外文翻譯--改變輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容

1、<p>　　本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p><b>　　翻譯資料</b></p><p>　　英文題目：Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators accord- ing to operators</p><p>　　中文題目：改變輪式裝載機(jī)

2、和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　班 級(jí)： </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師：

3、 </p><p>　　Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators according to operators</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Comfort plays an increasingly impo

4、rtant role in interior design of earth moving equipment. Although research has been conducted on vehicle interiors of wheel loa- ders and excavators, hardly any information is known about the operator’s opinion. In this

5、study a questionnaire was completed by machine operators to get their opinion about aspects which need to be improved in order to design a more comfortable vehi- cle interior. The results show that almost half of the ope

6、rators rate the comfort of</p><p>　　Keywords: Cabin comfort; Operators’ opinion; Earth moving equipment.</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Comfort plays an increasingly important ro

7、le in vehicle design. As machine operators of earth moving equipment often spend long hours in their vehicle— some- times even more than 8 h a day—comfort is a major issue in interior design of these machines.Operating e

8、arth-moving machinery is not a physically heavy job and can be sustained for long periods.Nevertheless, operating such a machine appears to be a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders, especially when the task is not

9、interrupted by oth</p><p>　　A comfortable well-designed vehicle interior may reduce awkward postures and provide an environment that stimulates optimal operator performance. Based on a literature review abou

10、t musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors, Zimmerman et al. (1997) made four recommendations for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders among operators: minimizing of magnitude and frequency of vibratio

11、n rea- ching the operator; locating controls optimally to minimize reach distances, trunk ?exion and </p><p>　　However, in order to design a comfortable vehicle interior, the opinion of the operators is impo

12、rtant as they are the end-users of the machines. Their user expe- rience may be of great help designing a more comfortable vehicle interior. The aim of the current study is to ?nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and ex

13、cavator ope- rators, which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in the future. In this article we describe the results of a questionnaire given to 273 machine operat</p><p><b>　　2. M

14、ethod</b></p><p>　　2.1. Subjects</p><p>　　A convenience sample was obtained through approaching operators visiting Ba- uma (the world’s largest exhibition for construction equipment). Most

15、 of the parti- cipants were wheel loader operators (n = 61) and excavator operators (n=212). The others (n = 65) were operators of several construction machines (e.g., mobile cranes, dozers, tower cranes, off-road trucks

16、). Only the results for wheel loader and excava- tor operators are presented in this article, as they account for 18% and 62.7% of the</p><p>　　2.2. Questionnaire</p><p>　　Data were collected by

17、 means of a questionnaire which was completed during an interview. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: (1) characteristics of the population, (2) evaluation of the current machine being operated, and (3) futu

18、re de- mands on earthmoving machinery. In the ?rst part we asked the operator’s age, years of experience as operator, the kind of machinery being operated and its age. In the se- cond part of the questionnaire, operators

19、 evaluated their machine by rating ove</p><p>　　2.3. Data analysis</p><p>　　Data were sorted by machine type, after which the responses of wheel loader operators and excavator operators were sep

20、arately analyzed. Within these groups, operators of older machinery (≥4 years old) were separated from operators of newer machinery (〈4 years old). In addition, the categories ‘‘very good’’ and‘‘good’’ were combined (‘‘v

21、ery good/good’’) and the categories ‘‘a(chǎn)verage’’ and ‘‘poor’’ were com- bined(‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’).</p><p>　　Frequency tables were made of the operators opinions about overall machine comfort and about their opi

22、nions about speci?c parts of their machines. Chi-square was calculated between age of machine and overall comfort and between age of ma- chine and the operators’ opinion of speci?c parts of the machine. We assumed that i

23、f fewer than 80% of the operators rated a part of the machine ‘‘good/very good’’, im- provement of this part could contribute to a more comfortable vehicle interior. In part thre</p><p>　　3. Results</p>

24、;<p>　　3.1. Characteristics of the population</p><p>　　Both the wheel loader operators (mean age: 36.5±9.4 years) and the excavator operators (mean age: 36.3±9.3 years) who participated in t

25、his study, were experien- ced with a mean of 12.3 (±8.1) and 13.4 (±9.2) years of service, respectively. Half of the operators operate machines less than 4 years old (53% of the wheel loader and 50% of the exc

26、avator operators).</p><p>　　3.2. Evaluation of current machine</p><p>　　57.4% of wheel loader operators and 55.9% of the excavator operators rated the overall cabin comfort‘‘good/very good’’. It

