房建外文資料翻譯--鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在土木工程中的研究應(yīng)用

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在土木工程中的研究應(yīng)用</p><p>　　土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)常用到兩種材料，即鋼筋混凝土以及結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，對于土木工程來說，不僅要從結(jié)構(gòu)特性的角度考慮，還要考慮施工的成本有效性以

2、及施工有效性。本文就分析了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在土木工程中的特點(diǎn)，并簡單闡述鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的施工要點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　1 土木工程中鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)</p><p>　　1.1 強(qiáng)度 一般來說，結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件承受或者容納作用效應(yīng)的能力是由材料的強(qiáng)度來決定的?？梢岳糜嘘P(guān)的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來確定結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的構(gòu)件性能，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中列出了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可使用的材料，比如建筑結(jié)構(gòu)鋼要滿足CSA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ASTM standardA992/A992M或

3、者CAN/CSA G40.20/C40.21等相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求。近幾年來，建筑用鋼發(fā)生了很大的變化，過去的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)所用的抗拉強(qiáng)度以及屈服強(qiáng)度相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)均摘自于CISC（2006）歷史記錄，而目前加拿大對于工程結(jié)構(gòu)鋼以及普通建筑結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定出7個(gè)鋼種和8個(gè)強(qiáng)度級別。根據(jù)屈服強(qiáng)度其范圍為260～700Mpa.不過并不是全部的鋼種都有所有的強(qiáng)度級別，因此如果是一個(gè)特定的建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，那么對鋼種類型和強(qiáng)度級別的選擇就非常重要。從整體來說，采用鋼

4、結(jié)構(gòu)可以減少物料消耗、減輕結(jié)構(gòu)自重、降低支撐部件與地基的尺寸，最終降低整個(gè)建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)成本。</p><p>　　1.2 剛度 振動、變形等適用性參數(shù)由構(gòu)件的剛度來決定，進(jìn)而由結(jié)構(gòu)體系的剛度來決定。結(jié)構(gòu)體系的實(shí)際剛度又由其構(gòu)件和連接件的分布來決定。不過簡單說來，構(gòu)件的剛度由材料的幾何截面特性以及材料的彈性模量來決定，結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的彈性模量通常為200GPa.而普通密度抗壓強(qiáng)度在20-40Gpa范圍內(nèi)的混凝土其彈性模量通常

5、在20-28GPa范圍內(nèi)；即使對于高強(qiáng)度混凝土來說，其彈性模量也不過在40-45GPa之間，由此可見，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼性是混凝土的十倍及五倍左右，所以鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的剛性有著顯著的優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　　1.3 延性 延性指的是某種材料拉伸的過程中無斷裂的塑性變形能力。一般情況下延性是結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中，特別是抗震設(shè)計(jì)中比較重要的特性參數(shù)，地震中幸存的建筑物直接依賴于主要結(jié)構(gòu)框架經(jīng)歷大的非彈性變形時(shí)的滯后耗能性。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可以說是目前

6、使用最廣泛的、韌性最好的工程材料之一。不過材料內(nèi)在的延性并不一定都會轉(zhuǎn)化為建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)在延性，因此要充分認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)，采取適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)策略和可靠、穩(wěn)定的滯消機(jī)制。通常一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)具有延性響應(yīng)就要有足夠的材料截面、材料延性以及結(jié)構(gòu)延性和構(gòu)件延性。延性值的能力和需求要與變延性水平、曲率延性（構(gòu)件延性）以及位移延性（結(jié)構(gòu)延性）所匹配。不過雖然鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)變延性比較高，但是因?yàn)槭軓潣?gòu)件的受力不穩(wěn)定，所以構(gòu)件的曲率延性經(jīng)常不足。</p>&

7、lt;p>　　1.4 韌性 衡量材料斷裂前吸收能量以及塑性變形的能力的指標(biāo)就是韌性。它可以抵抗缺口部位的不穩(wěn)定裂紋的擴(kuò)展。韌性通常表示鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在制造、安裝以及使用過程中可以承受比較大的工業(yè)變形，是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)一個(gè)很重要的特點(diǎn)。正是因?yàn)殇摌?gòu)件的韌性才使其在彎曲、剪切、沖孔、鍛造、鉆孔等制作過程中降低了產(chǎn)生裂紋的可能性。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)足夠的斷裂韌性是必須具備的，特別對受到交變荷載以及沖擊荷載的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)來說更要具備此特性。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的斷裂韌性對于溫度條件很

