數(shù)控專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯---數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡史及趨勢

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　Numerical control system development brief history andtendency</p><p>　　In 1946 was born in the world the first electronic accounting machine,this indi

2、cated the humanity created has been possible to strengthenand partially to replace the mental labor the tool. It with thehumanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society createdonly is strengthens the physic

3、al labor the tool to compare, got up thequantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity tolay the foundation.</p><p>　　After 6 years, namely in 1952, the computer technology applied on thee

4、ngine bed, were born the first numerical control engine bed in US.From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archerytarget change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control systemhas experienced two

5、 stages and six generation of development. </p><p>　　The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then sciencecomputation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt theengine bed rea

6、l-time control request. The people can not but usenumeral logic circuit " Builds " Becomes an engine bedspecial purpose computer to take the numerical control system, iscalled the hardware connection numerical

7、control (HARD-WIRED NC), iscalled for the numerical control (NC). Along with the primary devicedevelopment, this stage has had been thro</p><p>　　To 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the ma

8、ssproduction. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical controlsystem the core part, from this time on entered the computer numericalcontrol (CNC) the stage (" which should have the computer in frontof; General &

9、quot; Two characters have abbreviated). To 1971, AmericanINTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most corespart -- logic units and the controller, used the large scaleintegrated circuit technology inte

10、gration o</p><p>　　The microprocessor is applied to 1974 to the numerical control system.This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an enginebed ability to have wealthily (therefore once us

11、es in to control manyengine beds at that time, called it group control), was inferior toused the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then smallmachine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor spe

12、ed andthe function although insufficiently are also high, but may solvethrough the multi-pro</p><p>　　To in 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had calledmicrocomputer) the performance has d

13、eveloped the very high stage, maysatisfiedly take the numerical control system core part the request.The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage. </p><p>　　In brief, the computer nu

14、merical control stage has also experiencedthree generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of -- minicomputer;1974 fifth generation of -- microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation-- (overseas was called PC-BASED) based on

15、 PC. </p><p>　　Also had to point out, although overseas already renamed as thecomputer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still thecustom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily sa

16、y" Numerical control " In the essence already refers to" Computer numerical control " . </p><p>　　The numerical control future will develop tendency </p><p>　　1、open style co

17、ntinues to, to develop based on the PC sixthgeneration of direction Open, the low cost, redundant reliable, the software andhardware resources has which based on PC is rich and so on thecharacteristic, the more numerical

18、 controls serial production factorycan step onto this path. At least uses PC machine to take its frontend machine, processes question and so on man-machine contact surface,programming, networking correspondence, undertak

19、es the numericalcontrol duty by the original </p><p>　　Second, to our country numerical control technology and its industrialdevelopment basic estimate</p><p>　　Our country numerical control tec

20、hnology start in 1958, the near 50year development course approximately might divide into 3 stages:First stage from 1958 to 1979, namely enclosed type development phase.In this stage, as a result of the overseas technica

21、l blockade and ourcountry foundation condition limit, the numerical control technologydevelopment is slow. The second stage is in the country "65", "75" theperiod as well as "85" the earlier

22、 period, namely the introductiontechnology, the digestion</p><p>　　Looks over our country numerical control technology nearly 50 yearsdevelopment course, specially passes through 4 5 year plans attacks,the o

23、verall looked has obtained below the result. </p><p>　　A. Has laid the numerical control technological developmentfoundation, basically has grasped the modern numerical controltechnology. Our country basical

24、ly has now grasped from the numericalcontrol system, the servo actuated, the numerical control main engine,the special plane and its the necessary foundation technology,majority of technologies have had carry on the comm

25、ercializeddevelopment the foundation, the partial technologies commercialized,the industry.  </p><p>　　B. Initially has formed the numerical control industry base. In theattack achievement and in the pa

26、rtial technical commercializationfoundation, established such as the Central China numerical control,astronautics numerical control and so on had the volume productionability the numerical control serial production facto

27、ry. Lanzhouelectrical machinery plant, Central China numerical control and so onone batch of servosystems and servo electrical machinery productionfactory as well as Beijing first m</p><p>　　C. Has establish