27、 shows that operators of newer machinery (<4 years old) rated the overall cab comfort as ‘‘good/very good’’ more often than operators of older machines (≥4 years old). This was found both among wheel load- ers (χ2(1)=

28、8.5,p<0.04) and among excavators (χ2(1)=23.0,p<0.001).Seventy-eight percent of the operators driving wheel loaders less than 4 years old, rated the comfort of th</p><p>　　3.3. Future demands</p>

29、<p>　　The participants generated 467 items desired to improve the machine’s comfort. We classi?ed these aspects into 15 categories (see Table 2). It shows which features should be improved according to the operator

30、s. Seat comfort, climate control and ac- cessories are often mentioned for both wheel loaders (20%, 12%,15%, resp.) and ex- cavators (21%, 19%, 12%, resp.).Excavator operators also mention cab design (inc- luding dimensi

31、ons, ingress/egress; 19%).</p><p>　　The aspects considered most important to work well with the machine are sum- marized . Machine performance is by far the most important issue if we look at the averages. O

32、ther aspects like view and reliability play less important roles.</p><p>　　4. Discussion</p><p>　　The aim of the current study was to ?nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator operator

33、s which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in future. In order to ?nd these aspects, we asked questions about three issues.</p><p>　　?about comfort of speci?c aspects of the cab (rating

34、on a four-point scale);</p><p>　　?about aspects necessary to improve the cab comfort (open question);</p><p>　　?about aspects important to work well with the machine (open question).</p>

35、<p>　　Excavator and wheel loader operators mentioned improved seat comfort, clim- ate control and accessories as ways to increase cab comfort. Excavator operators also mentioned cab design (including dimensions, ing

36、ress/egress). These aspects were al- so rated as‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators (except accessories be- cause this was not an item in the second part of the questionnaire). Other aspects wh- ich can be

37、 taken into account with cab design are those which operators mention a</p><p>　　In our study, we collected our data among visitors to the Bauma exhibition in 2001. The advantage of this collection method is

38、 that it is possible to reach a large group of operators within a short period of time, at the same time getting a large re- sponse, which would normally be very dif?cult. A disadvantage might be that the va- st majority

39、 of respondents were German which could mean that the results have a li- mited validity among operators in other countries. The German operators may have </p><p>　　Since we used a short questionnaire to coll

40、ect the data, no detailed information could be asked. The goal of our study was to get a global view on the operators’ opi- nion. The open questions gave the operators the opportunity to think open-minded which may rende

41、r valuable information. Open questions are less suitable for data an- alysis, because we needed to categorize answers. Inevitably information is lost in this process, but the goal of obtaining a global view was neverthel

42、ess achieved.</p><p>　　Our results show that seat comfort, climate control, accessories (for wheel load- ers and excavators) and cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress), view, and reliability (for

43、excavators only) are the aspects which can improve cab comfort. All these aspects are rated‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators and they a- re also mentioned as aspects which need improvement in order to in

44、crease cab com- fort. In our opinion designers should give priority to these items when redesign</p><p>　　When comparing excavators and wheel loaders, improving seat comfort is an is- sue for both wheel load

45、ers and excavators. Although seat comfort in excavators has been improved during recent years (see Table 1), improvements are still necessary. However,this is not easy as sitting comfort depends on many other factors mor

46、e or less related to seat design: e.g., adjustability of seat and controls, vibration and dam- ping, and view. For example, a bad view from the cabin can result in awkward body po</p><p>　　Beyond the common

47、aspect seat comfort, many differences exist between wheel loaders and excavators. One difference we found between the excavator and the wh- eel loader was that excavator cab design (including dimensions and ingress/egres

48、s) needs improvement. This difference may be explained by access and space. Firs- t,there is a difference in machine access with grips generally quite wide apart and steps to the cabin far from optimal, being either too

49、high or too narrow. Operators could experi</p><p>　　Another difference is that improving view can increase the cab comfort of the excavator. View is a very important aspect to work well with the excavator. T

50、he boo- m of the excavator has a wide range of motion and the operator needs to see the bu- cket for the full range. A comfortable cab provides a clear view of the work place and the bucket, without necessitating awkward

51、 postures.</p><p>　　In the introduction, we stated that comfort plays an important role in cab design. It is therefore interesting to ?nd that the operators did not mention comfort as one of the most importa

