外文翻譯----電能質量和可靠性的重意義

1、<p>　　附錄A 外文資料翻譯</p><p><b>　　A.1：英文</b></p><p>　　The Role of Electricity in Quality and Reliability</p><p>　　L.ANDON GOODMAN, BSc(Eng) ,</p><p>　　ARTC

2、S, CEng , MIMechE, FIEE, MIProdE , MBIM ,</p><p>　　MIMH, FRSA</p><p>　　It would be difficult today to find any manufacturing unit which does not rely on electricity at some stage of a production

3、 cycle . Electricity is a versatile energy source and has consequently found widespread use, so much so that its part in modern production methods is not always fully appreciated. Correctly applied electricity is a tool

4、which can contribute immensely in achieving high quality and reliability in industrial production. In describing the role of electricity in quality and relia</p><p>　　the electricity supply industry</p>

5、;<p>　　In the year ending 31st March, 1966, 65,672,000,00 0 units of electricity were sold to industry out of a total of 154,124,000,00 0 units. Much of the work of the electricity supply industry has been directe

6、d at ensuring reliability of supply for its customers coupled with an efficient generation, transmission and distribution system. Work is in progress on a 400,000 volt super grid to be completed in 1970 and a direct cur

7、rent trans mission link, the first of its kind in the world,will be commis</p><p>　　Reliability of supply</p><p>　　The supply industry's record of reliability for the year ending March 1966

8、was good.Preliminary figures from the National Fault Reporting scheme indicate that the overall average continuity of supply was 99.98%.The predominating causes of interruptions were such hazards as gales,lightning,heavy

9、 snowfalls and accidental damage caused.</p><p>　　For example,by mechanical equipment and workmen' s picks,High reliability can only be achieved by intensive effort and the above record is the result of

10、many years of intensive research and development on a number of fronts. For example, careful analysis is made of the reliability records of plant and equipment. This ensures that purchases are guide d towards that plant

11、and equipment with the best record of reliability. </p><p>　　Live line working a means of carrying out maintenance and other work on high voltage over-head lines without interrupting the supply is now routin

12、e procedure in many electricity board areas and its wider use is being planned.The technique relies on the use of insulated, long reach tools capable of withstanding 100,000 volts per foot. To the customer the advantage

13、of live line working is reliability of supply. One electricity board has estimated that 1,200,000 customer hours were saved between Se</p><p>　　industrial use of electricity for quality an d reliability</

14、p><p>　　Over the past few years the study of quality control and reliability has developed into a major manage ment technique.Quality control is no longer defined simply as an inspection function but is an inhe

15、rent part of the whole production process. It must be planned and worked for,using whatever means are appropriate.</p><p>　　Industry is asked to make its approach to the review of methods of working during Q

16、 & R Year as ambitious and original as possible.It would be a great pity if the opportunity were not taken to re-examine the techniques now in use in the light of the technological changes which have taken place in r

17、ecent years . Even the most conscientious worker can only maintain a high standard of product quality when supported by plant and equipment capable of consistently meeting these standards.</p><p>　　influence

18、 on product Q & R</p><p>　　With its many uses in industry it would be impossible to define any particular field of application in which electricity make s its major contribution to Q & R.Th e high de

19、gree of process control available and the cleanliness of application are,however,two features which make the use of electricity very suitable and sometimes essential in the manufacture of products of high quality and rel

20、iability. Every function within a factory can be said to have some influence on the saleability of the final</p><p>　　Q & R problems trace d t o production plant are not necessarily best solved by replac

21、ing worn out equipment with its modern counterpart. Examination of the whole process cycle ma y well suggest that a more modern technique should be introduced. Some examples of new approaches to new and old problems are

22、given below.</p><p>　　improved Q & R with better lighting</p><p>　　As mentioned previously,the contribution made by good lighting to the quality of a product is not always appreciated. </

23、p><p>　　In the manufacture of ornamental tiles,flaws such as deformation, chips cracks etc are inevitable however carefully the process is controlled.By detecting these faults in tiles at an early stage further

24、 expensive and wasteful processing is avoided and the final product quality is improved. The result so f an investigation by one wellknown company revealed that 20% of the faulty tiles escaped detection during manufactur

