外文翻譯--荷蘭的可持續(xù)建筑政策發(fā)展中國(guó)家的一個(gè)模式

1、<p>　　The Dutch sustainable building policy: A model for developing countries?(3)</p><p>　　Luciana Melchert</p><p>　　Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Sa?o Paulo, Rua do L

2、ago, 876, CEP 05508.900, Sa ?o Paulo SP, Brazil Received 14 July 2005; received in revised form 19 September 2005; accepted 14 October 2005.</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　This a

3、rticle explores the institutionalization of environmental policies in the Dutch building sector and the applicability of the current model to developing countries. First, it analyzes the transition of sustainable buildin

4、g practices in the Netherlands from the 1970s until today, exploring how these were originally embedded in a discourse on ‘de-modernization’, which attempted to improve the environmental performance of building stocks by

5、 means of self-sufficient technologies, whereas nowada</p><p>　　r2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p><p>　　Keywords: Sustainable building; Sustainable urban development; De-modernization;

6、 Ecological modernization</p><p>　　5. Sustainable building in developing countries: lessons from the Dutch mode</p><p>　　This article has so far analyzed the process through which environmental

7、policies and practices have been introduced and implemented in the Dutch building sector. In this conclusive section, the status of sustainable building policies and practices in developing countries is assessed, before

8、the lessons these countries can draw from the Dutch experienced are commented upon.</p><p>　　Despite differences in climatic, cultural and economic contexts, there are many similarities between developed and

9、 developing countries regarding the environmental impacts of the building industry. John et al. [20], for instance, in comparing the environmental impacts of the Brazilian building sector with the European one, mention t

10、hat in Brazil it is responsible for about 14% of the GDP while for 11% of the European Union GDP, being therefore a large sector of the economy. In terms of energy us</p><p>　　On the other hand, as analyzed

11、in the document Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries [5], the scope of the problems is more complex in the developing world. To begin with, regions marked by economic problems and extreme povert

12、y within developing countries have much more accentuated environmental problems, particularly in urban areas, such as slums and illegal settlements, where the lack of proper infrastructure, sanitation and housing leads t

13、o the contamination of soils </p><p>　　Another aspect that distinguishes developed and developing countries is the current legislative framework applied to the construction industry, as in developing countri

14、es it frequently has a limited environmental content—norms and standards, for instance, do not go beyond what can be considered ‘reasonable’ in environmental terms, such as minimum requirements of natural ventilation and

15、 lighting inside buildings to a void excessive energy use. Against this background, the construction industry in</p><p>　　By fostering the environmental self-regulation of the construction sector through a c

16、ombination of ‘constraining’ and ‘enabling’ policies, including an energy performance standard, packages for sustainable building, covenants, and advisory systems, the Dutch sustainable building policy framework offers c

17、ertain advantages to help formulate a sustainable building agenda for developing countries. It shows that it is possible to integrate financial and environmental objectives within a framework of </p><p>　　Ho

18、wever, when considering the applicability of the Dutch model to developing countries, a final remark should be made regarding the institutional preconditions that are imperative. In a way, a certain degree of ‘modernizat

19、ion’ needs to be in place in order to initiate an ‘ecological modernization’ process, including an advanced level of technological development (see, for instance, [21] ). It is self-evident that these preconditions do no

20、t always exist in the developing world, particularly in th</p><p>　　On the other hand, a large part of the developing countries is already fully modernized and, in this case, the Dutch experience can be of r

21、elevance to help orient guidelines for sustainable building and urban design, seeking a refinement of existing technologies and urban realities, and eventually a self-regulation of the construction sector. In order to pu

22、t such a model at work it is important that a sense of partner ship and commitment between the government and the construction industry is cr</p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　I would like to t

23、hank one anonymous reader for providing helpful comments on a nearlier version of this article. Part of the empirical content presented here consists of primary data, obtained through personal inter views: I am grateful

24、to the individuals who took part in the se, particularly to Drs. And re de Miranda (ABN AMRO, Netherlands) and Drs Pieter Kroon ( ING Group, Netherlands). </p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] Anink

25、 D, Boonstra C, Mak J. Handbook of Sustainable Building. London: James & James Science Publishers; 1996.</p><p>　　[2] UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme). The Construction Industry and the Env