8、敏感，并且隨著溫度的減小而降低。所以在天氣寒冷的地區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，首先要考慮韌性。相對來說，低碳鈮鋼比高碳鋼成分鋼更能改善韌性。</p><p>　　1.5 整體 由上可知，無論是從剛度、強(qiáng)度還是在延性方面，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)都要優(yōu)于鋼筋混凝土，并且鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可以比較容易建構(gòu)出有異國風(fēng)情的建筑形式，通常鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)可以提供最佳的設(shè)計(jì)靈活性以及最大的空間利用率。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是：它還是一個(gè)理想的懸臂施工體系。適當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)用空腹鋼鐵托

9、架以及構(gòu)件腹板開孔，可以為管道以及其它供電線路提供通道，不僅降低了樓層的高度，而且增加了審美吸引力。鋼架像在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中一樣，被用來擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有的混凝土建筑結(jié)構(gòu)或者增加樓層。在進(jìn)行施工時(shí)，裝配鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的施工人員要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于混凝土建筑結(jié)構(gòu)所需要的人數(shù)；與混凝土建筑相比，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的安裝以及制作質(zhì)量都要更加的可靠和簡便。并且在修改時(shí)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)比混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)更加容易，成本更低，特別是要附加支撐系統(tǒng)時(shí)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可以更加快施工進(jìn)度。</p><p&

10、gt;<b>　　2 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的缺點(diǎn)</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)然，每種材料都不是完美的，所以鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用和施工也存在著一定的缺點(diǎn)，其主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個(gè)方而：</p><p>　　2.1 材料缺點(diǎn) 盡管鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于混凝土，但是對于一個(gè)給定的負(fù)載，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)件截面剛度則要小于與其對比的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，這主要是因?yàn)殇摰膹?qiáng)度優(yōu)勢導(dǎo)致其構(gòu)件的尺寸相對較小。因此要提高這

11、些構(gòu)件的穩(wěn)定性，就要增加型鋼的尺寸或者采取填充混凝土以及外包混凝土的措施，以提高截面的剛度。并且鋼材的耐火性和耐腐蝕性都相對有欠缺。鋼材長期受到100度的輻射熱時(shí)強(qiáng)度的變化不大，表現(xiàn)出一定的耐熱性能，但當(dāng)溫度達(dá)到150度時(shí)，就要采用隔熱層進(jìn)行保護(hù)，并且重要部位的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)一定要涂刷防火涂料。</p><p><b>　　2.2 市場環(huán)境</b></p><p>　　2.2

12、.1 設(shè)計(jì)力量較薄弱 在設(shè)計(jì)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)要注意結(jié)構(gòu)的功能要求是不是屬于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)合理的應(yīng)用范圍。通常在設(shè)計(jì)較高承載力需要使用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要考慮用不適合繼續(xù)承載的巨大變形為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的極限狀態(tài)為準(zhǔn)則。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)有很多節(jié)點(diǎn)，要對每個(gè)螺絲、墊板以及焊縫進(jìn)行精確的計(jì)算，而且每個(gè)專業(yè)要一次性到位，所以鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要比混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)更復(fù)雜，并且圖紙也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　2.2.2 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)生產(chǎn)未形成體系 只有在大規(guī)模

13、生產(chǎn)的情況下才可以體現(xiàn)出鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)越性。并且目前鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、價(jià)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都沒有統(tǒng)一，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及監(jiān)管機(jī)制方面也都有一定的欠缺，因此很多設(shè)計(jì)師以及開發(fā)商都相對比較茫然。</p><p>　　2.2.3 價(jià)格問題 由于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的生產(chǎn)未形成體系，因此鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的價(jià)格比較高。雖然鋼產(chǎn)量近年有大幅度的提高，但是人均產(chǎn)量仍然相對較低，鋼材仍是我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中比較貴重的材料，而混凝土的價(jià)格優(yōu)勢就體現(xiàn)出來了。</p&