25、e, even the at the final inspection stage only 2£% were rejected . Thus , 17£%</p><p>　　For final inspection.The clour quality of the light was also improved. The result is that only 4% of all faul

26、ty tiles reach final inspection and 2% are rejected there. Moreover, clour vision in the final stage is now so good that some tiles rejected for off-clour can be accurately regraded according to their shade and sold as

27、" seconds " . The ability to see clearly that quality goods are being made and its aid to inspection are not the only gain from good lighting. Many companies also list red</p><p>　　improved Q &

28、 R with electric heating</p><p>　　Process heating is a field in which electricity excels in achieving high product quality due to its cleanliness and controllability. </p><p>　　Pottery firing ——

29、When their old tunnel kiln was reaching the end of it s useful life,a nationally known pottery manufacturing company, based in Dorset, in consultation with the Southern Electricity Board decided to replace it with three

30、" Top Hat" electric kilns , each rated at 220kW. Each kiln has two heated bases which are used alternately and enable work to be unloaded from one base and reloaded while heating is carried out using the other

31、base. The firing cycle is automatically controlled by</p><p>　　Induction billet heating—In the highly competitive market of extruded aluminum for the architectural and motor industries quality of extrusion a

32、nd finish are of prime importance. To ensure high quality, one leading aluminum extrusion company use all electric methods to process the raw aluminum through to the finished product. </p><p>　　These methods

33、, it is claimed, allow flexibility of operation and accurate quality control while at the same time offer savings in floor space, labor costs and reduced scrap. </p><p>　　One important feature of the product

34、ion process is the initial heating of the aluminum billets prior to extrusion. Ajax Magnetosphere induction heaters are used to heat 26 in. X7 India. billets to between 850 deg. F and 1000deg . F in three minutes, repres

35、enting a vast improvement in speed compared with batch furnaces where a large batch of billets is heated in a cycle of about five hours. In addition, induction heaters allow greater temperature control and flexibility of

36、 operation.</p><p>　　Paint drying on plastic—One company who were seeking to expand their business in the plastic container market were finding difficulties in drying the print on the plastic sufficiently qu

37、ickly . Temperature control had to be accurate to avoid over-heating the plastic and melting it.</p><p>　　Initial tests using hot air revealed a problem in the static electric charge of the bottles which was

38、 found to attract a layer o f fine dust, even in a few hours. </p><p>　　A further problem was the space required by an air drying installation. </p><p>　　By employing electric infra-re d heating

39、 , drying was speeled up and bottles could be packed straight off to the dryer.This system affected a significant saving in time and eliminated both the space and dust problem s simultaneously .</p><p>　　Met

40、al melting—An important feature of induction melting is undoubtedly the high quality of the metal it produces. This has been borne out by the experience in one foundry where two conventional cupola s were replaced with a

41、 three-ton mains-frequency induction tilting furnace.Previously the cupolas had been used to produce only Whiteheart iron . Now, due to the new furnace , the company i s able to extend its malleable field t o include Bla

42、ckheart iron .</p><p>　　Since its installation the furnace has increased the company's production potential. Metallurgically it is more flexible than the cupolas it replaces and is producing a superior a

43、nalysis resulting in less scrap .</p><p>　　It is worthy of note that as a result of tests, carried out in co-operation between the company and engineers of the North Western Electricity Board, the Electricit

44、y Board were able to recommend a satisfactory method of working which would take advantage of the industrial tariff structure and reduce the company' s costs.</p><p>　　control and inspection</p>&

45、lt;p>　　Process control systems are now universally accepted a spart of the production pattern. There are of course many different levels of control and the system adopted can have a profound effect on the quality of t

46、he product.</p><p>　　One system, which probably goes further than most in production quality control is that installed in the tinplate factories of a company in South Wales. This system is based on the Arch

47、digital computer of Elliott Automation Ltd., and devised entirely by the tinplate companys' own engineers after a comprehensive investigation into the many problems involved .</p><p>　　Production of tinp

48、late, which is produced at a continuous strip speed of up to 1,250 ft. per minute, is monitored and a detailed record made of all flaws during the tinning process , together with a computed average gauge of the steel str

49、ip and average thickness of the tin coating of each surface. In this way a complete coil-by-coil analysis of tin plate production of each shift is provided with a view to improving product quality and reducing material w

