arm微處理器外文翻譯

1、<p>　　學(xué)號(hào) 24072200001</p><p>　　1 The introduction and development of microprocessor</p><p>　　1.1 The history of the Microprocessor</p><p>　　The first microprocessor was original

2、ly developed for a calculator, and revolutionary for its time, it contained 2,300 transistors on a 4-bit microprocessor that could perform only 60,000 operations per second. The first 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8

3、008, developed in 1972 to run computer terminals. The Intel 8008 contained 3,300 transistors. The first truly general-purpose microprocessor, developed in 1974, was the 8-bit Intel 8080 (see Microprocessor, 8080), which

4、contained 4,500 transis</p><p>　　1.2 The future Technology of the Microprocessor</p><p>　　The technology of microprocessors and integrated-circuit is developing rapidly. Currently, the most soph

5、isticated microprocessors contain about ten million transistors. By the year 2000, advanced microprocessors are expected to contain more than 50 million transistors, and about 800 million by 2010.</p><p>　　L

6、ithographic techniques will also require improvements. By the year 2000, minimum element size is less than 0.2 micros. At these dimensions, even short-wave-length ultraviolet light may not reach the necessary resolution.

7、 Alternative possibilities include using very narrow beams of electrons and ions or replacing optical lithography with lithography that uses X rays of extremely short wavelength. Using these technologies, clock speeds co

8、uld increase to more than 1,000 MHz by 2010. It is expected</p><p>　　1.3 The introduction of the Microprocessor</p><p>　　The microprocessor is one type of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit. I

9、ntegrated circuits, also known as microchips or chips, are complex electronic circuits consisting of extremely tiny components formed on a single, thin, flat piece of material known as a semiconductor. Modern microproces

10、sors incorporate as many as ten million transistors (which act as electronic amplifiers, oscillators, or, most commonly, switches), in addition to other components such as resistors, diodes, capacitors, and </p>&

11、lt;p>　　A microprocessor consists of several different sections: the arithmetic/logic unit （ALU）performs calculations on numbers and makes logical decisions; the registers are special memory locations for storing tempo

12、rary information much as a scratch pad does; the control unit deciphers programs; bused carry digital information throughout the chip and computer; and local memory supports on-chip computation. More complex microprocess

13、ors often contain other sections-such as sections of specialized memor</p><p>　　A crystal oscillator in the computer provides a clock signal to coordinate all activities of the microprocessor. The clock spee

14、d of the most advanced microprocessors is about 300 megahertz (MHz) —about 300 million cycles per second—allowing about a billion computer instructions to be executed every second.</p><p>　　Microprocessor’s

15、functions is the central processing unit of a computer, providing computational control. Microprocessors are also used in other advanced electronic systems, such as computer printers, automobiles, and jet airlines.</p

16、><p>　　1.4 Microcontroller</p><p>　　A microprocessor is not a complete computer. It does not contain large amounts of memory or have the ability to communicate with input devices-such as keyboards,

17、 joy-sticks, and mice-or with output devices, such as monitors and printers. A different kind of integrated circuit, a microcontroller, is a complete computer on a chip, containing all of the elements of the basic microp

18、rocessor along with other specialized functions. Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCR</p><p>　　1.5 Construction of Microprocessor</p><p>　　The first step in pro

19、ducing a microprocessor is the creation of an ultrapure silicon substrate, a silicon slice in the shape of a round wafer that is polished to a mirror like smoothness. At present, the largest wafers used in industry are 2

20、00 mm (8 in) in diameter.</p><p>　　In the oxidation step, an electrically nonconducting layer, called a dielectric, is placed between each conductive layer on the wafer. The most important type of dielectric

21、 is silicon, which is ‘grown’ by exposing the silicon wafer to oxygen in a furnace at about 1000℃ (about 1800℉). The oxygen combines with the silicon to form a thin layer of oxide about 75 angstroms deep (an angstrom is

22、one ten-billionth of a meter).</p><p>　　Microprocessor are fabricated using techniques similar to those used for other integrated circuits, such as memory chips. Microprocessors generally have a more complex

23、 structure than do other chips, and their manufacture requires extremely precise techniques. Economical manufacturing of microprocessors requires mass production. Several hundred dies, or circuit patterns, are created on

24、 the surface of a silicon wafer simultaneously. Microprocessor s are constructed by a process of deposition and r</p><p>　　Nearly every layer that is deposited on the wafer must be patterned accurately into

25、the shape of the transistors and other electronic elements. Usually this is done in process known as photolithography, which is analogous to transforming the wafer into a piece of photographic film and projecting a pictu