26、ironment. United Nations Environmental Programme Review 1996;19(6).</p><p>　　[3] Edwards B. Towards Sustainable Architecture, European Directives & Building Design. Oxford: Butterworth Architecture Legal

27、 Series; 1996.</p><p>　　[4] Edwards B. Green Buildings Pay. London: E&FN Spon; 1998.</p><p>　　[5] CIB & UNEP-IETC. Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries. A discu

28、ssion document. Pretoria: CSIR Building and Construction Technology; 2002.</p><p>　　[6] Liefferink D. The Netherlands: a net exporter of environmental policy concepts. In: Andersen Michael Skou, Liefferink D

29、uncan, editors. European Environmental Policy. The Pioneers. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1997.</p><p>　　[7] National Dubo Centrum (The Netherlands). Sustainable Building. Frameworks for the Futu

30、re. Rotterdam: National Dubo Centrum; 2000.</p><p>　　[8] Haarman HR, van Leeuwen EN, de Haan MAR. Sustainable Building Policy in the Netherlands. Journal of Environmental Sciences 2000;2:15.</p><p

31、>　　[9] Vale B, Vale Robert. Green Architecture. Design for a Sustainable Future. London: Thames and Hudson; 1991. </p><p>　　[10] Presas LMS. Transnational Buildings in Local Environments. Aldershot and Bu

32、rlington: Ashgate; 2005.</p><p>　　[11] Brundtland H. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1987 for the World Commission on Environment and Development.</p><p>　　[12] Huber J. Towa

33、rds Industrial Ecology: Sustainable Development as a Concept of Ecological Modernisation. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 2000;2:269–85.</p><p>　　[13] Mol APJ, Spaargaren Gert. Environment, M

34、odernity and the Risk-Society. The Apocalyptic Horizon of Environmental Reform. International Sociology 1993;8(4):431–59. </p><p>　　[14] Mol APJ. The Refinement of Production. Utrecht: van Arkel; 1995.</p

35、><p>　　[15] VROM (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, the Netherlands), various years. Sustainable Building in the Nether-lands, National Package. The Hague: VROM.</p><p>　　[

36、16] MINEZ (Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands). Action Programme: Energy Conservation 1999–2002. The Hague: MINEZ; 1999.</p><p>　　[17] Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, 2001. ABN AMRO Bank Head Offic

37、e, retrieved from http://pcfandp.com/a/p/9304/s.html on June 4, 2001. [18] ABN AMRO Bank N.V. Portrait of a Building. Amsterdam: ABN AMRO Corporate Communications; 2000.</p><p>　　[19] European Commission Th

38、ermie Project, 1998. Design Standards for Energy Efficient Buildings. Information Dossier, No. 6, March 1998. </p><p>　　[20] John VM, Agopyan V, Abiko AK, Prado RTA, Goncalves OM, Souza UE. Agenda 21 for the

39、 Brazilian construction industry–a proposal. In: Construction and Environment: From Theory into Practice. Sa?o Paulo: CIB PCC USP; 2000.</p><p>　　[21] Frijns J, Phuong Phung Thuy, Mol Arthur PJ. Ecological M

40、oder-nisation and Industrialising Economies: The Case of Viet Nam. In: Mol APJ, Sonnenberg David, editors. Ecological Modernisation around the World. Perspectives and Critical Debates. London: Frank Cass Publishers; 2000

41、. </p><p>　　Building and Environment 42 (2007) 893--901</p><p>　　荷蘭的可持續(xù)建筑政策：發(fā)展中國(guó)家的一個(gè)模式？(3)</p><p><b>　　盧西亞娜.梅爾徹特</b></p><p>　　南澳大學(xué)?圣保羅大學(xué)建筑和城市規(guī)劃系，祿亞戈，876，和55

42、08.900，圣保羅，巴西</p><p>　　2005年7月14接受論文；2005年9月19校訂修改形式得到接受；2005年10月14最終確認(rèn)。</p><p>　　摘 要 本文探討了荷蘭建筑業(yè)內(nèi)的環(huán)境政策制度化和在發(fā)展中國(guó)家內(nèi)主流模式的適用性。首先，文章分析了荷蘭從20世紀(jì)70年代直到今天，可持續(xù)建筑做法是如何轉(zhuǎn)換的，探討如何將原本的做法融入到`非現(xiàn)代化'的可持續(xù)建設(shè)中，它

