《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)》ppt課件

1、語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn),,,I 語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論 II 語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要分支學(xué)科 III 語(yǔ)言學(xué)的流派和理論,I 語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論,1. design feature of language（語(yǔ)言的定義特征） 2. Language Families (世界語(yǔ)言分類(lèi)) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics

2、 (語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范圍),,1. design feature of language（語(yǔ)言的定義特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication,1. design feature of language語(yǔ)言定義特征,1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duali

3、ty(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)Cultural Transmission(文化傳遞性),,1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 定義：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 舉例：書(shū), book, livre喜歡，li

4、ke，aimer,,2）Duality（二層性）: 定義：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.舉例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases >

5、clauses > sentences> texts/discourses,,3） Creativity/Productivity（創(chuàng)造性）: 定義：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 舉例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park舉例2：England, defeated, FranceEn

6、gland defeated France.France defeated England.,,4）Displacement（替代性）: 定義：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.,,5） Cultural Transmission（文化傳遞性）:

7、定義：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩,3. Design feature 定義特征,1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacemen

8、t（移位性）5)Cultural Transmission(文化傳遞性) 如何記憶: 五性，創(chuàng)意遺傳,,4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)重要的概念)1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic3) langue & parole4) competence

9、& performance,,1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （規(guī)定性） Descriptive: describing how things are.prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,舉例：Don't say X.People d

10、on't say X.The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.,,2). Synchronic（共時(shí)性） vs. Diachronic （歷時(shí)性）synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the

11、study of a language through the course of its history.,,舉例：研究1800年的英語(yǔ)發(fā)音 Synchronic studies (共時(shí)性研究)研究1800-1900的法語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法變化Diachronic studies (歷時(shí)研究),2. 世界語(yǔ)言分類(lèi),2. 世界語(yǔ)言分類(lèi),,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,3). langue（語(yǔ)言）

12、 & parole （言語(yǔ)）Theorist：Saussure（索緒爾）, father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic systemparole: actual realization of langue,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,舉例：漢語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)langue每個(gè)中國(guó)人在不同具體場(chǎng)景中說(shuō)出的具體話

13、語(yǔ)parole,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,4) Competence（語(yǔ)言能力） and performance （語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用）theorist: Chomsky(喬姆斯基) competence: user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system.performance: the actual realizat

14、ion of this knowledge in concrete situations.,,5. Scope of Linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范圍)1）按研究?jī)?nèi)容來(lái)分2）按研究導(dǎo)向來(lái)分,語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類(lèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分,語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類(lèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分,,語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類(lèi)-按研究導(dǎo)向分,語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類(lèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分,語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類(lèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分,,考點(diǎn): 1.語(yǔ)音學(xué)(phonetics)和音系學(xué)(phonology)的定義和區(qū)別2.語(yǔ)音學(xué)重要概

15、念: 清音和濁音3.音系學(xué)重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征,,Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pa

16、tterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 區(qū)別: meaning(是否研究和表達(dá)意義有關(guān)的語(yǔ)音）,,舉例:too 和 tea 中的 /t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí), 舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部語(yǔ)音學(xué)要研究這種/t/發(fā)音的不同之處, 音系學(xué)不研究,Phonetics stu

17、dies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.,語(yǔ)音學(xué)分類(lèi),articulatory phonetics(發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)): speaker’s production acoustic phonetics（聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)）: transmission’s mediumauditory phonetics(聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)): receiver’s receptio

18、n,,如何記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:聯(lián)想: mathematics, physics, mechanics phonetics 語(yǔ)言學(xué)，-ics科學(xué)性更強(qiáng) geology, sociology, astrology phonology 音系學(xué)，-ology人文性更強(qiáng),How speech sounds are made

19、,Speech organs,,Position of the vocal folds(聲帶): voicing(濁音) and voiceless (清音),,Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction 清音舉例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced

20、（濁音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrates 濁音: [b,z,d],,The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vow

21、els, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.,,音系學(xué)定義：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communica

22、tion. 音系學(xué)重要概念: phone音子，phoneme音位 (音系研究的基本單位)supra-segmental features超音段特征,,Phone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones 舉例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí), 舌位更靠

23、近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/兩個(gè)不同的音子,,Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. 舉例： tea

24、和 sea, /t/和/s/是兩個(gè)不同的音位morpheme,,What is the point of departure of phonology?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme,,What is the point of departure of phonology?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme(音位),,What is the poin

25、t of departure of phonetics?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme,,What is the point of departure of phonetics?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme,Suprasegmental features (超音段特征),Suprasegmental features: phonemic fea

26、tures that occur above the level of the segments . The principal suprasegmentals are:,,Supra-segmental features (超音段特征)： stress （重音）舉例: perfect (adj) 和 perfect (v)tone (聲調(diào))/pitch (音高): 定義: sound feature which are ca

