模具專業(yè)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　模具設(shè)計與制造</b></p><p>　　模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎(chǔ)，在我國模具制造屬于專用設(shè)備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)氚l(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當(dāng)迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不

2、應(yīng)求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具領(lǐng)域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平的提高。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面，主要是企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結(jié)構(gòu)的改進，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進、多功能復(fù)合模具和復(fù)合加工及激光技術(shù)

3、在模具設(shè)計制造上的應(yīng)用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術(shù)、信息化方向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模</p><p>　?。?）總量供不應(yīng)求，國內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 </p><p>　?。?/p>

4、2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理 。我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國

5、家。</p><p>　?。?）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。 </p><p>　?。?）開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟效益欠佳，我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場中經(jīng)常處于被動地位。我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達25

6、～30萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。</p><p>　　造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應(yīng)有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟之外，還有下列幾個原因： </p><p>　?。?）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠，雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前

7、享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負(fù)過重。模具企業(yè)進行技術(shù)改造引進設(shè)備要繳納相當(dāng)數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術(shù)進步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。 </p><p>　?。?）人才嚴(yán)重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入太少，模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金、勞動密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)重視

8、不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導(dǎo)致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。 </p><p>　?。?）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設(shè)備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設(shè)備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進設(shè)備不配套，設(shè)備與附

9、件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。 </p><p>　?。?）專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差，由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細(xì)致，商品化程度低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別

10、是對模具制造周期有很大影響。 </p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟制造模具技術(shù)  </p><p>　　    隨著全球經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，新的技術(shù)革命不斷取得新的進展和突破，技術(shù)的飛躍 發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為推動世界經(jīng)濟增長的重要因素。市場經(jīng)濟的不

11、斷發(fā)展，促使工業(yè)產(chǎn) 品越來越向多品種、小批量、高質(zhì)量、低成本的方向發(fā)展，為了保持和加強產(chǎn)品在市場上的競爭力，產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期、生產(chǎn)周期越來越短，于是對制造各種產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵工藝裝備——模具的要求越來越苛刻。 一方面企業(yè)為追求規(guī)模效益，使得模具向著高速、精密、長壽命方向發(fā)展；另一方面企業(yè)為了滿足多品種、小批量、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、贏得市場的需要，要求模具向著制造周期短、成本低的快速經(jīng)濟的方向發(fā)展。計算機、激光、電子、新材料、新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，

12、使得快速經(jīng)濟制模技術(shù)如虎添翼，應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴大，類型不斷增多，創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益越來越顯著。  快速經(jīng)濟制模技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的機械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)上的使用要求，是綜合經(jīng)濟效益比較顯著的一類制造模具的技術(shù)，概括起來，有以下幾種類別。   1快速原型制造技術(shù) 快速原型制造技術(shù)簡稱RPM，是80年代后期發(fā)展起來的一種新型制造技術(shù)。美國、日本、英

13、國、以色列、德國、中國都推出了自己的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)</p><p>　　電弧噴涂成型制模技術(shù)  電弧噴涂成型技術(shù)的原理是：利用2根通電的金屬絲之間產(chǎn)生電弧的熱量將金屬絲熔化，依靠高壓氣體將其充分霧化，并給予一定的動能，高速噴射在樣模表面，層層鑲嵌，形成一金屬殼體，即型腔的內(nèi)表面，再用充填基體材料(一般為金屬粉粒與樹脂的復(fù)合材料)加以支撐加固，提高其強度和剛性，連同金屬模架組合成模具。這種制模技術(shù)工

14、藝簡單、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型僅需幾個小時，節(jié)省能源和金屬材料，一般型腔表面僅2-3mm厚，仿真性極強，花紋精度可達到0.5μm。 目前該技術(shù)被廣泛地用于飛機、汽車的內(nèi)飾件模具、家電、家俱、制鞋、美術(shù)工藝品等表面形狀復(fù)雜及花紋精細(xì)的各種聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU發(fā)泡及各類注射成型模具中。     電鑄成型技術(shù) 電鑄成型技術(shù)的原理同電鍍一樣，

15、是依樣模(現(xiàn)成制品或按制品圖紙制成的母模)為基準(zhǔn)(陰極)，置放在電鑄液中(陽極)，使電鑄液中的金屬離子還原后一層一層地沉積在樣模上，形成金屬殼體，將其剝離后，與樣模接觸的表面即為模具的型腔內(nèi)表面。該技術(shù)主要特點是節(jié)省材料、模具制造周期短，電鑄層硬度可達40HRC，提高了耐磨性和壽命，粗糙度</p><p>　　型腔表面精細(xì)花紋成型的蝕刻技術(shù)蝕刻技術(shù)是光學(xué)、化學(xué)、機加工綜合應(yīng)用的一種技術(shù)，它的基本原理是先把花紋圖

