外文翻譯--模具與光纖

1、<p>　　引言    模具CAD/CAE/CAM是改造傳統(tǒng)模具生產(chǎn)方式的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，是一項(xiàng)高科技、高效益的系統(tǒng)工程。它以計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的形式，為企業(yè)提供一種有效的輔助工具，使工程技術(shù)人員借助于計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)產(chǎn)品性能、模具結(jié)構(gòu)、成形工藝、數(shù)控加工及生產(chǎn)管理進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)化。模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)能顯著縮短模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造周期、降低生產(chǎn)成本和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已成為模具界的共識(shí)。  

2、0;  與任何新生事物一樣，模具CAD/CAE/CAM在近二十年中經(jīng)歷了從簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜，從試點(diǎn)到普及的過(guò)程。進(jìn)入本世紀(jì)以來(lái)，模具 CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)發(fā)展速度更快、應(yīng)用范圍更廣，為了使廣大模具工作者能進(jìn)一步加深對(duì)該技術(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí)，更好發(fā)揮模具CAD/CAE/CAM的作用，本文針對(duì)模具中應(yīng)用最廣泛、最具有代表性的鑄造模、鍛模、級(jí)進(jìn)模、汽車覆蓋件模和塑料注射模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和趨勢(shì)作概括性的介紹

3、和分析。    鑄造模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展概況    鑄造成形過(guò)程模擬的探索性工作始于求解鑄件的溫度場(chǎng)分布。 1962年丹麥的Fursund用有限差分法首次對(duì)二維形狀的鑄件進(jìn)行了凝固過(guò)程的傳熱計(jì)</p><p>　　塑料注射模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展概況    塑料注射模CAD/C

4、AM是伴隨著通用機(jī)械CAD/CAM技術(shù)發(fā)展而不斷深化的。從上世紀(jì)60年代基于線框模型的CAD系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始, 到70年代以曲面造型為核心的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)，80年代實(shí)體造型技術(shù)的成功應(yīng)用，90年代基于特徵的參數(shù)化實(shí)體/曲面造型技術(shù)的完善，為塑料注射模采用 CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)提供了可靠的保證。目前在國(guó)內(nèi)外巿場(chǎng)已涌現(xiàn)出一批成功應(yīng)用于塑料注射模的 CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)。  

5、0; 現(xiàn)在國(guó)外一些著名的商品化三維造型軟件都帶有獨(dú)立的注射模設(shè)計(jì)模塊，如美國(guó)PTC公司的Pro/E、UGS公司的UG-II、SDRC公司的I-DEAS系統(tǒng)。這三個(gè)CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)目前在塑料模具工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用最為廣泛。此外還有美國(guó)CV公司的CADDS系統(tǒng)、法國(guó)MATRA公司的EUCLID系統(tǒng)、法國(guó) DASSAULT公司的CATIA系統(tǒng)、英國(guó)DELCAM公司的DUCT系統(tǒng)、日本造船信息系統(tǒng)株式會(huì)社的Space-E系統(tǒng)和日

6、本UNISYS株式會(huì)社的CADCEUS系統(tǒng)等都各具特色，擁有各自的用戶群。    塑料注射模CAE</p><p>　　關(guān)于我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及幾點(diǎn)看法</p><p>　　一、我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的概況 </p><p>　　1、光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的回顧</p><p><b>　　(1)起步</

7、b></p><p>　　我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)起步于上個(gè)世紀(jì)70年代中期,當(dāng)時(shí)的郵電部、機(jī)械、電子部系統(tǒng)和北京市、上海市等地的諸多單位,都投入力量,從事光纖和光纖預(yù)制棒的研制工作。并在70年代末80年代初,利用自已研制的光纖(當(dāng)時(shí)為多模光纖)進(jìn)入到了試驗(yàn)階段。 </p><p>　　但由于受到技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力等多方面的因素影響,當(dāng)時(shí)的工作基本上還是限于實(shí)驗(yàn)室研制的范疇。 </p>

8、<p>　　(2)二次創(chuàng)業(yè)期的失敗 </p><p>　　80年代中期,國(guó)內(nèi)掀起了第二次光纖創(chuàng)業(yè)高潮,先后有十多個(gè)單位從英國(guó)SGC,HEATHWAY和法國(guó)ASM等設(shè)備供應(yīng)商引進(jìn)光纖預(yù)制棒設(shè)備30多套和光纖拉絲設(shè)備30多條線。但由于對(duì)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)的認(rèn)識(shí)不足,當(dāng)時(shí)只引進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,而忽視了引進(jìn)先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)工藝技術(shù)和先進(jìn)的管理模式。而且投資過(guò)于分散,十多個(gè)單位各行其事,每個(gè)單位引進(jìn)的規(guī)模都很小,又都缺乏消化研發(fā)的

