紅外傳感器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯---移動(dòng)目標(biāo)點(diǎn)數(shù)與紅外傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)

1、<p><b>　　外文資料</b></p><p>　　Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor Network </p><p>　　By KI, Chi Keung </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p&

2、gt;　　Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of </p><p>　　applications, covering the domains of

3、 commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deploy

4、ed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrar

5、ed Sensing Module desig</p><p><b>　　Keywords:</b></p><p>　　Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node</p><p>　　1.1 Introduction to Infrared </p><p>　　Infrared

6、radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadays </p><p>　　including data communications, night vision

7、, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can

8、 be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the c

9、orresponding button b</p><p>　　Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of </p><p>

10、　　applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving

11、directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. T

12、he design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module desig</p><p>　　1.2 Wireless sensor network </p><p>　　Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number

13、of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network i

14、s typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large </p><p>　　1

15、.3 Types of Wireless Sensor Networks </p><p>　　Wireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network appli

16、cations and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory ma

17、pping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [Tin</p><p>　　1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Node </p><p>　　A sensor nod

18、e, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be i

19、n small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited powe

20、r source. The main components of a sensor node i</p><p>　　The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allo

21、w a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the

22、 batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are c</p><p>　　Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS).

23、DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency

24、, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption. </p><p>　　1.5 Challenges </p><p>　　The major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are m

25、ainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various

26、environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault toler</p><p>　　1.6 Res

27、earch Issues </p><p>　　Researchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which

28、 means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy o

29、ptimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data secu</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　移動(dòng)目標(biāo)點(diǎn)數(shù)與紅外傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)</p><p>　　作者 KI, Chi Keung &

30、lt;/p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)已成為最近的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。偉大的效益通過(guò)部署的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在大范圍的應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域,覆蓋了商業(yè)、軍事以及住宅。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng),以追蹤那些經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)區(qū)以及相應(yīng)的移動(dòng)方向。這樣的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)部署在交通控制、資源管理和人力的流量控制。我們的設(shè)計(jì)是基于我們的自制劃算的紅外傳感模塊

31、板用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聯(lián)系。我們的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)包括紅外傳感模塊設(shè)計(jì)、傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通訊、系統(tǒng)聚類、建筑和部署。我們進(jìn)行了一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)的性能論證了高效率的移動(dòng)對(duì)象計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:紅外輻射，無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)</p><p><b>　　1.1介紹紅外 </b></p><p>　　紅外輻射,是一個(gè)部分的電磁輻射與波長(zhǎng)在撒謊可

32、見光與無(wú)線電波之間?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用紅外線包括數(shù)據(jù)通訊、夜視裝置,物件追蹤等等。人們通常使用紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信中,由于它是容易產(chǎn)生和只有受電磁干擾少。把電視遙控器控制作為一種例子,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人的家里。紅外遙控系統(tǒng)利用紅外發(fā)光二極管(led)散發(fā)出紅外(紅外線)訊號(hào)按鈕推后。不同模式顯示相應(yīng)的按鈕的脈沖的存在推。允許控制多種電器比如電視機(jī)、錄像機(jī)、有線電視盒,不受干擾,系統(tǒng)通常有序言和一個(gè)地址進(jìn)行同步識(shí)別來(lái)源的接收機(jī)的位置和紅外信號(hào)。編碼

33、的數(shù)據(jù),系統(tǒng)通常不同脈沖的寬度(脈寬調(diào)制)或?qū)挾戎g的間隔空間調(diào)制脈沖(脈沖)。另一種受歡迎的系統(tǒng)、雙相編碼,利用信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)傳遞信息。每次脈沖是其實(shí)一陣紅外在載波頻率?！案摺钡暮x是一陣紅外能量載波頻率和一個(gè)“低”體現(xiàn)了一種不在紅外能量。沒(méi)有編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而,當(dāng)許多家庭娛樂(lè)設(shè)備使用他們自己的一些quasi-standards專有的編碼系統(tǒng)確實(shí)存在。這些包括RC-5、RC -(六)、REC-80。此外,許多汽車制造商,如NEC、也成立他們自

34、己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)已成為最近的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。偉大的效益通過(guò)部署的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在大范圍的應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域,覆蓋了商業(yè)、軍事以及住宅。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng),以追蹤那些經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)區(qū)以及相應(yīng)的移動(dòng)方向。這樣的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)部署在交通控制、資源管理和人力的流量控制。我們的設(shè)計(jì)是基于我們的自制劃算的紅外傳感模塊板用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聯(lián)系。我們的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)包括紅外傳感模塊設(shè)計(jì)、傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通

35、訊、系統(tǒng)聚類、建筑和部署。我們進(jìn)行了一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)的性能論證了高效率的移動(dòng)對(duì)象計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　1.2無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò) </p><p>　　無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)是一種無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)是由大量不同傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的自主使用傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)物理或環(huán)境條件,如溫度、音響、振動(dòng)、壓力、運(yùn)動(dòng)或污染物,其代價(jià)就是壽命不同的地點(diǎn)。在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)通常配備了無(wú)線通信設(shè)備,一個(gè)小的單片機(jī),一個(gè)或

36、多個(gè)傳感器,和一種能源,通常是一個(gè)電池。大小的單一傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)可以一樣大,可作為鞋盒小面積的一粒塵埃,這取決于不同的應(yīng)用程序中。成本的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)是同樣的變量,從幾百美元到幾美分,根據(jù)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的大小和復(fù)雜性的要求單一傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)。大小和成本約束條件下的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn),因此,結(jié)果在相應(yīng)的限制有可用的輸入,例如精力,記憶,算法的計(jì)算速度和帶寬。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展(WSN)起初的目的軍事應(yīng)用,如戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的監(jiān)視。由于進(jìn)步微-電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)(MEMS)

37、技術(shù),嵌入式處理器、和無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的受益在許多平民的應(yīng)用范圍,包括生境監(jiān)測(cè)、醫(yī)療應(yīng)用,以及家庭自動(dòng)化。</p><p>　　1.3類型的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)</p><p>　　無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)通常不那么復(fù)雜比通用由于操作系統(tǒng)的特殊要求的傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用及在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源約束條件下的硬件平臺(tái)。這操作系統(tǒng)不需要包括支持用戶界面。此外,在資源約束的內(nèi)存方面和內(nèi)存映射的硬件支持機(jī)制如虛

38、擬內(nèi)存或者不必要或無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。TinyOS[TinyOS]可能是第一個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)專門設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。與大多數(shù)其它操作系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上,TinyOS事件驅(qū)動(dòng)編程模型代替多線程。TinyOS節(jié)目都是合成事件處理器和任務(wù)以跑到completion-semantics。當(dāng)一個(gè)外部事件發(fā)生時(shí),例如一個(gè)到來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)分組或閱讀,TinyOS傳感器調(diào)用合適的事件處理程序來(lái)處理這個(gè)事件。這TinyOS系統(tǒng)和節(jié)目都是寫在一種特殊的編程語(yǔ)言][nesC稱為nesC

39、是一種延伸到C程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言。NesC是用來(lái)偵測(cè)的種族條件和任務(wù)間事件處理器。也有操作系統(tǒng),允許這樣的例子程序,使用c操作系統(tǒng)包括Contiki],[Contiki螳螂。Contiki是設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上支持加載模塊加載和支持運(yùn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)精靈的文件。Contiki事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的,就像TinyOS內(nèi)核,但制度的支持多線程每個(gè)基礎(chǔ)操作。不像其指導(dǎo)思想是將事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的C</p><p>　　1.4介紹無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)</p&

40、gt;<p>　　傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn),也就是眾所周知的塵粒,是一家的無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)是那樣能夠執(zhí)行處理,收集感官信息和交流的工具與其他連接節(jié)點(diǎn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)在體積小,極低的能源消耗、自治、操作無(wú)人值守和自適應(yīng)的環(huán)境。隨著無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)是微電子傳感器裝置,他們可以只有被裝備有限電源。其主要部件傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)包括傳感器、單片機(jī)、收發(fā)、和電源。傳感器的硬件設(shè)備,能夠產(chǎn)生可測(cè)量的響應(yīng)的變化了物理?xiàng)l件,如光密度和聲音密度。連續(xù)模擬所采集到

41、的傳感器信號(hào)數(shù)字化通過(guò)模擬數(shù)字的變換器。這然后通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)字化信號(hào)控制器的進(jìn)一步的加工。大部分的網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論著作認(rèn)為被動(dòng)和全方位的傳感器。被動(dòng)和全方位的傳感器的意義上講,數(shù)據(jù)沒(méi)有實(shí)際上的操作環(huán)境采用主動(dòng)探索的沒(méi)有概念”,而“卷入這些測(cè)量方向。摘要通常部署傳感器檢測(cè)熱(如熱傳感器),光(例如。紅外傳感器)、超聲音(例如),或電磁超聲傳感器(例如。磁傳感器)。在實(shí)踐中,傳感節(jié)點(diǎn)可以裝備有超過(guò)一個(gè)傳感器。單片機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和控制任務(wù),其他的操作傳感器

42、節(jié)點(diǎn)的部件。傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)負(fù)責(zé)信號(hào)處理在檢測(cè)的需要或是物理事件上的需求。它處理中斷的收發(fā)器。此外,它涉及的內(nèi)部行為,就是這樣的為特定應(yīng)用的計(jì)算。</p><p>　　兩者的功能發(fā)射機(jī)和接收機(jī)合并為單一設(shè)備知道收發(fā)器中使用的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)。允許傳感節(jié)點(diǎn)接收器的之間的信息交換和鄰近的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)(中央沉接收器)。一個(gè)無(wú)線電收發(fā)機(jī)的工作狀態(tài)的傳送、接收、懶惰是你自己,而不足別人。異能儲(chǔ)無(wú)論是在電池或電容器。電池的主要來(lái)源之一傳感

43、器節(jié)點(diǎn)電源。兩種類型的電池使用的是與非,耗費(fèi)太多充電。他們也可以分為用于電化學(xué)材料，如NiCd電極(nickel-cadmium),NiZn(nickel-zinc)、鎳氫電池(鎳金屬氫化物),和鋰離子。電流傳感器開發(fā)出一種可以恢復(fù)他們的對(duì)振動(dòng)的能量來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的能量。兩個(gè)主要采用的節(jié)能政策動(dòng)態(tài)電源管理(分裂)和動(dòng)態(tài)電壓縮放(德國(guó))。分裂以照顧關(guān)閉部分傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn),目前還不使用或活躍。德國(guó)方案中差異功率水平取決于非的工作量。通過(guò)不同的電壓隨頻

44、率,這有可能獲得二次約簡(jiǎn)在功率的消耗。</p><p><b>　　1.5挑戰(zhàn)</b></p><p>　　最主要的挑戰(zhàn)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)中無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)主要能源的局限性,硬件限制和覆蓋面積。能源是我國(guó)目前最緊缺的資源,它決定了無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用壽命。網(wǎng)絡(luò)意味著被部署在大量在各種環(huán)境條件下,包括遠(yuǎn)程和敵對(duì)的地區(qū),以即時(shí)通信的關(guān)鍵。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,算法和協(xié)議需要終生最

45、大化、魯棒性和故障寬容和self-configuration。在硬件的挑戰(zhàn)是生產(chǎn)成本低,微小的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)。有關(guān)這些目標(biāo)、電流傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通常只有有限的計(jì)算能力和內(nèi)存空間。因此,應(yīng)用軟件和算法在無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)該好并且濃縮。為了最大限度地覆蓋范圍內(nèi)具有高穩(wěn)定性和魯棒性的不同信號(hào)節(jié)點(diǎn),種溝通和低功耗者優(yōu)先考慮。此外,要處理網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模大,所設(shè)計(jì)的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議對(duì)于大規(guī)模的必須分布。</p><p><b>　

46、　1.6研究問(wèn)題</b></p><p>　　研究人員感興趣的各種各樣的區(qū)域的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的技術(shù),包括設(shè)計(jì)、應(yīng)用和操作。這些包括硬件、軟件、中間件,這意味著元素之間的軟件和硬件。作為通常是部署在網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下resources-constrained電池操作節(jié)點(diǎn),研究者主要集中在問(wèn)題的能量?jī)?yōu)化,覆蓋區(qū)域的改善,減少,傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序錯(cuò)誤、數(shù)據(jù)安全,傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的移動(dòng),以及數(shù)據(jù)分組路由算法在傳感器。在文學(xué)