16、案制成膠片，再把膠片上的花紋圖案復(fù)制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，經(jīng)過化學(xué)處理，模具型腔表面形成不被蝕刻部分的保護層，再根據(jù)模具材質(zhì)，選擇相應(yīng)蝕刻工藝，將花紋圖案蝕刻在模具內(nèi)表面上。  該技術(shù)的主要特點是時間短、費用低，修補破損花紋圖案可做到天衣無縫。</p><p>　　3澆鑄成型制模技術(shù)澆鑄成型制模技術(shù)的共同特點是依樣件為基準(zhǔn)，澆鑄出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要機械加工。</p&g

17、t;<p>　　4擠壓成型技術(shù)   利用鈹銅合金的良好的導(dǎo)熱性和穩(wěn)定性，經(jīng)固熔時效處理后，采用冷擠壓制造模具凹模型腔。其特點是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7級)，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025μm,強度高，壽命可達50萬次，無環(huán)境污染。該技術(shù)是利用金屬材料在細(xì)化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下，材料具有最佳超塑性時，將事先制作好的凸模，用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經(jīng)濟制模技術(shù)。超塑成型材

18、料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。   5無模多點成形技術(shù)  無模多點快速成形技術(shù)是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術(shù)為主要手段，利用計算機控制高度可調(diào)基本體群形成上下成形面，代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對板料進行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進制造技術(shù)。此項技術(shù)可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài)，提高材料的成形極限，可反復(fù)成形，以此消除材料內(nèi)部的殘余應(yīng)力，實現(xiàn)無回彈成形。    6凱

19、維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)  新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼帶模，它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經(jīng)濟制模技術(shù)。這種模具重量輕，一般只有200kg，加工精度為 ±0.35-0.50mm，可適合各種黑</p><p>　　The mold designing and manufacturing</p><

20、p>　　The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make t

21、he mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the

22、 state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three in</p><p>　　Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its mai

23、n gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizo

24、ntal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .</p><p>　　The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now

25、 on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product

26、structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpos</p><p

27、>　　The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold st

28、andard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The t

29、hree investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The join</p><p>　　Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big

30、 enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display i

31、n following several aspects:</p><p>　　(1) The total quantity falls short of demand </p><p>　　Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling one

32、self rate only has 50% about.</p><p>　　(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather</p><p>　　in

33、 our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the ove

34、rseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is sp

35、ecially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts </p><p>　　(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard</p><p>　　T

36、he production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.</p><p>　　(4

37、) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low</p><p>　　The level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is

38、 frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US doll

39、ars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the mo</p>

40、<p>　　To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises me

41、chanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .</p><p>　　(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently</p><p>　　Although the cou

42、ntry already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the

43、 majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the tech

44、nology advancement, moreover privately opera</p><p>　　(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine </p><p>　　mold p

45、rofession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short,

46、the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technic

47、al attack, the scientific research unit and the univer</p><p>　　(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low. Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed qui

48、ckly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas adv

49、anced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so o</p><p>　　(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree l

50、ow, the cooperation ability </p><p>　　Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division

51、is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded,

52、 completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter u</p><p>　　Modern fast economy manufacture mold technology </p><

53、;p>　　Along with the global economy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the

54、 impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing development, urges the industry product more and more to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthe

55、ns the product in market competitive power, product development cycl</p><p>　　1 fast prototypes manufactures technology The fast prototype manufacture technology is called RPM, is one kind of new manufacture

56、 technology which the 80's later period develops. US, Japan, England, Israel, Germany, China have all promoted own commercialization product, and has formed the new industry gradually.RPM is the computer, the laser,

57、the optical scanning, the advanced new material, the computer-aided design (CAD), the computer assistance processing (CAM), the numerical control (CNC) syn</p><p>　　2 surfaces take shape the pattern making t

58、echnology The surface takes shape the pattern making technology, mainly is the use spurts spreads, the electrolytic casting, chemistry corrosion and so on the new technique formation cavity surface and the fine pattern

59、one kind of craft technology, in the practical application including following several kind of types. </p><p>　　electric arcs spurt spread take shape the pattern making technology The electric arc spurts

60、spreads takes shape the technical principle is: Has the electric arc quantity of heat using between 2 circular telegrams tinsel to melt the tinsel, depends upon the compressed gas its full atomization, and gives the cert

61、ain kinetic energy, high speed sprays in the type mold surface, layer upon layer mounts, forms a metal shell, namely the cavity internal surface, uses to fill the substrate material again</p><p>　　electrolyt

62、ic castings take shape the technology The electrolytic casting takes shape the technical principle to be same with the galvanization, is according to model the mold (ready-made product or female mold which makes accordin