27、used by the differing rate of vibration of the vocal folds.舉例: mā媽, má麻, m?馬， mà罵比較：英語(yǔ)單詞，如me,,intonation （語(yǔ)調(diào)）：pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. 舉例:

28、,Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué),1. 學(xué)科定義2. 語(yǔ)素的定義和分類(lèi)3. 詞的分類(lèi)（classification of words）,形態(tài)學(xué)研究的基本單位,1. morpheme(語(yǔ)素）. The most basic element of meaning in language，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering

29、 its meaning.舉例：ball football balls,,Types of Morphemes,Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemes（自由語(yǔ)素和黏著語(yǔ)素）: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, tab

30、le, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.,Types of Bound Morpheme,Inflectional morpheme (屈折語(yǔ)素)=inflectional affix(屈折詞綴)：change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense

31、) Derivational morpheme（派生語(yǔ)素）=inflectional affix (派生詞綴）: change the lexical meaning,,dis+like+s derivational free inflectional morpheme,,,,,light+en+ed free derivational inflectional morpheme,,

32、,,,Derivational morpheme(改變?cè)~義): 改變?cè)~義：dis-, un-, multi-, micro-改變?cè)~性：en-, -full, -mentInflectional morpheme（改變語(yǔ)法含義）:改變名稱(chēng)的性，數(shù)，格：-ess, -s,改變動(dòng)詞的時(shí), 態(tài)，體: -ing, -ed, 改變形容詞的級(jí)：-er, -est,詞的分類(lèi)-按構(gòu)詞法分,,如何區(qū)分派生詞（derivational wor

33、d）和 合成詞(compound word) : 拆開(kāi)后看各個(gè)組成的語(yǔ)素能否都單獨(dú)成詞，如果可以，就是合成詞，如果不能就是派生詞。Businessman: business + manPlayboy: play + boy Mouthful: mouth + fulLighten: light + en,詞的分類(lèi)-按詞義分,詞的分類(lèi)-按開(kāi)放性分,詞的分類(lèi)-按在句子重要性分,,Syntax 句法,考點(diǎn)1. 定義2. 句法范疇

34、3. 句子類(lèi)型,,1. Syntax定義：: studies internal structure of sentence and rules of sentence-formation,,Category(范疇): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as sente

35、nce, a noun phrase or a verb (起相同作用的一類(lèi)語(yǔ)言單位)Syntactical category(句法范疇): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in sentence-formation. （在句子構(gòu)成中起相同作用的一類(lèi)語(yǔ)言單位）,Syntactical category(句法范疇),Wor

36、d-----------lexical categoryPhrase---------phrasal categoryClause---------clausal categorySentence,Lexical Category 詞法范疇=Parts of Speech 詞類(lèi),,,phrase specifier head complement a

37、 car five meters away,72,Sentence Types(句子類(lèi)型),simple Sentence complexnon-simple compound,,,,4. 句子分類(lèi)：Simple sentence 簡(jiǎn)單句Coordinate sentence 并列句Complex sentence 復(fù)雜句,,si

38、mple sentence 簡(jiǎn)單句定義：also called independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.,,練習(xí)：Jim and Mike play football every afternoon. (simple sentence) Mary goes to the library a

39、nd studies every day. (coordinate sentence),,coordinate sentence并列句: contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并列連詞) such as and, or, but etc. Coordinators are often preceded by a comma. 例句: I tried

40、to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  Lily went to play football, but Maria went shopping.,,You have to do it one way or the other.Simple sentenceThe workers were cheerful, or at least they a

41、ppeared to be cheerful.Coordinate sentence,,complex sentence 定義：A complex sentence has an independent clause joined with one or more dependent clauses by one or more subordinators(從屬連詞) such as if, when, because, altho

42、ug.,,As he is growing old, he seldom goes out.He is growing old, whereas he becomes healthier.如何區(qū)分并列和復(fù)雜句---看連詞表示的關(guān)系 并列，選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系---并列句時(shí)間，條件，原因和讓步關(guān)系---復(fù)雜句,Semantics,考點(diǎn)：1. 定義：study of meaning2. 兩種基本意義：reference指稱(chēng)和sense

43、涵義3. 五種詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’. Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.Reference（指稱(chēng)）: how lan

44、guage refers to the real physical world (語(yǔ)言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense（涵義）: inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (語(yǔ)言形式的內(nèi)在意義),,conceptsymbolizes

45、 refers tosymbol referent(word) stands for (object),,,,Synonymy 同義,Synonymy 同義: sameness or similarity of meaning. Words that are c

46、lose in meaning are called synonyms.,同義分類(lèi)舉例,dialectical synonym地域同義詞：舉例: fall and autumn, flat and apartment stylistic synonym風(fēng)格同義詞：舉例: cop and police, kid and offspringcollocational synonym搭配同義詞：舉例: accuse of, char