9、后續(xù)資金投入,加上當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求甚微等各方面的因素,使這一波“引進(jìn)創(chuàng)業(yè)”工作基本上是以失敗告終。 </p><p>　　(3)“長(zhǎng)飛”的成功</p><p>　　到80年代后期,隨著改革開(kāi)放力度的加大和通信事業(yè)的發(fā)展,我們國(guó)家采用了與國(guó)外光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)合作的方式,先后成立了“西古”和“長(zhǎng)飛”兩個(gè)光纖光纜合資企業(yè)。特別是“長(zhǎng)飛”公司的組建,第一個(gè)在引進(jìn)全套先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的同時(shí),成功的從荷蘭菲利

10、浦引進(jìn)了先進(jìn)成熟的生產(chǎn)工藝和先進(jìn)的企業(yè)管理模式。</p><p>　　長(zhǎng)飛發(fā)展的實(shí)踐證明,選定好的合作伙伴,引進(jìn)先進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)和先進(jìn)企業(yè)管理模式的決策是十分正確的,“長(zhǎng)飛”的組建和發(fā)展,才真正建立了規(guī)?；?、現(xiàn)代化的國(guó)內(nèi)光纖光纜企業(yè)。</p><p>　　(4)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)群體的形成 </p><p>　　“西古”和“長(zhǎng)飛”的初期規(guī)模,現(xiàn)在看來(lái)都是很有限的,“西古”的設(shè)計(jì)

11、產(chǎn)能只有2萬(wàn)芯公里,“長(zhǎng)飛”初期設(shè)計(jì)光纖產(chǎn)能5萬(wàn)芯公里,光纜4500公里。 </p><p>　　隨著我國(guó)通信事業(yè)特別是光通信事業(yè)的大發(fā)展,市場(chǎng)對(duì)光纖的需求急劇增加,市場(chǎng)的牽引作用極大地激發(fā)了我國(guó)光纖制造業(yè)的發(fā)展,到本世紀(jì)初,我國(guó)才真正形成了由“長(zhǎng)飛”、“杭州富通”、“南京華新藤倉(cāng)”、“上海朗訊”、“武漢烽火科技”、“亨通光電阿爾法”、“江蘇法爾勝”、“成者中住”、“中天科技”、“浙江華倫”、“深圳特發(fā)”、“南京

12、特恩弛”等十多家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)光纖的產(chǎn)業(yè)群體。</p><p>　　2、光通信的發(fā)展帶動(dòng)和激發(fā)了國(guó)內(nèi)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展 90年代初期,郵電部確定的不再采用同軸電纜,而全部采用光纜建設(shè)通信網(wǎng)和國(guó)家對(duì)通信采取超前發(fā)展的政策,是我國(guó)近十多年光纖光纜產(chǎn)業(yè)得以快速發(fā)展的決定因素?！傲濉逼陂g(81-85年),我國(guó)光纖鋪設(shè)才300多公里,“七五”期間(86-90年),世界只有7000多公里,當(dāng)時(shí)光纜的芯數(shù)又很小,折合光纖只幾萬(wàn)芯公里

13、?？梢?jiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)光纖光纜市場(chǎng)小的可憐。進(jìn)入90年代,特別是93年之后,由于郵電部確定大力發(fā)展光通信和通信建設(shè)超前發(fā)展的思路,資金的投入逐年大幅增長(zhǎng),使光纖光纜用量也得到大幅度增長(zhǎng)。為使大家直觀了解這一增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),筆者把“八五”和“九五”期間我國(guó)對(duì)光纖需求的數(shù)字列于下表,供參考。 </p><p>　　由上表可見(jiàn),十年時(shí)間,我國(guó)對(duì)光纖的需求增長(zhǎng)了近百倍。由于國(guó)內(nèi)通信建設(shè)對(duì)光纖需求的快速增長(zhǎng),使國(guó)內(nèi)光纖市場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重供不應(yīng)求,8

14、0-90%的光纖要依靠進(jìn)口,在這種形勢(shì)下,市場(chǎng)的力量促使在“長(zhǎng)飛”不斷擴(kuò)容的同時(shí),“上海朗訊”、“南京華新藤倉(cāng)”、“杭州富通”等光纖企業(yè)先后建成投產(chǎn),這樣也就使我國(guó)光纖的產(chǎn)能和產(chǎn)量逐年上升。表二列出了我國(guó)近十年光纖的產(chǎn)量數(shù)字變化,供參考。 </p><p>　　3、我國(guó)光纖企業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量狀況 </p><p>　　(1)光纖拉絲設(shè)備一流</p><p>　　

15、我國(guó)光纖企業(yè)使用的拉絲機(jī)經(jīng)歷了一、二、三代的變更。第一代拉絲機(jī)塔高6米,空氣冷卻,線速度每分鐘80-120米,目前第一代拉絲機(jī)用于生產(chǎn)已被淘汰,大部分卻只安排做試驗(yàn)性的工作,但有的還在使用。第二代塔高12M,氬氣冷卻,拉絲速度300-400M/min,這一代還有少數(shù)在使用,主要用于多模和特種光纖的生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　我國(guó)現(xiàn)有拉制光纖的設(shè)備,絕大部分都是第三代產(chǎn)品。拉絲速度一般都在1000M/min以上,采