43、試圖通過(guò)自給自足的建筑技術(shù)手段的使用達(dá)到改善建筑環(huán)境性能的結(jié)果，而如今他們采用一種稱為生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化的框架模式，用它來(lái)綜合推進(jìn)尋求提高建筑環(huán)境性能通過(guò)更高的效率而不是自給自足式的技術(shù)。研究隨后將向我們展示荷蘭的可持續(xù)建筑的框架模式是如何實(shí)現(xiàn)了務(wù)實(shí)和廣泛被接受的，它可以為發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建筑生態(tài)重組提供方向性的幫助。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 可持續(xù)建筑；城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展；低現(xiàn)代化；生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化</p>&l

44、t;p>　　5. 發(fā)展中國(guó)家的可持續(xù)建筑：吸取荷蘭可持續(xù)建筑形式的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)</p><p>　　到目前為止，本文通過(guò)分析環(huán)境的政策和做法，來(lái)引進(jìn)并闡釋其在荷蘭建設(shè)部門(mén)實(shí)施的進(jìn)程。在這決定性的一節(jié)，評(píng)估發(fā)展中國(guó)家可持續(xù)建筑政策和做法的地位，對(duì)這些國(guó)家以前的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)可以借鑒荷蘭經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)論。</p><p>　　盡管在氣候，文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)背景上存在著差異，但是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間關(guān)于建筑

45、行業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響有許多相似之處。例如，約翰等人在比較歐洲與巴西的建筑行業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響時(shí)指出，在巴西，建筑行業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的約14％，而歐盟是占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的11％，因此建筑行業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)部門(mén)中占有重要的位置。[20] 在利用方面，建設(shè)部門(mén)的能源消耗量超過(guò)巴西的電能消耗的一半，而在英國(guó)建設(shè)部門(mén)的能源消耗大約是40-50％。[20]最后，建設(shè)部門(mén)應(yīng)該考慮到廢棄物的總量，它們當(dāng)中大多數(shù)以掩埋的方式解決——CIB在評(píng)估大多數(shù)國(guó)家中指出

46、，建筑業(yè)產(chǎn)生的廢棄物占總數(shù)的40％。[20]</p><p>　　另一方面，通過(guò)分析21世紀(jì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的可持續(xù)建設(shè)的議程，發(fā)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展問(wèn)題的范圍在發(fā)展中國(guó)家變得更加復(fù)雜。[5]首先，這標(biāo)志著在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題和極端貧困的地區(qū)，有更加突出的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，特別是在城市地區(qū)，如貧民窟和非法定居點(diǎn)，缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施，衛(wèi)生和住房導(dǎo)致的污染土壤和水體，其中包括其它的環(huán)境的影響。其次，發(fā)展中國(guó)家在很大程度上仍然在快速的建設(shè)

47、，建筑行業(yè)的活動(dòng)也是非常激烈，這樣就對(duì)環(huán)境造成眾多的壓力。建筑行業(yè)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建設(shè)活動(dòng)和產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，應(yīng)該用可持續(xù)的手段作為導(dǎo)向，避免那些現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，可持續(xù)建筑的方式在發(fā)展中國(guó)家是更為迫切的議程。</p><p>　　區(qū)分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的另一個(gè)方面是當(dāng)前的立法框架，應(yīng)用于建筑行業(yè)，在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，它常常是一個(gè)有限的環(huán)境內(nèi)容的規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，比如，不要去超越那些被視為“合理”的環(huán)境

48、方面，如制定建筑物內(nèi)的自然通風(fēng)和采光的最低要求，來(lái)避免那些對(duì)過(guò)度能源使用。在此背景下，這些都是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建筑行業(yè)往往是最常見(jiàn)的反應(yīng)，試圖遵守現(xiàn)行的法規(guī)，而不是通過(guò)環(huán)境獲得方面來(lái)探索標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和市場(chǎng)的差異性（同上）。雖然在環(huán)保產(chǎn)品和建筑構(gòu)件規(guī)范化已經(jīng)存于市場(chǎng)上，這個(gè)在上文巴西的那個(gè)例</p><p>　　子中約翰等人提到過(guò) 。[20]但這樣還是缺乏尋求全球性的解決方案，以便實(shí)現(xiàn)更全面的環(huán)境影響。這樣，在建筑