47、ge with, rebuke forSemantically different synonym語(yǔ)義稍有不同的同義詞: 舉例: surprise and astound, blame and rebuke,Antonymy 反義,Antonymy 反義: oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. Antonym

48、y 反義關(guān)系分類(lèi)：gradable antonymy 等級(jí)反義complementary antonymy互補(bǔ)反義converse antonymy反向反義,Gradable antonymy等級(jí)反義,young --------middle-aged--------------- oldbig --------middle-sized--------------- smallgood-------------average-

49、----------------bad,Complementary antonymy互補(bǔ)反義,alive : deadmale : femalepresent : absentinnocent : guilty,odd : evenpass : failboy : girlhit : miss,Converse antonymy反向反義,buy : selllend : borrowgive : receivepare

50、nt : childhusband : wife,teacher : studentabove : belowbefore : afterhost : guestemployer : employee,Hyponymy 上下義關(guān)系,Hyponymy上下義: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more sp

51、ecific word.Superordinate/hypernym上義詞: the more general termHyponym下義詞: the more specific term,,舉例:hypernym上義詞: animal Hyponym下義詞: bird, fish, tiger, cat如何記憶:hyper---向上 hype 炒作 hypo---向下 hypothesis 假設(shè),Anima

52、lbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ...,,,,,,,,,,,Polysemy 一詞多義,Polysemy: the same one word has more than one meaning. Such a word is called polysem

53、ic word.舉例:Fish:1. 魚(yú)2. 魚(yú)肉3. 水生動(dòng)物4. 捕魚(yú)5. 尋找,,Homonymy同音/同形異義詞 : words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Identical in sound: homophones 同音詞

54、Identical in spelling: homograph 同形詞Identical in both: complete homonyms 同音同形詞,,homophones 同音詞：舉例: knight and night, piece and peace homograph 同形詞舉例: tear (v) and tear (n), lead (v) and lead (n)complete homonym

55、s 同音同形詞: fast (adj) and fast (n),,如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象: beauty, fish, ball, scalebeauty: 美麗；美女fish: 魚(yú)；魚(yú)肉；水生動(dòng)物；捕魚(yú)；尋找ball: 球；舞會(huì)scale: 規(guī)模；魚(yú)鱗 看其多個(gè)意義之間是否有關(guān)聯(lián)，如果有就是一詞多義，沒(méi)有就是同音同形詞,Pragmatics 語(yǔ)用學(xué),考點(diǎn):定義和與語(yǔ)義學(xué)的區(qū)別：study of

56、 meaning in context or in use言語(yǔ)行為理論（兩位理論家和三種行為）會(huì)話原則,2. Speech Act Theory,John Austin (1911-1960)How to Do Things with Words (1962)Main Idea: things can be done with words,Constatives(敘事句) vs. performatives（施為句）Const

57、atives（敘事句）: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: I go to the park every Sunday.I teach English.,,Performatives（施為句）: utterances which a

58、re used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.,Three Speech Acts (

59、三種言語(yǔ)行為),A locutionary act (言?xún)?nèi)行為): the act of uttering words, phrase, sentences. It is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act（言外行為）: an act of expression speak

60、er’s intention; it is an act performed in saying something.A perlocutionary act（言后行為）: the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.,三種話語(yǔ)行為-舉例,老師對(duì)學(xué)生說(shuō): You have left the door open.Locutionary

61、 act(言?xún)?nèi)行為): the act of uttering the words of “you”, “have”, “l(fā)eft”, “the”, “door”, “open”Illocutinary act(言外行為): the act of expressing the teacher’s intention of asking the student to close the door.Perlocutionary act(

62、言后行為): the effect of the utterance: student goes to close the door,103,Illocutionary Act Theory,美國(guó)哲學(xué)家John Searle (約翰-塞爾， 1932-)在Austin理論基礎(chǔ)上把言外行為進(jìn)一步分為5類(lèi)：陳述（assertives），指示(directives)，承諾(commissives)，表達(dá)(expressives)，宣告（d

63、eclaratives）,Conversational Implicature（會(huì)話含義理論）,Theorist：英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Herbert Paul Grice (格萊斯，1913-1988)Main Idea: People do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.,The Cooperative Principle (CP，合作原則),Maxim of

64、Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）,The Cooperative Principle (CP，合作原則),Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say something if you lack ade

65、quate evidence;Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）,,Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）：Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of the ex

66、change).Do not make your contribution more informative than required. Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）,,Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）：Be relative.Maxim of Manner（

67、方式準(zhǔn)則）,,Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner(方式準(zhǔn)則)： Be perspicuous.Avoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.,Macro-Linguistics宏觀語(yǔ)言學(xué),,,Sociol

68、inguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)1.定義2.語(yǔ)言變體 language variety3.雙語(yǔ),,Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)1定義：The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures i