b> i 回轉(zhuǎn)半徑</b></p><p><b> k 系數(shù) ;因素</b></p><p> l (or l or L) 長度; 跨度</p><p><b> m 質(zhì)量</b></p><p><b> r
35、 半徑</b></p><p> 1/r 一個(gè)特殊截面的曲率</p><p><b> t 厚度</b></p><p><b> t 所認(rèn)為的時(shí)間</b></p><p> t0 在裝船時(shí)的混凝土年齡</p><p> u 混凝土橫截面的周長, 具有區(qū)
36、域交流</p><p> u,v,w 位移點(diǎn)的成分</p><p><b> x 中性軸深度</b></p><p><b> x,y,z 坐標(biāo)</b></p><p> z 杠桿臂的內(nèi)部力量</p><p><b> 希臘小寫字母</b>&l
37、t;/p><p><b> α 角度 ; 比率</b></p><p> β 角度;比率; 系數(shù)</p><p><b> γ 分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</b></p><p> γA 分項(xiàng)系數(shù)一個(gè)行動(dòng)的意外</p><p> γC 混凝土的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p&
38、gt; γF部分因素的行動(dòng),F</p><p> γF,fat 疲勞行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p> γC,fat部分因素的混凝土疲勞</p><p> γG部分因子為永久性的行動(dòng),G</p><p> γM 一種材料性能的分項(xiàng)系數(shù), 考慮到材料性能本身和設(shè)計(jì)模型的不確定性及幾何形狀誤差</p><p>
39、γP和預(yù)應(yīng)力有關(guān)行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p> γQ 變量行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p> γS鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的分項(xiàng)系數(shù) </p><p> γS,fat 在疲勞荷載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p> Γ未考慮模型不確定性行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p> γg 未考慮模型不確定性的永久行為的分項(xiàng)
40、系數(shù)</p><p> γm 一種有形資產(chǎn)的分項(xiàng)系數(shù),僅僅考慮了有形資產(chǎn)的不確定性</p><p> δ 增量或再分配比例</p><p> ζ 還原因素或分配比例</p><p> Εc混凝土的壓縮變形</p><p> εc1 峰值應(yīng)力為fc的混凝土的壓縮變形</p><p>
41、εcu 混凝土的極限壓應(yīng)變</p><p> εu 最大負(fù)載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的張力</p><p> εuk 最小負(fù)載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的典型張力</p><p><b> θ 角度</b></p><p><b> λ 長度直徑比</b></p><p> μ
42、在tendons和它們的通風(fēng)管道之間的摩擦系數(shù)</p><p><b> ν 泊松比</b></p><p> ν 在剪切裂開是的混凝土的強(qiáng)度折減系數(shù)</p><p> ξ 預(yù)變形鋼或鋼筋的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度比值</p><p> ρ 混凝土的絕干密度 kg/m3</p><p> ρ1000張弛
43、損失的價(jià)值,在張力后,并且平均溫度為20°C的情況下1000的小時(shí)</p><p> Ρl縱向鋼筋的配筋率</p><p> ρw 剪切鋼筋的配筋率</p><p> Σc在混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p> σcp 來源于軸向載荷和預(yù)應(yīng)力的混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p> σcu 在極限壓下
44、的混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p><b> τ 扭轉(zhuǎn)剪應(yīng)力</b></p><p> φ 一個(gè)鋼筋或預(yù)應(yīng)力管道的直徑</p><p> φn 一束配筋的等效直徑</p><p> ?(t,t0) 蠕變系數(shù), 在t 和t0之間定義它,它和在28天中的彈性形變有關(guān) </p><p> ?