16、用了冷卻效率更高的氦氣冷卻,為適應(yīng)高速拉絲冷卻的要求,塔高多在20M以上,自動(dòng)化控制程度高,適合于拉大預(yù)制棒,生產(chǎn)效率高,質(zhì)量也達(dá)到了更好保證。 </p><p>　　我國(guó)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)單模光纖的拉絲機(jī)都是最新裝備、最先進(jìn)的第三代設(shè)備,其中大部份是從世界知名線纜使用設(shè)備制造商芬蘭耐斯隆公司和日本神戶制鋼引進(jìn),少部份從英國(guó)、法國(guó)和美國(guó)相關(guān)公司引進(jìn)。目前我國(guó)有這類光纖拉絲生產(chǎn)線110余條。 </p><

17、p><b>　　(2)光纖預(yù)制棒 </b></p><p>　　發(fā)展為兩步法,第一步生產(chǎn)預(yù)制棒的芯棒,其沉積方法有:MCVD法(改進(jìn)化學(xué)汽相沉積法,PCVD法(等離子體化學(xué)汽相沉積法)、VAD法(汽相軸向沉積法)和OVD法(外汽相沉積法)等四種方法。 </p><p>　　第二步是在芯棒上附加外色層(俗稱外色技術(shù))、制成預(yù)制棒。 </p><

18、p>　　光纖預(yù)制棒的光學(xué)特性,主要取決于芯棒制作技術(shù)。光纖預(yù)制棒的成本主要取決于外色技術(shù)。國(guó)內(nèi)光纖企業(yè)生產(chǎn)預(yù)制棒涵蓋了PCVD、MCVD、VAD和OVD等各種技術(shù),但是,應(yīng)該講目前我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)在預(yù)制棒研制和生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)上還是個(gè)瓶頸。雖然“長(zhǎng)飛公司”、“烽火科技”、“法爾勝光子”和“杭州富通”等公司在光纖預(yù)制棒的研制方面做了大量的工作,并取得了可喜的成績(jī)。當(dāng)然長(zhǎng)飛公司也進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)容,提高了批量生產(chǎn)的能力,但直到2003、2004年,海關(guān)統(tǒng)

19、計(jì)數(shù)字表明,我國(guó)光纖企業(yè)拉絲用的光纖預(yù)制棒,有百分之六、七十還是靠進(jìn)口。目前業(yè)內(nèi)相關(guān)企業(yè)正在為改變這一現(xiàn)狀而努力,相信近幾年會(huì)有更大的突破。</p><p>　　(3)光纖產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量完全能取代進(jìn)口產(chǎn)口 近幾年,我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)在困境中奮力拼搏、在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中求發(fā)展,由于各企業(yè)的共同努力,在營(yíng)造市場(chǎng)公平環(huán)境的同時(shí),在技術(shù)層面和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量層面也取得了可喜的成果,許多企業(yè)生產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量和低水峰光纖,各種測(cè)試表明,我國(guó)本地光纖的各項(xiàng)參

20、數(shù)指標(biāo)已達(dá)到國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平,業(yè)內(nèi)專家認(rèn)為,國(guó)產(chǎn)光纖之所以達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平,是由于: </p><p>　?、?、我國(guó)光纖行業(yè)起步雖然較晚,但是國(guó)內(nèi)光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)引進(jìn)的都是近期國(guó)際先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)測(cè)試設(shè)備,光纖的生產(chǎn)、檢測(cè)設(shè)備等硬件是世界最先進(jìn)的水平。 </p><p>　?、?、在引進(jìn)先進(jìn)設(shè)備的同時(shí),絕大多數(shù)合資企業(yè)都引進(jìn)了先進(jìn)的工藝,技術(shù)和先進(jìn)的管理,并在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中加以掌握和改進(jìn)。</p>

21、<p>　?、?、我國(guó)已實(shí)行電信器材設(shè)備入網(wǎng)證制度多年,國(guó)內(nèi)各光纖企業(yè)又都通過(guò)了IS09000質(zhì)量體系的認(rèn)證。實(shí)事求是地講,國(guó)內(nèi)光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)總體上講已具備現(xiàn)代化的產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理水平,筆者相信許多視察過(guò)光纖企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和專家學(xué)者都會(huì)認(rèn)同這一點(diǎn)。 </p><p>　　國(guó)產(chǎn)光纖用于國(guó)家光通信網(wǎng)建設(shè)至少也有2000多萬(wàn)芯公里了。實(shí)踐表明,工程反應(yīng)良好。國(guó)產(chǎn)品牌光纖完全能滿足用戶的需求,性能指標(biāo)完全可以與國(guó)外名牌

22、光纖相媲美。而且與國(guó)外名牌光纖相比,還有價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)和服務(wù)方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。從產(chǎn)品品種上看,我國(guó)光纖企業(yè)已經(jīng)能夠生產(chǎn)目前市場(chǎng)需要的所有商用光纖產(chǎn)品</p><p>　　二、光纖價(jià)格與光纖反傾銷 </p><p>　　1、光纖價(jià)格的總體走勢(shì) </p><p>　　(1)世界光纖(常規(guī)單模)價(jià)格總體走勢(shì)</p><p>　　隨著光通信的發(fā)展,對(duì)光纖的需求逐

23、年大幅增加。生產(chǎn)工藝、技術(shù)的改進(jìn)成熟,產(chǎn)業(yè)化規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,生產(chǎn)效率的提高,使光纖價(jià)格總體呈下降趨勢(shì)。如表三所示:</p><p>　　(2)我國(guó)進(jìn)口光纖價(jià)格的走勢(shì) </p><p>　　1995年前后,歐、美市場(chǎng)光纖價(jià)格在60美元/公里左右。由于當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)90%的光纖依賴進(jìn)口,為國(guó)外廠商所壟斷,使進(jìn)口光纖價(jià)格高出國(guó)際市場(chǎng)20%左右,達(dá)70多美元/公里。1998年以后,我國(guó)本地光纖產(chǎn)能逐漸增

24、大,自給能力增強(qiáng)(接近30-40%),進(jìn)口光纖價(jià)格開(kāi)始逐漸與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)持平。2002年以后,由于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)疲軟,世界光纖市場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重供過(guò)與求,各國(guó)光纖巨頭為了爭(zhēng)奪中國(guó)市場(chǎng),紛紛降價(jià),出現(xiàn)了進(jìn)口光纖價(jià)格低于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的趨勢(shì)。進(jìn)口光纖價(jià)格由高于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)到逐漸持平,再到低于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)的變化和上述的光纖價(jià)格總體走勢(shì)示見(jiàn)下圖: </p><p>　　(3)國(guó)內(nèi)光纖市場(chǎng)價(jià)格總體狀況 </p><p>　　

25、上面已經(jīng)談到,90年代中期以前,國(guó)內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)單模光纖依賴進(jìn)口,光纖價(jià)格完全由供應(yīng)方所壟斷。90年代后期,光纖本地化生產(chǎn)能力逐漸增強(qiáng),由于市場(chǎng)上先入為主和品牌效應(yīng)等諸多因素,國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)光纖價(jià)格由高到低的排位情況基本上是康寧最高,朗訊、日本住友、藤倉(cāng)等次之,長(zhǎng)飛和南京華新藤全的光纖價(jià)格和日本光纖價(jià)相仿或略低一些。韓國(guó)光纖進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)后,一直是以最低的價(jià)格銷售,充當(dāng)中國(guó)光纖市場(chǎng)降價(jià)的引導(dǎo)者。 </p><p>　　以19

26、99年為例,當(dāng)時(shí)康寧光纖的售價(jià)在每公里350元左右,比國(guó)產(chǎn)長(zhǎng)飛光纖每公里要高出50-60元,而韓國(guó)光纖售價(jià)比長(zhǎng)飛要低20元左右。到2002年后半年,光纖的絕對(duì)價(jià)格都大大降低了。但相對(duì)價(jià)位順序基本未變。如下表四: </p><p>　　由于總體市場(chǎng)是供過(guò)于求,2002年我國(guó)光纖市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)了惡性價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng),光纖價(jià)格與價(jià)值出現(xiàn)倒掛現(xiàn)象,全行業(yè)虧損。康寧光纖售價(jià)差距由原來(lái)的50元/公里縮小到20元/公里,在上面壓;韓國(guó)光纖仍

27、比國(guó)產(chǎn)光纖價(jià)低10-15元/公里,中國(guó)光纖受到兩面的打壓。</p><p><b>　　2、光纖反傾銷 </b></p><p>　　2002年,北美網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫破滅之后,全球光通信市場(chǎng)遭遇前所未有的寒流,光纖需求一落千丈。中國(guó)市場(chǎng)雖然也受到影響,但仍表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的市場(chǎng)需求。歐、美、日、韓等國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)能在2000年前后大幅增加,面對(duì)需求大幅下滑,供需矛盾突出,出路在哪里?光纖

28、廠商看中了中國(guó),把中國(guó)市場(chǎng)當(dāng)作其消化過(guò)剩產(chǎn)能的主要場(chǎng)所,想以占領(lǐng)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)來(lái)彌補(bǔ)其它市場(chǎng)的損失,因此不惜低價(jià)傾銷。正是在進(jìn)口光纖這種低價(jià)沖擊之下,國(guó)內(nèi)光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)也不得不降低自己的光纖售價(jià),以維護(hù)企業(yè)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。市場(chǎng)價(jià)一降再降,使國(guó)內(nèi)光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的平均銷售價(jià)格都低于平均銷售成本,出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的虧損,令國(guó)內(nèi)眾多光纖企業(yè)叫苦不迭。這給我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來(lái)了巨大的損害,迫不得已,中國(guó)通信企協(xié)通信電纜光纖專委會(huì)在國(guó)內(nèi)大多數(shù)企業(yè)的要求和支持下,組織長(zhǎng)飛、烽火、