26、re of the circuit on it. A coating on the surface of the wafer, called the photoresist or resist, changes when exposed to light, making it easy to dissolve in a developing solution. These patterns</p><p>　　I

27、n the next step of the process, ion implantation, impurities such as boron and phosphorus are introduced into the silicon to alter its conductivity. This is accomplished by ionizing the boron or phosphorus atoms (strippi

28、ng off one or two electrons) and propelling them at the wafer with an iron implanter at very high energies. The ions become embedded in the surface of the wafer.</p><p>　　Microprocessor features are so small

29、 and precise that a single speck of dust can destroy an entire die. The rooms used for microprocessor creation are called clean rooms because the air in them is extremely well filtered and virtually free of dust. The pur

30、est of today’s clean rooms are referred to as class 1, indicating the maximum number of allowed particles larger than 0.12 micron in one cubic foot of air. （For comparison, a typical home is class one million or so.）<

31、/p><p>　　The thin layers used to build up a microprocessor are referred to as films. In the final step of the process, the films are deposited using sputterers in which thin films are grown in a plasma; by mean

32、s of evaporation, whereby the material is melted and then evaporated coating the wafer; or by means of chemical-vapor deposition, whereby the material condenses from a gas at low or atmospheric pressure. In each case, th

33、e film must be of high purity and its thickness must be controlled within a sma</p><p>　　2 ARM－Advanced RISC Machines</p><p>　　ARM- Advanced RISC Machines is thought to be a company na

34、me, can be considered to be a type known as the microprocessor, can be considered a technical name.</p><p>　　ARM company was established in Cambridge in 1991, It mainly sales mandate of chip design technolog

35、y. At present, the technology used ARM Intellectual Property (IP) Core microprocessors, that is, we usually refer to as the ARM microprocessor, which cover the industrial control, and consumer electronic products, commun

36、ications systems, network systems, wireless systems and other products market, Based on the ARM microprocessor technology application was about a 32-bit RISC microprocessor 75% above</p><p>　　ARM company spe

37、cializing in technology-based RISC chip design and development company, as a supplier of intellectual property rights, it should not be directly involved in the production of silicon chips Design permits through the assi

38、gnment of cooperation from the production company of special chips, the world's major semiconductor manufacturers from the company to buy its ARM microprocessor design nuclear, According to different application area

39、s, to add appropriate external circuit, thereby f</p><p>　　3 ARM microprocessor application areas and features</p><p>　　3.1 ARM microprocessor application areas</p><p>　　So far, the

40、 ARM microprocessor technology and the application almost went to various areas :</p><p>　　1. Industrial control areas : as a 32 bit RISC structure, ARM-based microcontroller chips will occupy the high-end m

41、icro-controller market most of the market share. also gradually to the low-end micro-controller applications expansion, ARM microcontroller with low power consumption, high performance-cost ratio. And give a challenge to

42、 traditional 8 / 16 Microcontrollers.</p><p>　　2. The wireless communications field : At present, more than 85% of wireless communications equipment used ARM technology, ARM with high performance and low cos

43、t in the area of the increasing consolidation.</p><p>　　3. Network applications : As the technology promotion, ARM technology using ADSL chip is gradually gaining competitive advantage. In addition, the ARM

44、in voice and video processing uplink optimization, and is widely supported, DSP is also the right application areas posed a challenge.</p><p>　　4. Consumer electronics products : ARM technology in the popula

45、r digital audio player, Digital Set-Top-Box and games were used extensively.</p><p>　　5. Imaging and security products : the now popular digital cameras and printers used most of the ARM technology. The mobi

46、le phone SIM 32 smart cards are using ARM technology. </p><p>　　In addition, the ARM microprocessor and technology has been applied to many different fields, and in the future will be more widely used.</p

47、><p>　　3.2 Features of the ARM microprocessor</p><p>　　ARM microprocessor using ARM RISC microprocessor architecture generally as Under characteristics :</p><p>　　1. Small size, low po

48、wer, low cost, high performance;</p><p>　　2. Support Thumb (16) / ARM (32) - instruction set, Compatibility can be a very good 8 / 16 devices;</p><p>　　3. The extensive use of registers, the dir

49、ective is faster;</p><p>　　4. Most data operations are completed by the middle of the Register;</p><p>　　5. Addressable flexible simple, high efficiency;</p><p>　　6. Fixed length in

50、structions;</p><p>　　3.3 ARM microprocessor</p><p>　　ARM microprocessor series currently includes the following several series, and other manufacturers based on the ARM architecture processors,