14、gt;<p>　　2.2.4 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的使用年限 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)號稱永不損壞，但是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)一般的使用壽命只有五十年，如果鋼結(jié)構(gòu)用在住宅建筑中，那么人們想到自己花費(fèi)終身積蓄而購買的房子只能住五十年，會讓很多人喪失購買的欲望。不過隨著保險(xiǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，住宅壽命問題應(yīng)該相對容易解決。</p><p>　　3 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)施工安裝要點(diǎn)</p><p>　　整體來說鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的施工流程比較復(fù)雜，并且建筑的要

15、求不同，在細(xì)節(jié)上也有很大的差異性。此處列舉三點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡單說明。</p><p>　　3.1 選材與連接 鋼材通常分為板材、型材、金屬制品以及管材四大類。土木工程中的建筑鋼材通常采用普通的低合金鋼、優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼以及普通碳素鋼等，碳鋼的塑性比較低，但是硬度強(qiáng)度比較高。在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中，柱子截面一般多為箱形截面或者寬翼緣“工”字形，另外還有“十”字形截面等等；梁多數(shù)是焊接或者軋制的“H”型鋼梁，如果要求特殊也可以符合截面，在

16、安裝前要對主要的焊接接頭做焊接工藝的試驗(yàn)，定出焊接的格料和各項(xiàng)參數(shù)。梁與梁之間、梁與柱之間的連接，可以采取焊接連接或者高強(qiáng)螺栓連接，要注意高強(qiáng)螺栓的連接孔位的精度。制孔主要有兩種，一種是精度較高的數(shù)控鉆孔，另外一種則是精度相對較低的模板制孔。在技術(shù)條件允許時(shí)比較適合采用多軸數(shù)控鉆孔。在運(yùn)到工地以后要對螺栓參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，安裝時(shí)不能用扳手強(qiáng)行擰入或者用榔頭強(qiáng)行打入，擰入的步驟要經(jīng)過初擰、復(fù)擰以及終擰。</p><p>

17、;　　3.2 鋼構(gòu)件的堆放以及選擇安裝機(jī)械地點(diǎn) 通常情況下安裝結(jié)構(gòu)的用地面積應(yīng)為結(jié)構(gòu)占地面積的1.5倍。依照安裝流水的順序，從中轉(zhuǎn)堆場配套運(yùn)送至現(xiàn)場的鋼構(gòu)件要采用裝卸機(jī)械把其安置于安裝機(jī)械的回轉(zhuǎn)半徑內(nèi)。如果因?yàn)檫\(yùn)輸?shù)脑蛟斐闪藰?gòu)件的變形，則在施工現(xiàn)場就要加以矯正。一般鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的安裝采用的是塔式起重機(jī)，臂桿長度要有夠的覆蓋面，并且起重能力要相應(yīng)足夠，從而滿足各種不同部位構(gòu)件的起吊要求。鋼絲繩容量也要能滿足起吊的高度要求；起吊速度有足夠的檔次

18、可以滿足安裝要求。在多機(jī)作業(yè)的情況下，臂桿的高差要足夠，以避免不安全的碰撞，保證安全運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。各個(gè)塔式起重機(jī)之間要有相應(yīng)的安全距離，以保證臂桿與塔身不相碰撞。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)比較適用于規(guī)整、勻稱以及較平的建筑平面，所以安裝流水線的布置要因地制宜。</p><p>　　3.3 油漆工藝流程</p><p>　　3.3.1 基層處理 首先把金屬的表面清理干凈，然后再做除銹。手工處理先用鋼絲刷反復(fù)刷打，再用精

19、砂布打磨，使得表面光亮、平滑，然后再用棉紗或者紗布把打磨下的銹粉和浮灰清理干凈。如果表面腐蝕嚴(yán)重，則用鋼絲刷和鏟刀處理，大面積的銹蝕則可以用砂輪機(jī)來配合清理。</p><p>　　3.3.2 涂防銹漆、刮膩?zhàn)?在涂漆前要保證金屬表面的干燥，如果有水份則要立即擦干。施涂時(shí)要刷細(xì)、刷滿、涂刷到位，并且要注意鉚孔內(nèi)不能有涂料涂入。待到防銹漆干燥后，采用和油漆配套的膩?zhàn)影褬?gòu)件的表面缺陷刮平?？梢栽谀?zhàn)又屑尤脒m量的紅丹粉或