29、富通、法爾勝等國(guó)內(nèi)光纖企業(yè),舉起光纖反傾銷的大旗以維護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)光纖行業(yè)的合法權(quán)益。 </p><p>　　從企業(yè)問(wèn)題的提出,訴訟的各種準(zhǔn)備到立案、初裁、終裁,歷時(shí)兩年半,2005年1月1日,商務(wù)部對(duì)我國(guó)通信制造業(yè)的第一案——光纖反傾銷做出了肯定性的終裁。我們得以勝訴。 </p><p>　　反傾銷的勝訴,給國(guó)內(nèi)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)以更大的市場(chǎng)空間,業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為,在這一利好形勢(shì)下,應(yīng)更進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)行業(yè)市場(chǎng)行為

30、的理性和規(guī)范加強(qiáng)行業(yè)內(nèi)和產(chǎn)業(yè)上、下鏈間的溝通與協(xié)調(diào),加強(qiáng)行業(yè)內(nèi)的合作,聯(lián)合和整合的力度,以求得行業(yè)健康發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　三、對(duì)我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的思考</p><p>　　我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)有了一定的規(guī)模,拉絲能力完全能滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的需求,并有一定的余量,光纖產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)品種類完全能滿足通信建設(shè)的需求,取代進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品。但是我們也應(yīng)當(dāng)清醒地看到,目前我們掌握光纖預(yù)制棒生產(chǎn)核心技術(shù)的

31、企業(yè)還太少,美國(guó)和日本的一些公司在光纖預(yù)制棒技術(shù)上還在對(duì)我們進(jìn)行封鎖。和國(guó)際上的光纖巨頭相比,我們很多企業(yè)的實(shí)力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力還都很不夠,要想把國(guó)內(nèi)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)做大做強(qiáng),筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)從以下幾方面開(kāi)展工作: </p><p>　　1、合行業(yè)之力,攻克預(yù)制棒研制、生產(chǎn)瓶頸 </p><p>　　光纖預(yù)制棒的許多核心技術(shù),目前仍為美、日、歐等幾個(gè)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)巨頭所壟斷,它們事實(shí)上還在對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)行技術(shù)封鎖。我們的

32、許多企業(yè)和美、日一些公司談判光纖預(yù)制棒的合作問(wèn)題,至今前后已有20年之久,多沒(méi)能成功。而光纖預(yù)制棒是生產(chǎn)光纖的母料,新品光纖的研制、開(kāi)發(fā),有賴于光纖預(yù)制棒的研制、開(kāi)發(fā)。預(yù)制棒是光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)的核心,它的技術(shù)含量最高,研制起來(lái)難度最大,需要投入的資金最多,在產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中的利潤(rùn)比率也最高。我國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)要想做大做強(qiáng),要想不再受制于人,必須盡快地掌握各種先進(jìn)的光纖預(yù)制棒工藝技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　而要做到這一點(diǎn),單靠一個(gè)企業(yè)

33、的力量(含技術(shù)力量和財(cái)力等等)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。筆者認(rèn)為在預(yù)制棒問(wèn)題上,要想盡快改變目前的局面,必須加強(qiáng)國(guó)內(nèi)光纖企業(yè)的聯(lián)合協(xié)作,集行業(yè)之合力以攻關(guān)。同時(shí)應(yīng)盡力爭(zhēng)取得到主管政府部門在政策層面和資金等方面的支持。 </p><p>　　2、理性面對(duì)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng) </p><p>　　市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格最終是由市場(chǎng)決定的。那個(gè)產(chǎn)品利潤(rùn)率過(guò)高、暴利,資金就會(huì)向那里流入,市場(chǎng)供需關(guān)系就會(huì)起變化。200

34、1年前,光纖利潤(rùn)率過(guò)高,可以達(dá)到30%左右,使國(guó)內(nèi)、外眾多企業(yè)大量的資金投入擴(kuò)容、建廠(當(dāng)時(shí)據(jù)報(bào)道,康寧、朗訊等都計(jì)劃投入六、七億美元擴(kuò)容),致使2002年后無(wú)論世界范圍還是國(guó)內(nèi),產(chǎn)能都大增,產(chǎn)能大幅度增加的同時(shí),需求又趕上美、歐網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫的破裂而急劇下滑,使供需關(guān)系嚴(yán)重失衡。這就導(dǎo)致了近幾年光纖市場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重供過(guò)于求的局面,光纖價(jià)格大幅下滑。市場(chǎng)供過(guò)于求,產(chǎn)品沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)甚至虧損了,投資就少了、停了。2002年之后,光纖業(yè)就是這種狀況。經(jīng)過(guò)企業(yè)的

35、調(diào)整、整合,生產(chǎn)有所控制,市場(chǎng)逐漸復(fù)蘇,經(jīng)過(guò)一定的周期,供需達(dá)到新的基本平衡,這是目前光纖行業(yè)所企所盼的。關(guān)鍵還是市場(chǎng)需求狀況,目前,大家都把目標(biāo)瞄向中國(guó),其原因之一是大家都看好中國(guó)的光纖市場(chǎng)前景。 </p><p>　　正常的市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(含價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)),有利于企業(yè)通過(guò)競(jìng)賽、比拼,改進(jìn)、研發(fā)新的工藝技術(shù),想方設(shè)法進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,企業(yè)會(huì)根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求,規(guī)劃企業(yè)的適度規(guī)模,以達(dá)最大限度地發(fā)揮人才的作