50、astage throughout the tinning operation.</p><p>　　In addition , two separate statements for every coil are produced one showing the total amount o f defective tin plate contained in the coil , and the other

51、the location of the various flaws within it. By this means the tinplate user is able to avoid the use of unsuitable raw materials with corresponding improvement in quality potential.</p><p>　　Q & R in fi

52、nishing</p><p>　　The quality of a product' s finish rightly or wrongly, is often taken as a standard of the quality of the product as a whole. Even when it does not contribute markedly to the reliability

53、 or function of the product it must be " right" for the customer. Electrical processes can contribute in many ways to improving finish and is a field of application in which many technological changes have take

54、n place in recent years. </p><p>　　The finish on hand tools is by no means an insignificant factor in their sales appeal. It also needs to be durable to survive the rough usage to which the tool will be expo

55、sed . One major hand tool manufacturer sought to increase his productivity while maintaining at least the same level of quality he was obtaining with his existing methods. Dipping and spraying methods were considered but

56、 the former suffered from paint runs on the lettering cast into the handles and the latter required too high</p><p>　　The solution was finally found to be an electrophoretic painting process. This is an elec

57、tric painting process operating on similar principles to electro-plating .The five principle advantages found with this metho d are :</p><p>　　1. Good control of film thickness;</p><p>　　2. Even

58、 deposition over the whole surface;</p><p>　　3 . Freedom from runs and sags;</p><p>　　4 . Efficient utilization of paint ;</p><p>　　5. Freedom fro m solvent washing in box sections

59、.</p><p>　　Although this new painting method gives an attractive finish befitting a quality engineer's tool, costs have been reduced primarily because of the reduction in the labor force required. Previo

60、usly the finishing process required nine operators, now, one woman loads and another unloads after the final stoving operations. </p><p>　　The foregoing examples show not only the part electricity is playing

61、 in helping to achieve quality and reliability " right first time ", but also the help which is available from the electricity supply industry in seeking to apply electricity in the most efficient and advantage

62、ous way.</p><p>　　assessing the problem</p><p>　　Developments i n established types o f manufacturing equipment and the introduction of new techniques utilizing electricity are constantly takin

63、g place. These are occurring at a rate which makes it difficult if not impossible for those concerned with the problems of Q & R in design and manufacture to note and assess all these changes in the light of their ow

64、n requirements .</p><p>　　While Q & R Year is concerned with maintaining or improving the quality and reliability in present day methods of working, the problems of increasing production will also have t

65、o be met by many companies. While it is true that improvements in productivity could follow naturally from reduced scrap and wastage due to " right first time" manufacture,a company's Q & R team must n

66、evertheless , also ensure that any planned increase in output from existing production lines does not produce a correspo</p><p>　　In some cases completely new thinking on the production technique may be nec

67、essary to achieve the necessary in productivity with the same or an improved quality of product.</p><p>　　Many companies have,or are planning to appoint,quality and reliability engineers,or an executive with

68、 general responsibility for matters affecting Q & R within the company. These men will require information and advice on matters which are outside their own field of expertise. While many of the large companies emplo

69、y specialists in various fields, there is often a lack of horizontal communication with in the company which prevents adequate dissemination of their knowledge. As a result, the respo</p><p>　　Electricity pl

70、ays a prominent part in modern production methods, both in newly introduced techniques and in developments of long established methods. It follows then that a worthwhile contribution to industry would be the giving of as

71、sistance to ensure that existing and future applications of electrical energy were applied i n the most advantageous and efficient manner. Such help is freely available from the electricity supply industry through its In

72、dustrial Advisory Service .</p><p>　　electricity' s service to industry</p><p>　　The progressive prosperity of an industrialized country can be measured by its expanding use of energy and, i

73、n particular, electricity. </p><p>　　For the year 1965-1966, 65,000,000,000 units of electricity were supplied to British industry. This figure, while still not comparing on an energy per worker basis as fav

74、orably as some other highly industrialized countries wit h which we compete for trade, does show the significant contribution made by electricity to industrial output. The Industrial Advisory Service offered by the elect

75、ricity supply industry is designed to help all industrial consumers to utilize this power in the most efficien</p><p>　　Publications</p><p>　　Information concerning the application o f electrica