28、ed a numerical control research, the development,managerial talent's basic troop. Although has made the considerable progress in the numerical controltechnology research development as well as the industry aspect, bu

29、t wealso must soberly realize, our country high end numerical controltechnology research development, in particular also has a biggerdisparity in the industry aspect technical level present situation andthe our country r

30、ealistic demand. Although from longitudinal look</p><p>　　A. In the technical level, probably falls behind with the overseasadvanced level for 10 ~ 15 years, in precise and advanced technicalaspect then is b

31、igger.</p><p>　　B. In industry level, market share low, variety Cover is small,but also has not formed the scale production; The function partspecialization production level and the complete set ability arel

32、ower; Outward appearance quality Relative; The reliability is nothigh, the commercialized degree is insufficient; The domesticallyproduced numerical control system not yet establishes own brandeffect, the user confidence

33、 is    insufficient. </p><p>　　C. In the sustainable development ability, to the competition beforethe numerical control technology research development, the projectability is weaker

34、; Numerical control technology application domaindevelopment dynamics is not strong; Correlation standard standardresearch, formulation lag.         </p><p>　　The

35、 analysis existence above disparity main reason has followingseveral aspects.</p><p>　　A. Knows the aspect. To domestically produced numerical controlindustry advancement arduous, complexity and long term ch

36、aracteristicunderstanding insufficiency; To the market not standard, overseasblocks Canada to strangle, the system and so on the difficultunderestimate; Is insufficient to our country numerical controltechnology applicat

37、ion level and the ability analysis.</p><p>　　B. System aspect. From technical angle attention numerical controlindustry question time many, from system, industrial chain anglesynthesis consideration numerica

38、l control industry question time arefew; Has not established the integrity high grade necessary strutsystem and so on system, consummation training, service network. </p><p>　　C. Machine-made aspect. No

39、t the good mechanism creates brain drain,also has restricted technical and the technical route innovation, theproduct innovation, also has restricted the plan effectiveimplementation, often plans the ideal, the implement

40、ation difficulty.</p><p>　　D. Technical aspect. The enterprise independently innovates in thetechnical aspect the ability not to be strong, the core technologyproject ability is not strong. Engine bed standa

41、rd backward, levellower, the numerical control system new standard research isinsufficient.   </p><p>　　Third, to our country numerical control technology and industrydevelopment strategic pon

42、der  </p><p>　　3.1 strategic considerations Our country makes the great nation front end, must accept inthe world industry shift but is not the rear end shift as far aspossible, namely must grasp t

43、he advanced manufacture core technology,otherwise in the new turn of international industrial structureadjustment, our country manufacturing industry will go a step further"the spatial core". We take the resour

44、ces, the environment, the marketas the price, the exchange obtain possibly merely are in the world neweconom</p><p>　　We should stand in the national security strategy highly take thenumerical control techno

45、logy and the industrial question, first safelylooked from the society, because the manufacturing industry is ourcountry employed population most professions, the manufacturingindustry development not only may raise peopl

46、e's living standard,moreover also may alleviate our country employment the pressure, thesafeguard society's stability; Next safely looked from the nationaldefense that, the western developed </p><p>

47、　　3.2 development strategies</p><p>　　Embarks from our country fundamental realities of the country angle,take the national strategic demand and the national economy marketdemand as the guidance, take enhanc

48、es our country to make theequipment industry synthesis competitive ability and the industrylevel as the goal, with the system method, the choice can lead the21st century initial period our country to make essential techn

49、ical aswell as the support industry development strut technology, thenecessary technology which the equipment i</p><p>　　Emphasized the market demand is the guidance, namely by the numericalcontrol terminal

50、product primarily, by entire machine (for examplequantity big surface broad numerical control lathe, milling machine,high speed high fine high performance numerical control engine bed,model digitization machinery, key pr

51、ofession essential equipment andso on) leads the numerical control industry the development. Keysolution numerical control system and correlation function part(digitization servosystem and elect</p><p>　　In

52、the precise and advanced equipment research and development aspect,must emphasize produces, study, grinds as well as end-user's in closeintegration with, take "does obtains, is useful, sells falls" as thego

