[雙語翻譯]移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)外文翻譯—印度尼西亞的數(shù)字鴻溝和移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)智能手機(jī)的影響（原文）

1、Digital divides and mobile Internet in Indonesia: Impact of smartphonesLia Puspitasari a,1, Kenichi Ishii b,?a Judicial Commission of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia b University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japana r t i c l e i n

2、 f oArticle history:Received 14 March 2015Received in revised form 2 November 2015Accepted 2 November 2015Available online 6 November 2015Keywords:Mobile InternetLeapfroggingDigital divideFeature phoneSmartphoneIndonesia

3、a b s t r a c tMobile leapfrogging refers to the process by which new Internet users access the Internetusing mobile phones and not PCs. This study examines how and whether mobile phonesnarrow the digital divide among In

4、donesian people at four levels (device ownership,Internet adoption, use, and information acquisition). A self-administered questionnairesurvey was conducted in three large cities in Indonesia (N = 605). The results indic

5、atedthat, at different levels, younger and more educated people utilize mobile Internet, espe-cially via smartphones. In contrast, feature phones are owned by less educated and olderpeople regardless of income level, but

6、 Internet usage on such phones is more prevalentamong younger and more educated people. Moreover, the adoption of the PC-basedInternet promotes the ownership of smartphones. These results indicate that mobileleapfrogging

7、 is the case only with the ownership of feature phones. Furthermore, in com-parison with feature phones, smartphones and personal computers are more associatedwith information handling capacity in daily life. These findi

8、ngs suggest that ICT literacyeducation is important, and one should not be optimistic about the mobile Internet’s pro-spects for narrowing the digital divide in developing countries.? 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserv

9、ed.1. Introduction1.1. Digital divides and mobile leapfroggingMobile communication technologies have major impact on day-to-day life in the world. Recently several significant stud- ies examined the effect of mobile tech

10、nologies on digital divides in the developed countries (Brown et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2015; Mascheroni and Olafsson 2015; Park, 2015; Pearce and Rice, 2013). However, only few studies have investigated the digital divi

11、des in the developing counties where wired Internet is limited. It is expected that mobile Internet can play more important role in developing countries. Telecommunication policy makers in the developing countries are in

12、terested in the possibility of the ‘‘mobile leapfrogging”, the process by which new Internet users access the Internet using mobile phones skipping the wired Internet connection. Abud (2012) has argued that mobile phones

13、 can be used as a tool for leapfrogging the digital divide in Indonesia. The geographical digital divide was reduced with the introduction of mobile telecommuni- cations (Loo and Ngan, 2012).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.t

14、ele.2015.11.0010736-5853/? 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.? Corresponding author at: Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.E-mail addresses: sari

15、puspita.lia@gmail.com, lia@komisiyudisial.go.id (L. Puspitasari), ishii@sk.tsukuba.ac.jp (K. Ishii).1 Present address: Judicial Commission of Indonesia, Jl. Kramat Raya No. 57, Senen, Central Jakarta 10450, Indonesia.Tel

16、ematics and Informatics 33 (2016) 472–483Contents lists available at ScienceDirectTelematics and Informaticsjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/teleInternet use has been narrowing among developed countries (Ishii,

17、2008; Lopez et al., 2013; van Dijk and Hacker, 2003) and the gap between developed and developing countries has also shrunken (James, 2009), differences among individuals in acquisition of skills and usage are likely to

18、persist (Van Deursen and Van Dijk, 2010; Van Dijk and Hacker, 2003). Before the advent of digital media, the knowledge gap hypothesis was widely studied, focusing on the effects of TV and newspapers on knowledge levels.

19、These studies revealed that the growth of knowledge was relatively greater among the highly educated people (Tichenor et al., 1970). In contrast to the gap studied in the knowledge gap hypothesis, digital divides can tak

20、e more complicated forms, including the use of different devices, extent of usage, and engagement in different Inter- net activities (Pearce and Rice, 2013). As compared with the mass media (TV and newspapers), use of th

21、e Internet requires a much more active and skilled user (Bonfadelli, 2002). Many previous studies on the digital divide examined the effect of socio-demographics on usage and skills of the Internet (Bonfadelli, 2002; Har

22、gittai, 2010; Pearce and Rice, 2013). Hargittai (2010) argued that students of lower socioeconomic status, women, students of Hispanic origin, and African Amer- icans exhibited lower levels of Web know-how, even controll

23、ing for Internet access. Hargittai (2002) also revealed significant differences in online skills, particularly by age, prior experience with technology, and educational level. These findings sug- gest that the digital di

24、vide occurs at the usage and skill levels as well as with the ownership of the devices. The divide of unequal motivation and physical Internet access had evolved into Internet skills and usage divides (Van Deursen and Va

25、n Dijk, 2010; van Dijk, 2014). These divides are recognized as ‘‘second-level digital divides,” which refers to the gaps in usage skills that can persist even after the divides of physical Internet access have been reduc

26、ed (Hargittai, 2002). These studies suggest that multiple divides are expected to follow a sequence, in that the first-level (ownership) digital divides precede the second-level (skills and usage) digital divides. To exp

27、lore the digital divide, several studies have examined the determinants of mobile Internet use at an individual level. For example, in Thailand, price, lack of fixed telephony, and age are positively associated with the

28、adoption of mobile Internet (Srinuan et al., 2012). Rice and Katz (2003) proved that several digital divides exist with respect to both the Internet and mobile phone usage in Armenia. The diffusion of innovation theory p

29、redicts that the adoption of new technology, includ- ing PC-based Internet, is positively correlated with education and income levels and negatively with age (Rogers, 2003). However, inconsistent with this theory, educat

30、ion and income levels are not as highly correlated with mobile phone use as with PC use, whereas several studies argue that age is the more important determinant of mobile phone use as part of the worldwide youth mobile

31、culture (Ishii, 2004, 2009; Katz and Aakhus, 2002). It is also found that access to the mobile Internet does not increase the likelihood of its use for ‘‘capital enhancing,” although mobile Internet is available for the

32、‘‘in- formation poor” in Armenia (Pearce and Rice, 2013). These studies suggest that mobile Internet is not a simple substitute for PC-based Internet. Similar to Indonesian people, Japanese people prefer to use mobile ph

33、ones over PCs in order to connect with the Internet. However, some address that mobile Internet is not as effective as PC-based Internet for users to become information literate, because mobile Internet-only users are sk

34、illed in the operation of terminals, but not skilled in ‘‘information handling” which is actively using information, such as selecting, collecting, processing, and sending information, including non-digital infor- mation

35、 (Kimura, 2001). It should be noted that information handling capacity covers information literacy in daily life forTable 2Comparison of mobile Internet users by device in Indonesia.Feature phone users(N = 55)Smartphone

36、users(N = 265)Both feature phone and smartphoneusers (N = 76)F valueWeekly frequency of mobileInternet use4.17 6.12 5.32 20.3***Use of Facebook (%) 74.2% 93.3% 89.7% Chi-square = 19.8***Use of Twitter (%) 33.9% 71.2% 67.

37、9% Chi-square = 31.1***Entertainment-use level 2.04 2.17 2.15 1.02Business-use level 1.63 2.10 2.12 11.02***Table 1Household ownership rate of devices in Southeast Asian countries (%).Countries DevicesDesktop computer No

38、tebook/laptop/netbook Internet-capable mobile phone Tablet computerIndonesia 31 29 78 2Malaysia 77 79 77 18Philippines 68 58 64 17Singapore 74 86 85 23Thailand 70 61 77 26Vietnam 75 25 32 N/ANote: From Nielsen (2011).474