45、 (∞,t0) 蠕變系數(shù)的終值</p><p> ψ 定義變量行為代表值的因素</p><p> ψ0 對組合價(jià)值來說</p><p> ψ1 對頻繁的價(jià)值觀來說</p><p> ψ2對半永久的價(jià)值觀來說</p><p> 附件:2.外文資料原文</p><p> EN 1992-
46、1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 14</b></p><p> SECTION 1 GENERAL</p><p><b> 1.1 Scope</b></p><p> 1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 2</p><p> (1
47、)P Eurocode 2 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain,</p><p> reinforced and prestressed concrete. It complies with the principles and requirements for the</p><p&
48、gt; safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in</p><p> EN 1990: Basis of structural design.</p><p> (2)P Eurocode 2 is only concerne
49、d with the requirements for resistance, serviceability,</p><p> durability and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning</p><p> thermal or sound insulation,
50、are not considered.</p><p> (3)P Eurocode 2 is intended to be used in conjunction with:</p><p> EN 1990: Basis of structural design</p><p> EN 1991: Actions on structures</p&g
51、t;<p> hEN’s: Construction products relevant for concrete structures</p><p> ENV 13670: Execution of concrete structures</p><p> EN 1997: Geotechnical design</p><p> EN 1
52、998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, when concrete structures are built in</p><p> seismic regions.</p><p> (4)P Eurocode 2 is subdivided into the following parts:</p>&
53、lt;p> Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings</p><p> Part 1.2: Structural fire design</p><p> Part 2: Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges</p><p> Part 3: Liq
54、uid retaining and containing structures</p><p> 1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2</p><p> (1)P Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2 gives a general basis for the design of structures in plain,</p>
55、<p> reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal and light weight aggregates together</p><p> with specific rules for buildings.</p><p> (2)P The following subjects are dealt
56、with in Part 1-1.</p><p> Section 1: General</p><p> Section 2: Basis of design</p><p> Section 3: Materials</p><p> Section 4: Durability and cover to reinforcemen
57、t</p><p> Section 5: Structural analysis</p><p> Section 6: Ultimate limit states</p><p> Section 7: Serviceability limit states</p><p> Section 8: Detailing of rei
58、nforcement and prestressing tendons - General</p><p> Section 9: Detailing of members and particular rules</p><p> Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p> Provid
59、ed by IHS under license with CEN</p><p> No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p> --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p> EN 1992-1-1:2
60、004 (E)</p><p><b> 15</b></p><p> Section 10: Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures</p><p> Section 11: Lightweight aggregate concrete structu
61、res</p><p> Section 12: Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures</p><p> (3)P Sections 1 and 2 provide additional clauses to those given in EN 1990 “Basis of structural</p><
62、p><b> design”.</b></p><p> (4)P This Part 1-1 does not cover:</p><p> - the use of plain reinforcement</p><p> - resistance to fire;</p><p> - parti
63、cular aspects of special types of building (such as tall buildings);</p><p> - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as viaducts, bridges,</p><p> dams, pressure
64、 vessels, offshore platforms or liquid-retaining structures);</p><p> - no-fines concrete and aerated concrete components, and those made with heavy</p><p> aggregate or containing structural
65、steel sections (see Eurocode 4 for composite steelconcrete</p><p> structures).</p><p> 1.2 Normative references</p><p> (1)P The following normative documents contain provisions
66、 which, through references in this</p><p> text, constitutive provisions of this European standard. For dated references, subsequent</p><p> amendments to or revisions of any of these publicat
67、ions do not apply. However, parties to</p><p> agreements based on this European standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of</p><p> applying the most recent editions of the norm
68、ative documents indicated below. For undated</p><p> references the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.</p><p> 1.2.1 General reference standards</p><p>
69、 EN 1990: Basis of structural design</p><p> EN 1991-1-5: Actions on structures: Thermal actions</p><p> EN 1991-1-6: Actions on structures: Actions during execution</p><p> 1.2
70、.2 Other reference standards</p><p> EN1997: Geotechnical design</p><p> EN 197-1: Cement: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common</p><p><b> cements&
71、lt;/b></p><p> EN 206-1: Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity</p><p> EN 12390: Testing hardened concrete</p><p> EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcem
72、ent of concrete</p><p> EN 10138: Prestressing steels</p><p> EN ISO 17760: Permitted welding process for reinforcement</p><p> ENV 13670: Execution of concrete structures</p&
73、gt;<p> EN 13791: Testing concrete</p><p> EN ISO 15630 Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete: Test methods</p><p> 1.3 Assumptions</p><p> (1)P In add
74、ition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:</p><p> - Structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.</p><p> Copyright European
75、Committee for Standardization</p><p> Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p> No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p> --`,,
76、,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p> EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 16</b></p><p> - Adequate supervision and quality control is provided in factories, in plants, and on s
77、ite.</p><p> - Construction is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience.</p><p> - The construction materials and products are used as specified in this Eurocode or
78、 in the</p><p> relevant material or product specifications.</p><p> - The structure will be adequately maintained.</p><p> - The structure will be used in accordance with the de
79、sign brief.</p><p> - The requirements for execution and workmanship given in ENV 13670 are complied with.</p><p> 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules</p><p>
80、 (1)P The rules given in EN 1990 apply.</p><p> 1.5 Definitions</p><p> 1.5.1 General</p><p> (1)P The terms and definitions given in EN 1990 apply.</p><p> 1.5.2
81、Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard</p><p> 1.5.2.1 Precast structures. Precast structures are characterised by structural elements</p><p> manufactured elsewhere than in th
82、e final position in the structure. In the structure,</p><p> elements are connected to ensure the required structural integrity.</p><p> 1.5.2.2 Plain or lightly reinforced concrete members. S
83、tructural concrete members having</p><p> no reinforcement (plain concrete) or less reinforcement than the minimum amounts</p><p> defined in Section 9.</p><p> 1.5.2.3 Unbonded