53、al, implements the attack according to the national will, solves thenational urgent need of.</p><p>　　Before the competition the numerical control technology aspect,emphasizes the innovation, emphasized the

54、research development has theindependent intellectual property rights the technology and theproduct, for our country numerical control industry, the equipmentmanufacturing industry and even the entire manufacturing indust

55、rysustainable development lays the foundation.</p><p>　　數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡史及趨勢</p><p>　　1946年誕生了世界上第一臺電子計(jì)算機(jī)，這表明人類創(chuàng)造了可增強(qiáng)和部分代替腦力勞動的工具。它與人類在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)社會中創(chuàng)造的那些只是增強(qiáng)體力勞動的工具相比，起了質(zhì)的飛躍，為人類進(jìn)入信息社會奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 </p><p&

56、gt;　　6年后，即在1952年，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到了機(jī)床上，在美國誕生了第一臺數(shù)控機(jī)床。從此，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)的變化。近半個世紀(jì)以來，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了兩個階段和六代的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　早期計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度低，對當(dāng)時的科學(xué)計(jì)算和數(shù)據(jù)處理影響還不大，但不能適應(yīng)機(jī)床實(shí)時控制的要求。人們不得不采用數(shù)字邏輯電路"搭"成一臺機(jī)床專用計(jì)算機(jī)作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，被稱為硬件連接數(shù)控（HARD-WIRED NC

57、），簡稱為數(shù)控（NC）。隨著元器件的發(fā)展，這個階段歷經(jīng)了三代，即1952年的第一代--電子管；1959年的第二代--晶體管；1965年的第三代--小規(guī)模集成電路。     到1970年，通用小型計(jì)算機(jī)業(yè)已出現(xiàn)并成批生產(chǎn)。于是將它移植過來作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心部件，從此進(jìn)入了計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC）階段（把計(jì)算機(jī)前面應(yīng)有的"通用"兩個字省略了）。到1971年，美國INTEL公司在世界

58、上第一次將計(jì)算機(jī)的兩個最核心的部件--運(yùn)算器和控制器，采用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)集成在一塊芯片上，稱之為微處理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可稱為中央處理單元（簡稱CPU）。</p><p>　　到1974年微處理器被應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這是因?yàn)樾⌒陀?jì)算機(jī)功能太強(qiáng)，控制一臺機(jī)床能力有富裕（故當(dāng)時曾用于控制多臺機(jī)床，稱之為群控），不如采用微處理器經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。而且當(dāng)時的小型機(jī)可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還

59、不夠高，但可以通過多處理器結(jié)構(gòu)來解決。由于微處理器是通用計(jì)算機(jī)的核心部件，故仍稱為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控。到1974年微處理器被應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這是因?yàn)樾⌒陀?jì)算機(jī)功能太強(qiáng)，控制一臺機(jī)床能力有富裕（故當(dāng)時曾用于控制多臺機(jī)床，稱之為群控），不如采用微處理器經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。而且當(dāng)時的小型機(jī)可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還不夠高，但可以通過多處理器結(jié)構(gòu)來解決。由于微處理器是通用計(jì)算機(jī)的核心部件，故仍稱為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控。</p><p&

60、gt;　　到了1990年，PC機(jī)（個人計(jì)算機(jī)，國內(nèi)習(xí)慣稱微機(jī)）的性能已發(fā)展到很高的階段，可以滿足作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)核心部件的要求。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)從此進(jìn)入了基于PC的階段。</p><p>　　總之，計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控階段也經(jīng)歷了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型計(jì)算機(jī)；1974年的第五代--微處理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（國外稱為PC-BASED）。</p><p>　　還要指出的是，雖然國外早已改

61、稱為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（即CNC）了，而我國仍習(xí)慣稱數(shù)控（NC）。所以我們?nèi)粘Ｖv的"數(shù)控"，實(shí)質(zhì)上已是指"計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控"了。 </p><p><b>　　數(shù)控未來發(fā)展的趨勢</b></p><p>　　1, 繼續(xù)向開放式、基于PC的第六代方向發(fā)展     基于PC所具有的開放性、低成本、高可靠性、軟硬件資

62、源豐富等特點(diǎn)，更多的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠家會走上這條道路。至少采用PC機(jī)作為它的前端機(jī)，來處理人機(jī)界面、編程、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信等問題，由原有的系統(tǒng)承擔(dān)數(shù)控的任務(wù)。PC機(jī)所具有的友好的人機(jī)界面，將普及到所有的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。遠(yuǎn)程通訊，遠(yuǎn)程診斷和維修將更加普遍。 2. 向高速化和高精度化發(fā)展     這是適應(yīng)機(jī)床向高速和高精度方向發(fā)展的需要。 3. 向智能化方向發(fā)展     隨著人工智能在計(jì)算

63、機(jī)領(lǐng)域的不斷滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化程度將不斷提高。   （1）應(yīng)用自適應(yīng)控制技術(shù)     數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能檢測過程中一些重要信息，并自動調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的有關(guān)參數(shù)，達(dá)到改進(jìn)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的目的。   （2）引入專家系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)加工    將熟練工人和專家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加工的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律存入系統(tǒng)中，以工藝參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)庫為支撐，建立具有人工智能的專家系統(tǒng)。   （3）引

64、入故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)   （4）智能化數(shù)字伺服驅(qū)動裝置    可以通過自動識別負(fù)載，而自動調(diào)整參數(shù)，使驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)獲得最佳的運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　二、 對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì)</p><p>　　我國數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外

65、的技術(shù)封鎖和我國的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場競爭階段。在此階段，我國國產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。

66、在“九五”末期，國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國內(nèi)市場占有率達(dá)50％，配國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％。</p><p>　　縱觀我國數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績。    a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品

67、化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。</p><p>　　b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。    c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、

68、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。</p><p&g

69、t;　　a.技術(shù)水平上，與國外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。    b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。    c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化

70、能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。    分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個方面。    a.認(rèn)識方面。對國產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識不足；對市場的不規(guī)范、國外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。    b.體系方面。從

71、技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。    c.機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。    d.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自</p><

72、p>　　3.1 戰(zhàn)略考慮    我國是制造大國，在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉(zhuǎn)移，即要掌握先進(jìn)制造核心技術(shù)，否則在新一輪國際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中，我國制造業(yè)將進(jìn)一步“空芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場為代價，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的國際“加工中心”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術(shù)的制造中心的地位，這樣將會嚴(yán)重影響我國現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。  

73、;  我們應(yīng)站在國家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來重視數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)問題，首先從社會安全看，因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)是我國就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平，而且還可緩解我國就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會的穩(wěn)定；其次從國防安全看，西方發(fā)達(dá)國家把高精尖數(shù)控產(chǎn)品都列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物質(zhì)，對我國實(shí)現(xiàn)禁運(yùn)和限制，“東芝事件”和“考克斯報(bào)告”就是最好的例證。  3.2 發(fā)展策略   從我國基本國情的角度出

74、發(fā)，以國家的戰(zhàn)略需求和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場需求為導(dǎo)向，以提高我國制造裝備業(yè)綜合競爭能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平為目標(biāo)，用系統(tǒng)的方法，選擇能夠主導(dǎo)21世紀(jì)初期我國制造裝備業(yè)發(fā)展升級的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的支撐技術(shù)、配套技術(shù)作為研究開發(fā)的內(nèi)容，實(shí)現(xiàn)制造裝備業(yè)的跨躍式發(fā)展。    </p><p>　　強(qiáng)調(diào)市場需求為導(dǎo)向，即以數(shù)控終端產(chǎn)品為主，以整機(jī)（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車床、銑床、高速高精高性

75、能數(shù)控機(jī)床、典型數(shù)字化機(jī)械、重點(diǎn)行業(yè)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備等）帶動數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機(jī)、高速電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模問題。沒有規(guī)模就不會有高可靠性的產(chǎn)品；沒有規(guī)模就不會有價格低廉而富有競爭力的產(chǎn)品；當(dāng)然，沒有規(guī)模中國的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。      在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研以及最終用戶的緊密結(jié)合，以“做得出