52、nt aspects to work well with the machine. They mentioned aspects such as the machine’s performance, reliability, view and operability. It seems that operators think ?rst about the basic requirements needed to perform the

53、ir task and apparently do not see comfort as one of them.</p><p>　　If we compare our results with the results of Nakada, (1997), in both studies the operator seat is ranked as important. Instrument panel, mo

54、nitors and meters are also ranked as important in Nakada’s study. In our study vibration, dashboard and disp- lays are high on the list of parts rated as ‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators, but they are n

55、ot seen as aspects that can improve cab comfort. Nakada’s study did not mention vibration at all. A reason for this may be that in our study</p><p>　　An increase in cab comfort has been achieved during recen

56、t years. From Table 1 it seems that wheel loaders have made progress on fewer aspects than excavators. But in fact, the improvements of speci?c aspects of wheel loaders (i.e., machine’s ap- pearance, climate control, and

57、 view) were of such a high level that these aspects were rated as ‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’ by fewer than 20% of the operators and are therefore not m- entioned in this table. However, 27.7% of the excavator operators and 25.0% o

58、f t</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　Operators do not mention cabin comfort as one of the most important aspects to work well with the machine, yet when asked about it almost half of the wheel lo

59、ader and excavator operators rate their cabin’s comfort as ‘‘a(chǎn)verage/poor’’. Cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides seat comfort, cab comfort of excavators can be improved by cha

60、nging the cab design (including dimensions,ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control, according to the opera</p><p>　　改變輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者</p><p><b>　　舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容</b></p&

61、gt;<p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　在國(guó)內(nèi)在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)中，舒適性的作用越來(lái)越重要。盡管研究已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的工具內(nèi)部，但是操作者對(duì)于此信息沒(méi)有任何解決辦法。在這項(xiàng)研究中，對(duì)機(jī)械操作者進(jìn)行了一次完全的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，以確定他們?yōu)榱嗽O(shè)計(jì)出更加舒適的交通工具內(nèi)部環(huán)境是需要改進(jìn)機(jī)器的那些方面。結(jié)果表明幾乎一半的操作者表示他們的機(jī)艙的舒適性“一

62、般”或是“很差”。根據(jù)操作者的意見(jiàn)，輪式裝載機(jī)的機(jī)艙內(nèi)的舒適性可以通過(guò)改變座位的舒適程度來(lái)增加。除了改進(jìn)座位的舒適程度，挖掘機(jī)的機(jī)艙的舒適性可以通過(guò)改變機(jī)艙的設(shè)計(jì)（包括尺寸規(guī)模，入口/出口尺寸），外觀，可靠性和氣候的控制來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)艙的舒適性，操作者的意見(jiàn)，在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備。</p><p><b>　　1．介紹</b></p>

63、;<p>　　在交通工具的設(shè)計(jì)中，舒適性所起的作用表現(xiàn)得越來(lái)越重要。在地球上移的機(jī)械設(shè)備的操作者經(jīng)常話大量的時(shí)間在他們的交通工具內(nèi)部，有時(shí)一天不僅僅呆8小時(shí)——在這些機(jī)器的內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題上，舒適性是一個(gè)主要的問(wèn)題。操縱在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備不是身體上的繁重的工作，而是需要長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持的工作。然而，操縱如此的機(jī)器對(duì)于骨骼肌肉的混亂是一種冒險(xiǎn)的因素，尤其當(dāng)工作沒(méi)有被其他活動(dòng)打斷或破壞。Zimmerman et al. (1997)指出在

64、地球上移動(dòng)的機(jī)械的操縱者所關(guān)注的主要問(wèn)題在于機(jī)體的疲勞，在頸部，肩部，以及背部區(qū)域，一般的疲勞和不舒服的感覺(jué)。這可以歸納為在長(zhǎng)期靜坐過(guò)程中的負(fù)荷作用的累積，這在別扭的姿勢(shì)下表現(xiàn)的更為頻繁，這些疲勞在整個(gè)身體的震動(dòng)，操縱和駕駛機(jī)器的過(guò)程中完全暴露出來(lái)。</p><p>　　一個(gè)較為舒適的車(chē)輛內(nèi)部的工作環(huán)境可以減少笨拙的姿勢(shì)，并能提供一個(gè)促使操縱者達(dá)到最佳的表現(xiàn)的環(huán)境。基于對(duì)骨骼肌肉的錯(cuò)亂和他們存在的危險(xiǎn)因素的文學(xué)回