36、用,提高設(shè)備的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)使用率,降低企業(yè)的管理成本等等,使其產(chǎn)品更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是健康的,有利于數(shù)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。但目前的問(wèn)題是,我們 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)代化的企業(yè),比較成熟的企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)理性對(duì)待價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng),不應(yīng)搞惡性價(jià)格戰(zhàn),不應(yīng)指望以低價(jià)傾銷的方式就可以把對(duì)手壓垮。相反,惡性價(jià)格戰(zhàn)必然會(huì)使各相關(guān)企業(yè)在商戰(zhàn)中都打的頭破血流。近兩年由于進(jìn)口光纖傾銷引起的惡性價(jià)格戰(zhàn)使我國(guó)光纖業(yè)裁員、減薪、全行業(yè)虧損的嚴(yán)重后果大家有目共睹。

37、</p><p>　　反過(guò)來(lái)講,那個(gè)企業(yè)也不會(huì)使自己處于長(zhǎng)期虧損狀態(tài)下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),光纖、光纜行業(yè)也不會(huì)例外,如果價(jià)格與價(jià)值長(zhǎng)期倒掛,必然會(huì)影響其產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,從而給產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的下一環(huán)節(jié)——通信網(wǎng)的建設(shè)帶來(lái)隱患。到那時(shí),其后果決不是眼前利益省一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)采購(gòu)費(fèi)用所能彌補(bǔ)的。 </p><p>　　3、加強(qiáng)行業(yè)聯(lián)合和行業(yè)管理 </p><p>　　我國(guó)現(xiàn)有光纖生產(chǎn)企業(yè)十幾家,相對(duì)于通信電纜

38、廠和光纜廠的數(shù)量來(lái)講,這個(gè)數(shù)字要小的多了。但是,過(guò)小的光纖生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,又都生產(chǎn)同質(zhì)化的產(chǎn)品,在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)異常激烈的今天,是很難有利潤(rùn)可言的。2002年至今,各光纖企業(yè)都在艱苦支撐的局面也正說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。面對(duì)國(guó)際光纖巨頭的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),中國(guó)光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)將來(lái)的發(fā)展會(huì)是什么格局呢?筆者認(rèn)為,相對(duì)最具有實(shí)力、有活力、決策好的國(guó)內(nèi)光纖企業(yè)是會(huì)得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的,這里的實(shí)力、活力應(yīng)涵蓋企業(yè)的研發(fā)創(chuàng)新實(shí)力、市場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)能力、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、企業(yè)的科學(xué)策劃和決策能力等。能否以這樣

39、的企業(yè)為龍頭,以它們的影響力、凝聚力帶動(dòng)并加速企業(yè)間的合作、聯(lián)合,逐步形成若干個(gè)不同聯(lián)合式的大型的光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)集團(tuán)。這條路子,如果處理的好,即可以解決企業(yè)的生存,又有利于行業(yè)內(nèi)的溝通與協(xié)調(diào),同時(shí)可以增加我國(guó)光纖企業(yè)在國(guó)際上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。筆者認(rèn)為這是業(yè)內(nèi)各企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)今后決策時(shí)可能要認(rèn)真考慮和探討的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 </p><p>　　本次光纖反傾銷的勝訴,是我國(guó)大多數(shù)光纖企業(yè)合作、聯(lián)合的產(chǎn)物,應(yīng)企業(yè)的要求成立的光纖產(chǎn)業(yè)分會(huì)給企業(yè)

40、的聯(lián)合、溝通搭建了一個(gè)平臺(tái)。在協(xié)會(huì)的組織、協(xié)調(diào)和眾多企業(yè)的共同努力下,我們?yōu)楹葱l(wèi)企業(yè)、行業(yè)自己的權(quán)益,據(jù)理力爭(zhēng),并得到國(guó)家的支持,取得了勝訴,這是我們光纖行業(yè)組織起來(lái)后共同取得的一個(gè)成果,它也向我們展示了行業(yè)自身組織的力量。 </p><p>　　目前我國(guó)政府對(duì)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的工作越來(lái)越重視,行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)真開(kāi)展工作。在企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間,在通信或光纖制造業(yè)與運(yùn)營(yíng)業(yè)之間,在企業(yè)與政府間的橋梁作用將更加重要。筆者感覺(jué),我國(guó)的光纖

41、光纜產(chǎn)業(yè)還面臨如何真正把行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)辦成是企業(yè)自己的組織,是行業(yè)內(nèi)部溝通、交流的平臺(tái),是行業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè)共同制定自身的游戲規(guī)則,加強(qiáng)自律、自我約束的平臺(tái),協(xié)會(huì)在為眾多企業(yè)服務(wù)的同時(shí),也應(yīng)該成為按游戲規(guī)則認(rèn)真加強(qiáng)行業(yè)管理,以維護(hù)行業(yè)內(nèi)大多數(shù)企業(yè)和整個(gè)行業(yè)利益。 </p><p>　　我們真誠(chéng)希望中國(guó)通信企協(xié)通信電纜光纜專委會(huì)能辦成這樣一個(gè)協(xié)會(huì),為我國(guó)通信線纜制造業(yè)做好服務(wù)工作,為我國(guó)光纖光纜業(yè)的健康發(fā)展,為我國(guó)的通信建設(shè)做一