76、l energy is contained in a wide range of publications which are available through the Electricity Boards. Most of these are issued by The Electricity Council and are designed to provide the busy executive with the inform

77、ation he wants in an easily readable and understandable form. These are invaluable aids to people wishing to obtain factual information on a specific subject. Items of general interest are contained in a quarterly news-s

78、heet , "</p><p>　　personal contact</p><p>　　In addition, advice and information on specific problems in the heating , lighting , motive power and many other fields of industrial stabilizati

79、on of electric power are readily and freely available from Area Electricity Board engineers. These engineers are backed by first a regional , then a national advisory and development organization employing experts in the

80、 many fields of electrical utilization and supported by an information center.</p><p>　　Many of the problem s put to the engineers are concerned with improving the quality of product as well as the productio

81、n efficiency resulting from existing processing methods . Bu t eve n where quality is no t the prime objective, an improvement of product quality is often found to be a welcome by-product of a new electrical process, eve

82、n where this has been introduced originally for other reasons .</p><p>　　development work</p><p>　　Practical development work may be undertaken by Electricity Boards in response to problems put

83、to them by industry . This i s often the extension of a known technique to suit a special production problem but it can also involve the development of a new process equipment where this is not commercially available. &l

84、t;/p><p>　　The problems tackled may be large or small . For example , in response to a request for help a small hand tool was developed for cutting polystyrene.This consisted of a handgrip to which could be fit

85、ted a variety of different shapes and sizes of hairpin elements manufacture d from piano wire and fed from a low voltage transformer. Shapes could therefore be " sculpted" from the solid block of material . <

86、;/p><p>　　Engineers in one board area have developed a resistance heating element sheath suitable for use as an immersion heater in pH2 liquids. Towards the other end of the scale is the development of a type o

87、f low thermal mass furnace for stress relieving large fabricated boiler shells . The reliability of these high pressure boiler shells in service demands a precisely specified heating and cooling cycle for stress relievin

88、g.The developed furnace provides a high quality heating process and one boiler f</p><p><b>　　Research</b></p><p>　　Research is sponsored and undertaken by the electricity supply indu

89、stry on any subject considered to be of sufficient importance to the efficient infantilization electrical power in industry . Research activities of this nature have been further extended by the setting up of the Electri

90、city Council Research Centre at Capenhurst in Cheshire. Problem s affectin g both the distribution and the utilization of electrical energy will be considered at this centra.</p><p>　　Such is a very brief ou

91、tline of the services available to industry .</p><p>　　It would be impossible in this short Paper to touch on all o f the many and varied fields of activity which will necessarily come unde r scrutiny during

92、 a Q & R campaign. However, it is hoped that sufficient has been said t o stimulate the thinking of those who will be engaged in Q & R activities.</p><p>　　From: M. G. Simpson,</p><p>　　

93、Reade r in Operational Research</p><p>　　University of Lancaster</p><p>　　OPERATIONAL RESEARCH</p><p>　　In the February issue of the Journal, the covering notes to my contribution m

94、ay, I fear, have given a somewhat misleading imprecision of the work carried out in the Department . This has arisen through my own research interests being interpreted as covering the whole work of the Department . <

95、/p><p>　　In fairness to my colleagues , I should point out that although various production problems form a significant part of our activity , many other areas of research are also being pursued .</p>&l

96、t;p>　　Problems currently being studied include purchasing ,marketing and distribution, and planning and control schemes for various National and Local Authorities; including the Social Services.</p><p>　　

97、The Production Engineer</p><p>　　From: Francis B. Willmott , Member,</p><p>　　Francis B. Willmott , Ltd.</p><p>　　INDUSTRIA L BOREDOM</p><p>　　It is beginning to be rea

98、lized that boredom and frustration can be the root cane of industrial unrest especially in the car factories where the operator is a robot , and that this malaise can be deemed a responsive contribution to strike action

99、and not in many instances due to a claim for higher wage sot better conditions. </p><p>　　It is the fault of the automation age in which speed and the machine are the masters . It can be described as mental

100、reaction and not fatigue in the normal sense of the term. Repetitive processes are to blame and in consequence it is not entirely confined to the car assembly line, but if anything to any and every factory or office for