65、顧，Zimmerman et al.在1997年對(duì)于減少操縱者工作中的肌肉骨骼的錯(cuò)亂給出了四條建議：減少操縱者肌肉骨骼的重要性和他們振動(dòng)的頻率；對(duì)于減少所達(dá)到的距離，主干的靈活性以及主干的循環(huán)，制定出最佳的控制方案；給以筆直的姿勢(shì)坐在位置上的操縱者提供最大限度的能見(jiàn)度；以及進(jìn)行有規(guī)律的間斷以減少長(zhǎng)時(shí)間維持的姿勢(shì)的影響。機(jī)艙的舒適性的改進(jìn)常常是基于減少工作中使得骨骼肌肉錯(cuò)亂的危險(xiǎn)因素而改變的。(Zimmerman et al., 1997

66、; Attebrant et al., 1997)。只有為數(shù)不多的幾項(xiàng)研究提及了操縱者想要改進(jìn)的方面。Nakada (1997)根據(jù)其創(chuàng)作者、設(shè)計(jì)師、設(shè)計(jì)工程師、經(jīng)營(yíng)者和年輕人描述出鏟斗車(chē)，裝載機(jī)的最佳排名。Nakada, (1997)指出，許多設(shè)計(jì)都注意了儀器的版面，計(jì)量器，以及操作者的位置。不幸的是，Nakada’s study (1997)的研究里并沒(méi)有將操縱者的意見(jiàn)提出來(lái)。</p><p>　　然而，為了

67、設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)較為舒適的車(chē)輛內(nèi)部環(huán)境，操縱者的意見(jiàn)是很重要的，因?yàn)樗麄兪菣C(jī)器的最終使用者。他們的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)出更為舒適的車(chē)輛內(nèi)部有很大的幫助。這次研究的目的是找出輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操縱者提出的意見(jiàn)，這對(duì)于未來(lái)改進(jìn)車(chē)輛內(nèi)部的舒適性很有幫助。在這篇文章里，我們給出了一個(gè)由273個(gè)機(jī)械操縱者進(jìn)行調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的結(jié)果。他們對(duì)目前的機(jī)器，未來(lái)的需求，以及自認(rèn)為對(duì)能協(xié)助機(jī)械工作的重要方面給出了自己的意見(jiàn)。這使得我們能找出改進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面的問(wèn)題。<

68、/p><p><b>　　2.方法</b></p><p><b>　　2.1.專(zhuān)題</b></p><p>　　操縱者參觀Bauma（世界上最大的建筑設(shè)備展覽館）得到了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的樣品。大多數(shù)的參加者都是輪式裝載機(jī)(n = 61)的操縱者和挖掘機(jī)(n=212)的操縱者。其他人(n=65)是一些建筑型機(jī)械（例如移動(dòng)式起重機(jī)，推土

69、機(jī)，塔式起重機(jī)，越野車(chē)）的駕駛者。結(jié)果只有輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)操縱者的意見(jiàn)列入了本文中，以為他們分別占據(jù)了18%和62.7%的受訪者總數(shù)。圖1和圖2顯示了典型的輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的外形。</p><p><b>　　2.2.調(diào)查表</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)在采訪過(guò)程中所完成的調(diào)查表完成了數(shù)據(jù)的采集。調(diào)查表被分成了三部分：（1）人的特征，（2）目前正在操作的機(jī)器的

70、評(píng)價(jià)，（3）推土機(jī)械的未來(lái)需求。在第一部分里我們?cè)儐?wèn)了操作者的年齡，駕駛的年分，駕駛的機(jī)械裝置的種類(lèi)以及他們的壽命。在調(diào)查表的第二部分里，操縱者對(duì)他們機(jī)械的整體舒適性以及他們對(duì)一些具體的機(jī)械部件的意見(jiàn)不同一共劃分了四個(gè)等級(jí)（非常好，好，一般，很差）。最后，針對(duì)操縱者對(duì)于未來(lái)的需求提出了兩個(gè)開(kāi)放性的問(wèn)題：哪些方面的改進(jìn)可以使機(jī)械更為舒適以及哪些方面對(duì)于機(jī)械的運(yùn)行更為重要。</p><p><b>　　圖1

71、 挖掘機(jī)</b></p><p><b>　　圖2 輪式裝載機(jī)</b></p><p><b>　　2.3．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)分析</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)分別對(duì)輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操縱者的反應(yīng)分別進(jìn)行分析以后，根據(jù)機(jī)器的型號(hào)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分類(lèi)。在這些小組里，老機(jī)器（4年以上）的操縱者從新機(jī)器（不到4年）的操縱者中分離