49、行業(yè)的環(huán)保創(chuàng)新往往出現(xiàn)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家缺乏必要的基礎(chǔ)，缺乏更加制度化的環(huán)境背景的變化。有人爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，一個(gè)更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑的政策框架仍需為發(fā)展中國(guó)家闡述，而在這方面，荷蘭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以為各個(gè)方面服務(wù)作為一個(gè)有用的例子。</p><p>　　由“制約”和“扶持”的政策，包括能源性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可持續(xù)建筑，公約和咨詢系統(tǒng)的軟件包的組合，通過(guò)促進(jìn)建造業(yè)的環(huán)境自我調(diào)節(jié)，荷蘭的可持續(xù)建筑政策框架為發(fā)展中國(guó)家制定那些可

50、持續(xù)建筑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了便利。這表明，在這個(gè)框架內(nèi)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的城市快速發(fā)展通過(guò)與環(huán)境的內(nèi)容來(lái)提煉，使經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)結(jié)合在一起變?yōu)榱丝赡?，而不用改變已?jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的基本動(dòng)力和技術(shù)。它也表明，在緩和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的狀態(tài)（部分）和建造行業(yè)的參與者在實(shí)施可持續(xù)建筑的實(shí)踐中更加主動(dòng)和積極，以使他們生產(chǎn)或占用更為高效的建筑而去探索新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為可能。政府雖然通過(guò)政策在環(huán)境問(wèn)題和環(huán)境變化上扮演重要的角色，然而可持續(xù)建筑議程很大程度上都是由建筑部門(mén)的相關(guān)參與者來(lái)實(shí)施制

51、定。</p><p>　　然而，當(dāng)考慮到荷蘭模式在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的適用性，最后的說(shuō)法當(dāng)務(wù)之急是應(yīng)取得有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的認(rèn)可。在某種程度上，一定程度的“現(xiàn)代化”必須到位，以啟動(dòng)“生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化”的過(guò)程，其中包括技術(shù)發(fā)展的先進(jìn)水平。[21]這是不言而喻的，這些先決條件并不總是存在的，尤其是在低收入國(guó)家的情況下，如在撒哈拉以南的非洲地區(qū)或在中等收入國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期貧困的地區(qū)，在發(fā)展中世界，城市貧民窟，應(yīng)促進(jìn)其他戰(zhàn)略，以實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的建筑的大

52、規(guī)模應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　另一方面，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的很大一部分是已經(jīng)完全現(xiàn)代化，在這種情況下，荷蘭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以為幫助指導(dǎo)制定相關(guān)的可持續(xù)建筑和城市設(shè)計(jì)的準(zhǔn)則，尋求完善現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)和城市現(xiàn)實(shí)，并最終促成建造行業(yè)的自律氛圍。為了使這種模式在實(shí)際情況下地道應(yīng)用，政府和建筑行業(yè)之間的合作伙伴的承諾感，可以通過(guò)加強(qiáng)對(duì)話和所有利益相關(guān)者的環(huán)境意識(shí)水平的提高來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。其次，對(duì)于可持續(xù)建筑的實(shí)踐，應(yīng)該明確界定一個(gè)可以共同的理解和合

53、作的方法，并通過(guò)正式文件，這在招投標(biāo)和談判進(jìn)程可以被提到。最后，'限制'和'能動(dòng)'，也就是說(shuō)，應(yīng)制定法律，經(jīng)濟(jì)和自愿文書(shū)，根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境問(wèn)題和優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)的有效結(jié)合。發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建筑業(yè)可以大大有助于該地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展事業(yè)。</p><p><b>　　致 謝</b></p><p>　　我想感謝一個(gè)為本文提供有益的意見(jiàn)的匿名讀者。這里

54、介紹的經(jīng)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容是所獲得的原始數(shù)據(jù)的一部分，這里代表個(gè)人間的意見(jiàn)：我很感謝這些人，他們參與了本文的的創(chuàng)作，尤其是德米蘭達(dá)博士（ABN AMRO，荷蘭）和彼得·克朗博士（ING集團(tuán)，荷蘭）。</p><p><b>　　參 考 文 獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] 阿尼卡, 布恩斯特, 麥卡J. 可持續(xù)建筑手冊(cè)[M]. 倫敦: 詹姆斯&詹姆斯科學(xué)出

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