42、些有益的工作</p><p>　　About our country optical fiber industry present situation and several views </p><p>　　First, our country optical fiber industry development survey 1st, optical fiber industry de

43、velopment review (1) starts Our country optical fiber industry start to the last century70's intermediate stages, then places such as Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, machinery, electron department system and

44、 Beijing,Shanghai many units, all invested the strength, was engaged in the optical fiber and the optical fiber prefabricates the stick the development work. And in at the end of the 70's the b</p><p>　　

45、But because receives the technology, the economic potentiality and soon the various factor influence, then work basically or is restricted in the laboratory development the category. (2) two time starts an undertaking th

46、e time defeat The 80's intermediate stages, the home raised the second optical fiber to start an undertaking the high tide, successively some more than 10 units from English SGC, equipment supplier and so on HEATHWAY

47、 and French ASM introduced the optical fiber to prefabricate the</p><p>　　(3) "long flight" to the success of the late 1980s, along with the reform and opening up and intensify the development of c

48、ommunications, We fiber production enterprises with foreign countries have adopted a cooperative approach, set up the "old West" and "long flight" two fiber optic cable joint venture. Especially the &

49、quot;long flight" to the formation of the company, the introduction of a set of advanced production equipment at the same time. Philips from the Netherlands to the successful introdu</p><p>　　Long flies

50、 the development practice to prove that, designated the partner, the introduction advanced craft technology and the advanced business management pattern decision-making is extremely correct ,"long flies" settin

51、g up with the development, has only then trulyestablished the scale, the modernized domestic fiber optic cabl eenter prise</p><p>　　(4) optical fiber industry community's formation "West ancient&quo

52、t; and "long flies" the initial period scale, now looked like all is very limited, "west ancient" the design produces can only have 20,000 cores kilometers, "long flies" the initial period d

53、esign optical fiber to produce can 50,000 cores kilometers, the optical cable 4,500 kilometers. Corresponded the enterprise along with our country specially is the optical communication enterprise big development, the ma

54、rket to the optical fiber dem</p><p>　　2nd, the optical communication development led and stimulated the domestic optical fiber industry development The 90's initial period, Ministry of Posts and Telecom

55、munication determines no longer uses the coaxial cable, but completely uses the optical cable construction communications network and the country the policy which adopt to the correspondence develops in advance, is deter

56、mining factor which our country nearly more than10 years fiber optic cable industry can fast develop. "65" period(81</p><p>　　3rd, our country optical fiber enterprise production equipment and prod

57、uct quality condition (1) optical fiber wiredrawing equipment first-class Our country optical fiber enterprise uses the drawing machine has experienced one, two, three generation of changes. The first generation of drawi

58、ng machine tower height 6 meters, the air cooling, line speed each minute 80-120 meter, at present the first generate on of drawing machine uses in to produce has been eliminated, majority of actually only arr</p>

59、<p>　　Our country existing drawing optical fiber equipment, the major part all is the third generation product. The wiredrawing speed all above1000M/min, has generally used the evaporation efficiency higher helium

60、cooling, cools the request for the adaption high speed wire drawing, tower GaoDuo above 20M, automated control degree high, suits to enlarges prefabricates the stick, the production efficiency is high, the quality has al

61、so achieved a better guarantee. Our country existing production single m</p><p>　　(2) optical fiber prefabrication stick The production optical fiber prefabrication stick now already the development was two

62、steps, the first step of production prefabricates the stick the core stick, its deposition method includes: MCVD law (improvement chemistry vapor phase sedimentation, PCVD law (plasma chemistry vapor phase sedimentation)

63、, VAD law (vapor phase axial sedimentation) and OVD law (outside vapor phase sedimentation) and so on four methods. Outside second step is attaches the col</p><p>　　The domestic optical fiber enterprise prod

64、uced the prefabricated stick to cover PCVD, MCVD, VAD and OVD and so on each kind of technology, but , should speak the present our country optical fiber industry on the prefabricated stick development and the production

65、 link or abottleneck. Although "long flew the company", "the beacon-fire science and technology", "the Farr victory photon" and "Hangzhou richly passes" and so on the company prefa

66、bricates the stick in the optical fiber the development as</p><p>　　(3) the optical fiber product quality versatile substitution import produces the mouth In recent years, our country optical fiber industry

67、furiously strives for success in the difficult position, strives for the development in the competition, as a result of various enterprises 'joint effort, while builds the market fair environment, has also yielded th

68、e encouraging result in the technical stratification plane and the product quality stratification plane, many enterprises produce high grade and </p><p>　　(1) Our country optical fiber profession start altho