20、者厚漆，從而增加其干硬性。在膩?zhàn)痈稍锖笠蚰テ秸?，并清理干凈。如果堆放的時(shí)間太長，則要再做一次涂刷。</p><p>　　3.3.3 涂磷化底漆 磷化底漆包括底漆和磷化液兩部分。在涂刷磷化底漆兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后就可以涂刷其它面漆或底漆。通常情況下，二十四個(gè)小時(shí)后可以用清水或者毛刷清理表面的磷化殘留物。干燥后如果表面形成了均勻的灰褐色的磷化膜，則代表已經(jīng)達(dá)到了磷化的要求。</p><p>　　3.

21、3.4 刷涂面漆 刷涂面漆時(shí)要多理多刷，油要不流不墜、飽滿均勻、色澤光亮一致。涂刷后要及時(shí)檢查避免漏刷。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的面漆通常需要刷兩遍以上，厚度達(dá)70微米。</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Research and application of steel structures in civil engineering</p

22、><p>　　Civil engineering structures used to the two materials,, i.e. reinforced concrete and structural steel, for civil engineering, not only from the structural characteristics of the viewpoint, but also cons

23、ider the cost-effectiveness of construction and the construction of validity. This article analyzes the characteristics of steel structures in civil engineering, and briefly discusses the steel structure construction poi

24、nts.</p><p>　　1、Civil engineering steel structure characteristics</p><p>　　1.1、Strength </p><p>　　Generally, the structural member the ability to withstand or accommodate the effec

25、t of action by the strength of the material determined. Can make use of the relevant national standards to determine the performance of the structural steel member, and these standards are listed in the material of the s

26、teel structure can be used, such as building the structural steel to meet the the CSA standard ASTM standardA992/A992M or CAN / CSA ??G40.20/C40.21 and other relevant standards. In recent years, con</p><p>　

27、　1.2、Stiffness </p><p>　　The suitability parameters of the stiffness of the vibration, deformation, etc. is determined by the stiffness of the member, and thus is determined by the stiffness of the structur

28、al system. The actual stiffness of the structural system to determine the distribution of its member and the connecting member. But simply to the stiffness of the member is determined by the geometric cross-sectional pro

29、perties of the material and the modulus of elasticity of the material, the modulus of elasticity of</p><p>　　1.3、Ductility </p><p>　　Ductility refers to a material stretch in the process of pla

30、stic deformation without fracture. Under normal circumstances the ductility is the structural design, in particular the more important characteristics of the seismic design parameters, The earthquake surviving building d

31、irectly dependent on the experience large inelastic deformation the hysteresis energy consumption when the main structural framework. Steel structure can be said is the most widely used, one of the toughest engineering m

32、</p><p>　　1.4、Toughness </p><p>　　Toughness absorb energy and plastic deformation indicators measure the material before breaking toughness. It can resist a notch portion unstable crack propaga

33、tion. Resilience usually means that the steel structure can withstand a relatively large industrial deformation in the manufacture, installation and use of the process, the steel structure is a very important feature. Pr

34、ecisely because of the toughness of the steel members to reduce the possibility of cracks in the production process of be</p><p>　　1.5、Overall </p><p>　　Overall from the foregoing, either from

35、the stiffness, strength and ductility, steel structure is better than the reinforced concrete and steel structures can be relatively easy to construct exotic architectural forms, usually steel system can provide the best

36、 designflexibility and maximum space utilization. Another advantage of the steel structure is: it is an ideal cantilever construction system. Appropriate application fasting steel bracket and component web openings for p

37、ipes and other suppl</p><p>　　The disadvantage of steel structures</p><p>　　Of course, each material is not perfect, so the application of steel structure and construction there are also some di

38、sadvantages, its mainly for the following parties and:</p><p>　　2.1、Material shortcomings </p><p>　　Although the rigidity of the steel structure is much greater than the concrete, but for a giv