51、in addition to ARM architecture a common feature, Every one of a series of ARM microprocessors have their own characteristics and application areas.</p><p>　　- Series ARM7</p><p>　　- Series ARM9

52、</p><p>　　- series ARM9E</p><p>　　- ARM10E Series</p><p>　　- SecurCore series</p><p>　　- The X scale Inter</p><p>　　- Strong ARM of Inter</p><p&

53、gt;　　ARM7, ARM9, ARM9E, and ARM10 of four generic processor series, each series provides a unique set of comparative performance to meet the needs of different areas of application needs. SecurCore series of specialized

54、security requirements for the application of high design. </p><p>　　We can find out in detail the characteristics of various processors and application areas.</p><p>　　3.3.1 The series of ARM7 m

55、icroprocessor </p><p>　　ARM7 series of low-power microprocessors for the 32 RISC processor, the most suitable for the right price and power consumption demand higher consumer applications. ARM7 microprocesso

56、r series has the following characteristics :</p><p>　　- Embedded ICE-RT logic, developed to facilitate debugging. </p><p>　　- Very low power consumption, suitable for higher power applications,

57、such as portable products.</p><p>　　- Able to provide the three pipeline structure by 0 .9 MIPS/MHz.</p><p>　　- Code compatibility and high density of 16 Thumb instruction set. - Right to suppor

58、t a broad range of operating systems, including Windows CE, Linux, Palm OS, and so on.</p><p>　　- Instruction System and ARM9 series, ARM9E and ARM10E series compatible series, user-friendly to the upgrading

59、 of products.</p><p>　　- The frequency of up to 130 MIPS, high-speed computational processing capacity will rise to the majority of the complex application.</p><p>　　ARM7 microprocessor series o

60、f the main application areas : industrial control, Internet equipment, network and modem equipment, mobile phones and other multimedia and embedded applications.</p><p>　　ARM7 microprocessor series include s

61、everal types of nuclear : ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T, ARM7EJ. Among them, ARM7TMDI is currently the most widely used 32-bit embedded RISC processor, ARM is a low-end processor core. TDMI the basic meaning :</p>

62、<p>　　T : Support for 16 compression Thumb instruction set;</p><p>　　D : Support on-chip Debug;</p><p>　　M : Embedded hardware multiplier (Multiplier);</p><p>　　I : Embedded I

63、CE support on-chip breakpoints and debug.</p><p>　　3.3.2 SecurCore microprocessors</p><p>　　SecurCore microprocessors E Series For safety needs, and provide a perfect 32-bit RISC technology secu

64、rity solutions, therefore, SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture and low power consumption, high performance features, also has its unique advantage, namely to provide the right security solut

65、ion for their support.</p><p>　　SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture major characteristics, Security also has the following characteristics :</p><p>　　- With a flexi

66、ble protective unit, to ensure that the operating system and application of data security.</p><p>　　- Soft-core technology, to prevent its external scanning detection.</p><p>　　- Users can be th

67、eir own integrated security features and other coprocessor.</p><p>　　SecurCore series microprocessors will be used in some of the higher security requirements of products and applications systems, such as e-

68、commerce, e-government, e-banking business, network and certification systems, and other fields.</p><p>　　SecurCore series contains SecurCore SC100 microprocessor, SecurCore SC110. SecurCore SC200 and SC210

69、SecurCore four types, applied to different applications.</p><p>　　3.3.3 Strong ARM microprocessor</p><p>　　Inter Strong ARM SA -1100 ARM processor is used Architecture highly integrated 32-bit R

70、ISC microprocessor. It combines the Inter companies in the design and processing technology, and ARM Architecture power efficiency, use the software compatibility ARMv4 architecture, using Intel technology with the advan

71、tages of Architecture.</p><p>　　Intel Strong ARM processor is a portable communications products and consumer electronics products the ideal choice, has been successfully applied to a number of companies in

72、the handheld computer series products.</p><p>　　3.3.4 Xscale processor</p><p>　　XScale processor is based on the ARMv5TE Aggregate structure of the solution is one the whole performance, high co

73、st performance, low-power processor. It supports 16 of the Thumb instructions and DSP instruction set, used in digital mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant and networking products, and other occasions.</p>&l

74、t;p>　　Inter Xscale processor is currently one of the main promotional ARM microprocessor.</p><p>　　4 Structure</p><p>　　4.1 ARM RISC microprocessor architecture</p><p>　　CISC (Co

75、mplex Instruction Set Computer, complex instruction set computer) structure have inherent shortcomings, With the computer technology that is the development and introduction of new and complex instruction set to support

76、these new directives, Computer architecture will be increasingly complex, but the CISC instruction set of instructions, their frequency of use is a difference of the poor, about 20% of the directive will be used repeated

77、ly, the entire procedure for the 80% code. And the r</p><p>　　Based on the above unreasonable, 1979 University of California at Berkeley, a RISC (Reduced Instructi on Set Computer, reduced instruction set co

78、mputer) concept, RISC is not simply to reduce orders but putting the focus on how to make computer more simple structure raised to a reasonable computation speed. RISC structure preferred to use the highest frequency of

79、simple instructions to avoid complicated instructions; Fixed length instructions. Directive format and find ways to reduce the types; t</p><p>　　So far, the RISC architecture is also no strict definition, it

80、 is generally believed that, RISC architecture should have the following characteristics :</p><p>　　- The use of fixed-length format of the instructions, directives to the whole, simple, Addressing a basic f

81、orm 2 ~ 3.</p><p>　　- The use of single-cycle instructions to facilitate the implementation of pipeline operation.</p><p>　　- Extensive use of register data processing instructions only to regis

82、ter for operations, Only load / store instructions access memory, in order to improve the efficiency of enforcement.</p><p>　　In addition, the ARM architecture also uses a special technology, ensure high per

83、formance under the premise of minimizing chip area, and lower power consumption :</p><p>　　- All available under the directive before deciding whether to implement the results were executed, thereby improvin

84、g the efficiency of instruction.</p><p>　　- Can be used to load / store instructions batch transmission of data, to improve data transmission efficiency.</p><p>　　- In a data processing instruct

85、ions in parallel processing and shift logic processing.</p><p>　　- Cycles in the use of the automatic address changes to improve operating efficiency. </p><p>　　Of course, the structure and CISC

86、, compared to RISC structure despite these advantages, But never RISC framework that can replace the CISC structure, in fact, RISC and CISC different advantages, but not so obvious boundaries.Modern CISC CPU often use th

87、e external and internal to the RISC characteristics, As long CPU instruction set is the integration of RISC and CISC advantages, become the future development direction of one of the CPU.</p><p>　　4.2 ARM mi

88、croprocessor structure</p><p>　　ARM processor register a total of 37 registers, divided into a number of groups (BANK), which registers include :</p><p>　　- 31 Universal Register, including proc

89、edures Counter (PC pointer), both of the register 32.</p><p>　　- 6 state register, to mark the work of the CPU state and the procedures of the operations, both 32. Currently used only in part.</p><

90、;p>　　Meanwhile, ARM processor has seven different types of processor model In each processor model has a corresponding group with the corresponding register. In an arbitrary processor model, visit the Register, includ

91、ing 15 general registers (R0 - R14), 1-2 state register and procedures counter. Register in all, some of the seven types of processor model with a shared physical register, Some of the register is different processors un

92、der different models of the physical register.</p><p>　　ARM processor on the Register, the structure behind the relevant sections will be described in detail.</p><p>　　4.3 Instructions structure

93、 of ARM microprocessor </p><p>　　ARM microprocessor in the newer architecture support Two Instruction Set : ARM instruction set and Thumb instruction set. Among them, ARM instructions to the 32 length Thumb

94、instructions for 16 length. Thumb instruction set for the ARM instruction set subset of the functions, but with the equivalent ARM code comparison, save 30% ~ 40% more storage space, while 32 have all the advantages of c

95、ode.</p><p>　　On the ARM processor instructions, the structure behind the relevant sections will be described in detail. ARM microprocessor</p><p>　　5 Selection of ARM microprocessor</p>

96、<p>　　ARM microprocessor light of the many advantages Following the field of embedded application development, the ARM microprocessor will receive wide attention and application. However, the ARM microprocessor, as

97、many as 10 several kernel structure, dozens of chip manufacturers. and a variety of internal functional configuration, to the development staff in the selection of programs bring some difficulties, so ARM chips to do som

98、e comparative study is very necessary.</p><p>　　Flowing is the application point of view. The ARM microprocessor options to be considered when the main issues of some brief.</p><p>　　ARM micropr

99、ocessor core from the choice earlier on the contents showed that ARM microprocessor contains a series of core structures to suit different application areas, If users want to use WinCE or standard Linux operating system

100、to reduce software development time, ARM720T need more choices with MMU (Memory Management Unit ) functional ARM chips, ARM720T, ARM920T, ARM922T, ARM946T, Strong-ARM has the MMU function. ARM7TDMI and MMU is not, and wi