84、and external tendons. Unbonded tendons for post-tensioned members</p><p> having ducts which are permanently ungrouted, and tendons external to the concrete</p><p> cross-section (which may be
85、 encased in concrete after stressing, or have a protective</p><p> membrane).</p><p> 1.5.2.4 Prestress. The process of prestressing consists in applying forces to the concrete</p><
86、p> structure by stressing tendons relative to the concrete member. “Prestress” is used</p><p> globally to name all the permanent effects of the prestressing process, which comprise</p><p>
87、 internal forces in the sections and deformations of the structure. Other means of</p><p> prestressing are not considered in this standard.</p><p> 1.6 Symbols</p><p> For the
88、purposes of this standard, the following symbols apply.</p><p> Note: The notation used is based on ISO 3898:1987</p><p> Latin upper case letters</p><p> A Accidental action<
89、/p><p> A Cross sectional area</p><p> Ac Cross sectional area of concrete</p><p> Ap Area of a prestressing tendon or tendons</p><p> Copyright European Committee for
90、 Standardization</p><p> Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p> No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p> --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,
91、`,`,,`---</p><p> EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 17</b></p><p> As Cross sectional area of reinforcement</p><p> As,min minimum cross sectional area of
92、 reinforcement</p><p> Asw Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement</p><p> D Diameter of mandrel</p><p> DEd Fatigue damage factor</p><p> E Effect of action<
93、;/p><p> Ec, Ec(28) Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of σc = 0</p><p> and at 28 days</p><p> Ec,eff Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete&l
94、t;/p><p> Ecd Design value of modulus of elasticity of concrete</p><p> Ecm Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete</p><p> Ec(t) Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight con
95、crete at a stress of σc = 0 and</p><p><b> at time t</b></p><p> Ep Design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel</p><p> Es Design value of modulus of
96、elasticity of reinforcing steel</p><p> EΙ Bending stiffness</p><p> EQU Static equilibrium</p><p><b> F Action</b></p><p> Fd Design value of an action
97、</p><p> Fk Characteristic value of an action</p><p> Gk Characteristic permanent action</p><p> Ι Second moment of area of concrete section</p><p><b> L Leng
98、th</b></p><p> M Bending moment</p><p> MEd Design value of the applied internal bending moment</p><p> N Axial force</p><p> NEd Design value of the applied
99、axial force (tension or compression)</p><p> P Prestressing force</p><p> P0 Initial force at the active end of the tendon immediately after stressing</p><p> Qk Characteristic v
100、ariable action</p><p> Qfat Characteristic fatigue load</p><p> R Resistance</p><p> S Internal forces and moments</p><p> S First moment of area</p><p&g
101、t; SLS Serviceability limit state</p><p> T Torsional moment</p><p> TEd Design value of the applied torsional moment</p><p> ULS Ultimate limit state</p><p> V Sh
102、ear force</p><p> VEd Design value of the applied shear force</p><p> Latin lower case letters</p><p> a Distance</p><p> a Geometrical data</p><p> Δ
103、a Deviation for geometrical data</p><p> b Overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam</p><p> bw Width of the web on T, I or L beams</p><p> d Diam
104、eter ; Depth</p><p> d Effective depth of a cross-section</p><p> Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p> Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p
105、> No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p> --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p> EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 18</b&g
106、t;</p><p> dg Largest nominal maximum aggregate size</p><p> e Eccentricity</p><p> fc Compressive strength of concrete</p><p> fcd Design value of concrete compres
107、sive strength</p><p> fck Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days</p><p> fcm Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength</p><p> fctk Charac
108、teristic axial tensile strength of concrete</p><p> fctm Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete</p><p> fp Tensile strength of prestressing steel</p><p> fpk Characteri
109、stic tensile strength of prestressing steel</p><p> fp0,1 0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel</p><p> fp0,1k Characteristic 0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel</p><p> f0
110、,2k Characteristic 0,2% proof-stress of reinforcement</p><p> ft Tensile strength of reinforcement</p><p> ftk Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement</p><p> fy Yield s
111、trength of reinforcement</p><p> fyd Design yield strength of reinforcement</p><p> fyk Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement</p><p> fywd Design yield of shear reinforc
112、ement</p><p><b> h Height</b></p><p> h Overall depth of a cross-section</p><p> i Radius of gyration</p><p> k Coefficient ; Factor</p><p>
113、; l (or l or L) Length; Span</p><p><b> m Mass</b></p><p><b> r Radius</b></p><p> 1/r Curvature at a particular section</p><p> t Thicknes
114、s</p><p> t Time being considered</p><p> t0 The age of concrete at the time of loading</p><p> u Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ac</p><p> u,v,w
115、Components of the displacement of a point</p><p> x Neutral axis depth</p><p> x,y,z Coordinates</p><p> z Lever arm of internal forces</p><p> Greek lower case let
116、ters</p><p> α Angle ; ratio</p><p> β Angle ; ratio; coefficient</p><p> γ Partial factor</p><p> γA Partial factor for accidental actions A</p><p>
117、γC Partial factor for concrete</p><p> γF Partial factor for actions, F</p><p> γF,fat Partial factor for fatigue actions</p><p> γC,fat Partial factor for fatigue of concrete<
118、;/p><p> γG Partial factor for permanent actions, G</p><p> γM Partial factor for a material property, taking account of uncertainties in the material</p><p> property itself, in ge
119、ometric deviation and in the design model used</p><p> Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p> Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p> No reproduction or
120、networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p> --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p> EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b> 19</b></p><p>
121、γP Partial factor for actions associated with prestressing, P</p><p> γQ Partial factor for variable actions, Q</p><p> γS Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel</p><p
122、> γS,fat Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel under fatigue loading</p><p><b> γf</b></p><p> Partial factor for actions without taking account of model uncerta
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