39、en load, the member section stiffness of the steel structure will have to be less than its contrast to the concrete structure, which is mainly because the strength of steel advantages lead to the relatively small size of

40、 its components were. Therefore, to improve the stability of these components, it is necessary to increase the size of the steel filled with concrete and outsourcing concrete measures to </p><p>　　2.2、Market

41、 condition</p><p>　　2.2.1、Design strength is weaker To pay attention to the functional requirements of the structure is not part of the steel structure is reasonable range of applications in the design of t

42、he building structure. Usually higher bearing capacity need to use steel structure is designed to continue to carry the huge deformation considered not suitable for the structural design of the limit state criteria. Stee

43、l structure has many nodes, each screw, plate and weld accurate calculation, and each profess</p><p>　　2.2.2、Do not form a system of steel production Only in the case of large-scale production can reflect t

44、he superiority of the steel structure. And steel structure production standards, price standards and quality standards are not unified, national standards and regulatory mechanisms also have a certain lack of so many des

45、igners and developers are relatively loss.</p><p>　　2.2.3Price issue As the production of steel structures do not form a system, so the relatively high price of steel structures. Although steel production i

46、n recent years has greatly improved, but is still relatively low per capita output, steel is still the more valuable materials in China's national economy, the price advantage of the concrete is manifested.</p>

47、<p>　　2.2.4、The useful life of the steel structure Concrete structure known as never damaged steel structure general life of only 50 years, if the steel structure used in residential buildings, people expect to s

48、pend life savings to buy a house only live 50 years, will make a lot of peopleloss of desire to buy. However, with the development of the insurance industry, residential life issues should be relatively easy to solve.<

49、;/p><p>　　Steel construction installation points</p><p>　　The whole steel structure construction process is more complex, and the requirements of the building, is very different in detail. At three

50、 points listed here will be briefly described.</p><p>　　3.1、Selection and connection The steel is usually divided into plates, profiles, metal products and pipe four major categories. Civil engineering cons

51、truction steel commonly used ordinary low-alloy steel, quality carbon structural steel and carbon steel, low carbon steel plastic, but the intensity is relatively high hardness. The steel structure, the cross-section of

52、the column is generally box-section or wide-flange "workers"-shaped, in addition to "X"-shaped cross section and so on; beam most</p><p>　　3.2、The steel components stacked and select inst

53、allation of mechanical Location </p><p>　　Typically the case of the land area of the mounting structure for the structure covers an area of 1.5 times. Transported to the site from the transit yard supportin

54、g steel members in accordance with the order of the installed water handling machinery placed on the installation of machinery within the radius of gyration. Because of transportation reasons caused by the deformation of

55、 the component, at the construction site should be corrected. General installation of steel structures used tower cr</p><p>　　3.3、Paint process</p><p>　　3.3.1、Primary treatment First clean the

56、surface of the metal, and then do the ru-st. Manual processing first brush repeatedly hit with a wire brush, then polished fine emery cloth, making a bright, smooth surface, and then use a cotton yarn or gauze to clean p

57、olished stainless powder and floating dust. If severe surface corrosion with a wire brush and blade handle, large areas of rust, you can use the grinder with the clean-up.</p><p>　　3.3.2、Coated with anti-rus

58、t paint and putty To ensure that the metal surface dry before painting, water will have to wipe it dry immediately. Applied to fine brush, brush full of paint in place, and pay attention to the rivet holes can not paint

59、 into. Until the time of the anti-rust paint dry, putty and paint system component surface defects gelling. Putty in the right amount of red lead powder or paste paint, thereby increasing its dry hard. Polished smooth th

60、e putty is dry and clean. Stacked </p><p>　　3.3.3、Coated with phosphate primer Phosphate primer primer and phosphate solution. Two hours later brushing phosphate primer can be painted in other paint or prim

61、er. Typically, in twenty-four hours can phosphate residue with water or brush the surface to be cleaned. Dried formed on the surface of a uniform gray-brown phosphate coating, on behalf of the phosphide has been reached.

62、</p><p>　　3.3.4、Brush paint Brush paint many reasons brush, oil or else stream does not fall, full uniform, bright color and consistent. Brushing to check the to avoid leakage brush. The steel structure top