69、ugh is later, but the domestic optical fiber production enterprise will introduce all is the short-term international advanced production test facility ,hardware and so on optical fiber production, check-out facility is

70、the world most advanced level. (2)th, during introduction advanced equipment, the over whelming majority joint capital enterprise has all introduced the advanced craft, the technology and the advanced management, and per

71、forms in</p><p>　　Second, the optical fiber price and the optical fiber instead dump 1st, optical fiber price overall trend (1) world optical fiber (conventional single model) price overall trend Along with

72、the optical communication development, largely increases year by year to the optical fiber demand. The production craft, the technical improvement is mature, the industry scale expansion, the production efficiency enhanc

73、ement, causes the optical fiber price overall to assume the drop tendency. </p><p>　　(2) our country imports the optical fiber price the trend Around 1995, European, beautiful market optical fiber price abou

74、t 60 US dollars/kilometers. As a result of the Chinese market 90%optical fiber dependence import, monopolized at that time for the overseas merchant, causes the import optical fiber price to outdo the international marke

75、t about 20%, amounted to more than 70 US dollars /kilometers. After 1998, the our country local optical fiber produces can gradually increase, is self-suffic</p><p>　　(3) do mestic optical fiber market pric

76、e overall condition </p><p>　　Above already talked about before, 90 ages intermediate stages, the domestic overwhelming majority single model optical fiber dependence import, the optical fiber price complete

77、ly monopolized by the supply side. The 90's later periods, the optical fiber localization productivity gradually strengthens, because in the market first impressions ares most lasting with the brand effect and so on

78、many factors, the domestic market optical fiber price basically is healthy and peaceful is highest from Gao</p><p>　　2nd, the optical fiber instead dumps In 2002, after the North America network froth is dis

79、illusioned, the global optical communication market bitter experience unprecedented cold current, the optical fiber demand suffers a disastrous decline. The Chinese market although also come sunder the influence, but sti

80、ll displayed the stronger market demand .Country optical fiber and so on Europe, America, date, Han produces can around 2000 the large increase, largely glides down facing the demand , the s</p><p>　　Third,

81、to our country optical fiber industry health development ponder Our country optical fiber industry already had the certain scale, the wiredrawing ability has versatileely satisfied the domestic cmarket the demand, and ha

82、d the certain remainder, the optical fiber product quality and the product type versatilely satisfies the correspondence construction the demand, the substitution import product. But we also must soberly see, at present

83、we grasp the optical fiber prefabrication stick produ</p><p>　　1st, gathers strength of the profession, attacks and captures the prefabricated stick development, produces the bottleneck The optical fiber pre

84、fabricates the stick many cores technology, at present still for America, the date, Europe and so on several optical fibers industries giant monopolized, they also in implemented the technical blockade in fact to our cou

85、ntry. Our many enterprises and America, date some companies negotiate the optical fiber to prefabricate the stick the cooperation questi</p><p>　　2nd, rationality facing market price competition .The market

86、economy, the product price finally is decides by the market. That product profit margin excessively is high, the sudden and huge profits, the fund can to there inflow, the market supply and demand relations be able to ge

87、t up the change. 2001 ago, optical fiber profit margin excessively high, may achieve about 30%, do mestically made, outside the multitudinous enterprise massive funds investment to expand allows, to put up a factory (at&

88、lt;/p><p>　　The normal market regulation, the market competition (contain price competition), is advantageous to the enterprise through the competition, compared to spells, the improvement, researches and devel

89、ops the new craft technology, does everything possible to carryon product innovation and the enhancement labor productivity, the enterprise can act according to the market demand, the plan enter prise's moderate scal

90、e, reaches maximum limit plays talent edper son's role, enhances the equipment the rev</p><p>　　In turn says, that enterprise cannot cause oneself to be at under the long-term loss condition to revolve,

91、the optical fiber, the optical cable profession cannot be exceptional, if the price and the value hang upside down for a long time, inevitably can affect its product quality, thus brings the hidden danger for the industr

92、ial chain next link - communications network construction. By that time, its consequence in no way is at present the benefit saves a spot purchase expense to be able to make</p><p>　　3rd, strengthens the pro

93、fession union and the profession management Our country existing optical fiber production enter prise several, are opposite to the correspondence cable plant and the optical cable factory quantity says, this numeral slig

94、htly wanted to be many. But, excessively small optical fiber production scale, also all produces the homogeneity product, in market competition exceptionally intense today, is very difficult to have the profit to say. In

95、 2002 until now, various optical fib</p><p>　　At present our country government more and more takes to the profession association's work, the profession association earnestly does the work. Between the e

96、nterprise and the enterprise, in the correspondence or the optical fiber manufacturing industry and between the operation industry , will be more important in the enterprise and the intergovernmental bridge role. The aut

97、hor felt that, how our country fiber optic cable industry also does face truly completes the profession association is the </p><p>　　We sincerely hoped Chinese correspondence business cooperates the communic

98、ations cable optical cable special commission to be able to complete this kind of association, passes the fuse cable manufacturing industry for our country to complete the service work, for our country fiber optic cable