漢晉知識研究——關于中國古代知識分類之演變的考察.pdf

1、內容提要自?？浦?，知識分類成為西方學術界、思想界最為關注的問題，探討“知、權力”體。。構成的學科規(guī)。。研究在當今西方世界十分興盛鄉(xiāng)本文正是一項關于中國知識分類的歷史研究史19學術至漢晉之間的呂旦之際而王變，知識的內容和結構也發(fā)生了根本性變化，本文旨在通過對漢晉時期各種知識內容的研究，揭示其時知識的分類和結構的巨大變化，并討論影響知識分類的原因。漢武帝設立五經(jīng)博士，奠定了漢代經(jīng)學全盛的新局面。五經(jīng)博士各立師法，開創(chuàng)并規(guī)范了國家教育，導向

2、了五經(jīng)知識的普及。經(jīng)學知識廣為傳播而成為整個社會的根本知識。i漢代經(jīng)學的發(fā)展一方面使儒學最終成為國家意識形態(tài)另一方面，也使得經(jīng)學的文獻考據(jù)學興盛發(fā)達。食方經(jīng)學家以發(fā)明章句、闡發(fā)大義微言為正途，借助經(jīng)學的語言為現(xiàn)實政治服務。積極入世的學者也遵循儒家學說，通經(jīng)致用，努力以經(jīng)學知識為國家政治出力。這種狀況的極端發(fā)展是東漢時期俄緯的極度膨脹和對現(xiàn)實政治的迎合解說。隨著經(jīng)學學術研究的深入，在經(jīng)學的具體傳承中，各種不同的文本、解釋紛紛出現(xiàn)，民間經(jīng)學

3、家以古文經(jīng)的發(fā)現(xiàn)為由頭，依靠話訓的傳經(jīng)形式，越來越關注經(jīng)文本本身的研究，民間非官方的經(jīng)學研究逐漸成為經(jīng)學研究的主體。鄭玄遍注群經(jīng)，標志著中國學術以文字訓話、文獻考據(jù)根本方法的確立。)由于漢代經(jīng)學的極度發(fā)展，作為經(jīng)學教育研究基礎和工具的童蒙之學小學廣為普及‘畢其是因為注重文獻考據(jù)研究方法的古學的出現(xiàn)和興盛，訓ii$文字、音韻等項專業(yè)化發(fā)展，小學的概念也完全演變成為知識的專門，并基本形成了其內部分科。在作為漢代經(jīng)學的童蒙教育的《爾雅》的基礎

4、上發(fā)展了訓話和音韻專門之學在識字讀物如《史箱《蒼領》、《急就》等基礎上逐漸則發(fā)展出收字較為全面的字書，《說文解字》在此以及古文經(jīng)文字的基礎上研究分析文字，從而開倉11了中國文字學棄、漢白虎觀會議后，儒學思想成為國家意識形態(tài)，此后傳統(tǒng)中國的國家教育內容始終是借托于五經(jīng)的儒晉國家重建儒學教育，儒學為現(xiàn)實政治服務的目的進一步強化。王肅以弘揚宗旨，以孔子為圣人，對群經(jīng)進行倫理道德化解釋，反對截緯感應學說的神秘經(jīng)解，重建了魏晉儒學的基礎。鄭沖為文

5、化專制的儒學政治效命服務，不惜偽造《古文尚書》。晉代儒學完全成為現(xiàn)實政治的工具，儒家理想中的三年喪禮學說，被直接應用于國家禮制，導引了儒家禮教向制度化強制性的法律轉化的進程。魏晉時期，浮華名士互相標榜，結成小團體，清談玄遠，浮華名士的清談辯論造就了玄學流派。作為形上學，玄學思辨較之儒學SummarySinceMicheiFoucaultknowledgeclassifyhavebeenbecomingamostconcernedprob

6、lemineasternacademiccircleandideologycircle.Thesubjectandregulationresearchofprobinginto“KnowledgePower“systemisveryflourishinginupdateeasternworld.ThispaperisahistoricalresearchaboutChineseknowledgeclassify.Chineseacade

7、michaschangedverymuchduringHanDynastyandJindynastythecontentsandstructureofknowledgehaschangefundamentallyThewriterthroughthestudyonallkindsofknowledgecontentduringHanandJinperiodopenoutthemagnitudechangesofclassicificat

8、ionandstructureofknowledgeanddiscussthereasonsefectingtheknowledgeclassify.HanWuDi’ssetingupfiveclassicsDoctorestablishedthenewsituationofclassicsstudyinHanDynasty.FiveClassicsDoctorsetupthetheirregulationcreatedandstand

9、ardedthecountryeducationleadthepopularizationofFiveClassicknowledgeofConfucianismspreadedandbecametheessentialknowledgeinallsociety.OntheonehandthedevelopmentofHandynastysClassicsstudymadetheConfucianismStudybecomethecou

10、ntrysideologyatlastOntheotherhandmadephilologyandtextualresearchoftheClassicsStudydevelop.OfficialClassicistclarifiedthechapterandsentenceexplainedpurposemakeuseofClassicsStudy`slanguagetoserviceforrealisticpolitics.Posi

11、tivescholarsalsoobeytheConfucianismstudymastertheclassicsanddevotetheirknowledge.ThissituationexceedingdevelopmentistheprophecysextremeexpandandcaterexplicationtealisticpoliticsduringDongHanperiod.WiththedeepresearchofCl

12、assicsStudyamongthedetailedinheritofClassicsStudyallkindsoftextcommentateemergedoneafteranothercivilianClassicistbasedonthediscoveringGuWenClassicsdependedonthemethodofannotationmoreandmoreconcernedtheresearchingoftextci

13、viliannonoficialClassicsStudyhasbecomethemainbodyofresearchofClassicsStudy.ZhengXuansannotatingmanyClassicsisthesymbolofestablishingtheessentialmethodofletersannotationandphilologytextualresearchofChineseacademic.Because

14、oftheextremedevelopmentofClassicsStudyinHanDynastytheprimaryeducationwhichisthebaseandtoolsofClassicsStudyeducationbecamepopularespeciallytheGuWenStudysemergedandprosperedwhichisconcernedphilologytextualresearchannotatio

15、nleter.phonologyandetc.specializationlydevelopedtheconceptofprimaryeducationalsobecameaprofessionalknowledgeandformtheinnerclassifiedsubjectbasically.Baseonthe((ErYa))whichisprimaryeducationofClassicStudyofHanDynastydeve

16、lopedtheannotationandphonologyandbaseonliteracydocumentsuchas(ShiLiu)WangJi))((JiJiu)developedthedictionarywhichsearchforthewordsroundlybasedonthisandGuWenClassicsleter，RShuoWenJieZi))analyzeletercreatedChineseliteralstu

17、dy.AfterBaiFuGuangmeetingConfucianismthoughtbecamethecountryideologyanduponthisthecontentoftraditionalChinesecountryeducationisalwaysConfucianismrelyingonFiveClassics.DuringWeiJindynastygovernmentsetupConfucianismeducati

18、onstrengthenthegoalofservicingtherealisticpolitics.WangShuhadaimofdevelopingConfucianmadeConfucianassaintexplainedtheClassicsethicallyandmorallyobjectedthemysticnoteofprophecyandrespondentdoctrineresetupthebasicofConfuci