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1、Definition材料的定義材料的定義：Thematerialsmakingupthesurroundingwldconsistofdiscreteparticleshavingasubmicroscopicsize.Atomicstructurethenatureofbonds(原子原子結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)鍵)—metalstheiralloys(metallicbonding金屬鍵)—ganicpolymers有機(jī)聚合物(cov
2、alentbondingsecondarybonding共價鍵和二次鍵)—ceramics(ionicbondingcovalentbonding)Mechanicalproperties：力學(xué)性能：力學(xué)性能Whichreflectthebehaviofmaterialsdefmedbyasetoffces（概念）Fourbasictypesofstresses:tensilecompressivesheartsion(拉力，壓力，剪切
3、力，扭轉(zhuǎn)力)Physicalproperties:物理性能物理性能thebehaviofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperatureelectricmagicfieldslight.電性能Electricproperties磁性能Magicproperties熱性能Thermalproperties光性能OpticalpropertiesChemicalproperties:化學(xué)性能化學(xué)性能Whi
4、chacterizethebehaviofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.（概念）Thefourbasicaspectsofmaterialssciencetechnologyare:manufacturingprocessingstructurepropertiesperfmances結(jié)構(gòu)－性能－工藝之間的關(guān)系：結(jié)構(gòu)－性能－工藝之間的關(guān)系：Firsttheprocessingofamaterialaffe
5、ctsthestructuresecondtheiginalstructurepropertiesdeterminehowwecanprocessthematerialtoproduceadesiredshape一、METAL:（金屬金屬）1、金屬最顯著的特性：goodconductsofheatelectricity(熱導(dǎo)性，電導(dǎo)性)2、性能性能:areopaquetovisiblelightarehardrigidcanunderg
6、oplasticdefmationhaveahighmeltingtemperature3、金屬的晶體點(diǎn)陣：crystalstructure（晶體結(jié)構(gòu)）:bodycenteredcubicstructurefacecenteredcubicstructurehexagonalclosepackedstructure（體型、面型，六角形放射狀）4、propertiesofalloys（合金的性能）:(mecarbonmebrittle.)
7、haverelativelyhighthermalelectricalconductivitiesgoodenergyabsptionacteristicsnonmagicproperties5、鑄鐵概念：鑄鐵概念：castironessentiallyanalloyofironcarbonsiliconiscomposedofironfrom2to6.67percentcarbonplusmanganesesulfurphosphus
8、shapedbybeingcastinamold.6、Thetypespropertiesofcastiron；whitecastiron(hardbrittle)graycastiron(brittlewithstlargecompressiveloadsbutsmalltensileloads)alloycastironnodularductilecastiron(goodcastabilitytoughnessgoodwearre
9、sistancelowmeltingpointhardenability)malleablecastiron(strengthtoughnessductilitymachinability)7、carbonsteels（碳鋼）：lowcarbonsteels（含碳0.05~0.32%）；mediumcarbonsteels（含碳0.35~0.55%）；highcarbonsteels（含碳0.60~1.50%）8、不銹鋼不銹鋼：ther
10、earethreetypesofstainlesssteels:themartensitictypes；theferritictypes；theaustenitictypes9、advantagesofusingAl:onethirdoftheweightofsteelgoodthermalelectricalconductivityhighstrengthtoweightratiocanbegivenahardsurfacebyano
11、dizinghardcoatingmostalloysareweldablewillnotrusthighreflectivitycanbediecasteasilymachinedgoodfmabilitynonmagicnontoxicone–thirdofthestiffnessofsteel.10、copperisknownfitshighthermal(熱導(dǎo)熱導(dǎo)性)electricalconductivity.11、cryst
12、alstructure:bodycenteredcubicstructure(barium)facecenteredcubicstructure(copper)hexagonalclosepackedstructure(zinc)二、CERAMIC（陶瓷陶瓷）1、Thepropertyofceramics（陶瓷的性質(zhì)陶瓷的性質(zhì)）?Extremehardness（硬度高硬度高）?Heatresistance?Crosionresistan
13、ce?Lowelectricalthermalconductivity?Lowductility(brittleness)2、Posity（孔隙度孔隙度）Openposity:referstothewkofpesinamaterialthatisopentothesurfaceintowhichaliquidsuchaswatercanperateifthepartweresubmergedinit。Closedposity:refer
14、stothosepesthathavebecomesealedwithinthegrainstructure。initiation(birth)鏈引發(fā)propagation(growth)鏈增長termination(death)鏈終止TerminationReaction:Terminationtypicallyoccursintwoways:combination(偶合終止偶合終止)disproptionate(歧化終止歧化終止)C
15、ombinationoccurswhenthepolymer’sgrowthisstoppedbyfreeelectronsfromtwogrowingchainsthatjoinfmasinglechain.反應(yīng)式Disproptionationhaltsthepropagationreactionwhenafreeradicalstripsahydrogenatomfromanactivechain.Acarboncarbondou
16、blebondtakestheplaceofthemissinghydrogen.反應(yīng)式Livingpolymerization:Thereexistsatypeofadditionpolymerizationthatdoesnotundergoaterminationreaction.Thissocalled“l(fā)ivingpolymerization”continuesuntilthemonomersupplyhasbeenexhau
17、stedPolymersvaryintheirmechanicalbehavidependingonthedegreeofcrystallinitydegreeofcrosslinkingthevaluesofTgTm.Therearetwotypesofplastics：—flexibleplastics（柔性塑料）（柔性塑料）rigidplastics（剛性塑（剛性塑料）料）.Theflexibleplasticspossessmo
18、deratetohighdegreesofcrystallinityawiderangeofTmTgvalues.Theyhavemoderatetohightensilestrengthsultimateelongation.Therigidplasticshavehighmodulimoderatetohightensilestrengthstheyundergoverysmallelongationsbeferupturing.T
19、mpoltofmelttemperatureTgglasstransitiontemperatureTgTm=0.50.8AhighlyflexiblechainhasalowTgstrongintermolecularfcestendtoraiseTgalsoincreasecrystallinitythecontrollingfactindeterminingTgischainflexibility六、COMPOSITE（復(fù)合材料）
20、（復(fù)合材料）DefinitionofComposite（復(fù)合材料的定義復(fù)合材料的定義）?Acompositeisacombinedmaterialcreatedbythesyntheticassemblyoftwomecomponentsaedfillerreinfcingagentacompatiblematrix(基體)binder(e.g.aresin)indertoobtainspecificacteristicspropert
21、ies.AdvantagesofusingComposites:Compositesaresuperitometalsfmanyapplicationsdueto（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）?Highstrengths?Stiffnesses?Easeofmouldingcomplexshapes?Highenvironmentalresistance?LowdensitiesThepropertiesofthecompositearedeterm
22、inedby:?Thepropertiesofthefibre?Thepropertiesoftheresin?Theratiooffibertoresininthecomposite(FiberVolumeFraction(FVF))?ThegeometryientationofthefibresinthecompositeMatrixcomposite（基復(fù)合材料基復(fù)合材料）PolymerMatrixCompositesMetalM
23、atrixCompositesCeramicMatrixComposites.（樹脂基復(fù)合材料、金屬基復(fù)樹脂基復(fù)合材料、金屬基復(fù)合材料、陶瓷基復(fù)合材料。合材料、陶瓷基復(fù)合材料。）Physicalproperties:（物理性質(zhì)物理性質(zhì)）whichdescribethebehaviofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperatureelectricmagicfieldslightChemicalprop
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