63、g to product blueprint) is the datum (negative pole), places in the electrolytic casting fluid (anode), causes in the electrolytic casting fluid the metallic ion to return to original state a latter place deposition on t

64、he type mold, forms the metal shell, after strips </p><p>　　cavities surfaces fine pattern takes shape etching technology The etching technology is optics, chemistry, the machining synthesis application one

65、 kind of technology, its basic principle is makes first the pattern design the film, then in has spread the film on pattern design duplication the photosensitive material on the mold cavity surface, process chemistry pro

66、cessing, the mold cavity surface does not form by the etching partial protectors, then acts according to the mold material quality, t</p><p>　　3 sprinkle to cast into the type system mold technique Sprinklin

67、g to cast into technical and common characteristics of the type system mold is according to the kind piece for basis, sprinkle a convex and cave mold, a surface do not need the machine to process.Make physically to mainl

68、y have following several categories type in the mold.</p><p>　　4 extrusions takes shape the technology Using the berylliuim copper alloy good thermal conductivity and the stability, after the solid melt ag

69、ing treatment of metal, use the swaging pressure to make the mold concave model cavity. Its characteristic is makes the cycle short, the cavity precision is high (the IT7 level), surface roughness Ra=0.025 mu m, The inte

70、nsity is high, the life may reach 500,000 times, does not have the environmental pollution. This technology is using the metal material i</p><p>　　5 does not have the mold multi- spots forming technology Do

71、es not have the mold multi- spots fast forming technology is by CAD/CAM/CAT The technology is the main method about, may adjust the base main body group highly using the computer control to form forms the surface, replac

72、es the traditional mold to carry on the three dimensional curved surface forming to the sheet an modern advanced manufacture technology. This technology may change the distortion way and the stressful condition at will,

73、</p><p>　　6 triumphant Uygur bright steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology The new steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology is one kind is different with ha

74、s raised, the concave mold structure steel belt mold generally, it is with specially makes the new fast economical pattern making technology by the single edge steel belt which the backing strip is composed. This kind of

75、 mold weight is light, only then 200kg, the processing precision for ±0.35-0.50mm, </p><p>　　7 molds semifinished materials fast manufacture technology solid casting Because the massive molds are belon

76、g to the single unit or the production, the mold semifinished materials manufacture quality and the cycle and the cost to the final mold quality and cyclical and the cost influence are very important. The modern mold sem

77、ifinished materials widely have used the seeds casting technology, the so-called solid casting is (polystyrene PS either polymethacrylate PMMA) manufactures using the foam</p><p>　　8 other aspects technologi

78、es in order to simplify the mold the structural design, reduces the mold cost, reduces the mold manufacture cycle, in domestic and foreign also successively appeared some other aspects new technology application, like t

79、rades the mold frame, the ramming unit, the cutting edge built-up welding quickly, inlays the block casting, the nitrogen spring and so on. </p><p>　　nitrogen springs on mold application The nitrogen spring

80、 is one kind of new elastic function part, replaces the spring, the rubber, the polyurethane or the air cushion with it side, it can accurately provide presses the strength, then may have the greatly initial ball pressur

81、e in the small space, does not need pre- tightly, is basically hit the pressure basically in the mold entire work process to be constant. The ball pressure size and the working point position may, accurate, conveniently

82、adj</p><p>　　fast trades the mold technology Because product variety increasing, causes the mold in the production the transmutation extremely frequently, how thereupon reduces the ramming equipment the do

83、wn time, enhances the production efficiency, fast traded the mold technology to receive people's attention. At present developed industrial nation some big companies traded the mold speed to achieve astonishing degre

84、e, whether had fast trades the mold technology to become for an enterprise technology adva</p><p>　　ramming units combination technology The ramming unit combination technology is dies a resolve into each

85、one simple unit the convention to die, according to the working procedure request, the arrangement combination, completes the many kinds of ramming working procedure when the identical inferior stroke the new craft equip

86、ment, the work the ramming unit not with the punch press slide joint, only needs the slide attack then to complete the ramming work. When independent employment it is 1 comp</p><p>　　may process the plastic

87、in mold manufacture application May process the plastic to be common in the developed industrial nation application, specially in manufacturing industry and so on automobile, airplane, mainly replaces the lumber or the

88、 metal manufacture automobile body host model, the profile, examines has and the casting model and so on. May process the plastic the main characteristic is has both the lumber and the metal fine workability, the manufac

89、ture craft simple and direct (may us</p><p>　　The mold is one of foundation industries, in the globalization market economy and under each kind of high technology and new technology swift and violent develop

90、ment situation, the fast economical mold has entrusted with the new mission and the brand-new connotation, the classification increases unceasingly, the fast economical pattern making material turns towards the multi- va