72、出來(lái)。此外，“非常好”和“好”已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了合并（“非常好/好”），“一般”和“很差”也進(jìn)行了合并（“一般/很差”）。</p><p>　　頻率表由操作者對(duì)于機(jī)器的整體舒適性和他們機(jī)器的個(gè)別部件的意見(jiàn)所組成?？ǚ接蓹C(jī)器的年齡和整體舒適性之間，或是由機(jī)器的年齡和操作者對(duì)機(jī)器的個(gè)別部件的要求之間的關(guān)系計(jì)算而成的。我們假設(shè)如果不到80%的操縱者認(rèn)為部分機(jī)器“好/非常好”，這部分的改進(jìn)就會(huì)形成一個(gè)更為舒適的汽車(chē)內(nèi)部。在調(diào)查表

73、的第三部分里，操縱者指出了改善機(jī)器舒適性的內(nèi)容以及他們認(rèn)為能夠更好的配合機(jī)器方面的內(nèi)容。我們把這些現(xiàn)象分成了不同的類(lèi)別，并分別計(jì)算了他們的百分比。</p><p><b>　　3.結(jié)果</b></p><p><b>　　3.1.人的特征</b></p><p>　　參與這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的輪式裝載機(jī)的操縱者（年齡為36.5

74、7;9.4歲）和挖掘機(jī)的操縱者（年齡為36.3±9.3歲），都分別有12.3 (±8.1)年和13.4 (±9.2)年的駕駛經(jīng)驗(yàn)。有一半的操縱者駕駛機(jī)器還不到四年（53%為輪式裝載機(jī)操縱者，50%為挖掘機(jī)操縱者，）。</p><p>　　3.2.當(dāng)前機(jī)器的評(píng)估</p><p>　　57.4%的輪式裝載機(jī)的操縱者和55.9%的挖掘機(jī)的操縱者認(rèn)為機(jī)艙內(nèi)的總體舒適度

75、為“好/非常好”，新機(jī)器（不到4年）的操縱者認(rèn)為其機(jī)艙內(nèi)總體舒適度為“好/非常好”的比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于舊機(jī)器（超過(guò)4年）的操縱者。這種現(xiàn)象在輪式裝載機(jī)(χ2(1)=8.5,p<0.04)和挖掘機(jī)(χ2(1)=23.0,p<0.001)中都出現(xiàn)過(guò)。78%的操縱者駕駛不到4年的輪式裝載機(jī)，認(rèn)為他們機(jī)器的舒適性為“好/非常好”，而在挖掘機(jī)中這些操縱者的比例更是高達(dá)81%。這些跡象表明今年來(lái)挖掘機(jī)和輪式裝載機(jī)的機(jī)艙內(nèi)部舒適性確實(shí)提高了。以

76、下為操縱者對(duì)不到4年的機(jī)械部件的意見(jiàn)：多于20%的操縱者認(rèn)為更少的輪式裝載機(jī)“一般/很差”，這比挖掘機(jī)要少。有助于提高機(jī)艙舒適性普遍方面是汽車(chē)儀表盤(pán)，顯示器，座位的可調(diào)整性及控制，振動(dòng)，阻尼，減少噪聲及座位的舒適性。挖掘機(jī)操縱者也想實(shí)現(xiàn)氣候控制的改進(jìn)，改進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備的外形以及更好的機(jī)艙尺寸規(guī)格（包括內(nèi)部空間，進(jìn)口/出口長(zhǎng)度），外形以及可靠性。</p><p><b>　　3.3.未來(lái)的要求</b&g

77、t;</p><p>　　參與者產(chǎn)生了467條項(xiàng)目以提高機(jī)器的舒適性。我們將這些項(xiàng)目分成了15類(lèi)。以下表明根據(jù)操縱者的意見(jiàn)機(jī)器的哪些特點(diǎn)還需要改進(jìn)。座位的舒適性，氣候的控制以及輔助程序經(jīng)常在輪式裝載機(jī)(20%, 12%,15%)和挖掘機(jī)(21%, 19%, 12%)中提及。挖掘機(jī)的操縱者也提及了機(jī)艙的設(shè)計(jì)（包括尺寸規(guī)模，出口/入口長(zhǎng)度；19%）。</p><p>　　如果我們看一下平均數(shù)的

78、話，機(jī)器的性能是目前最為止最為重要的課題。其他的因素比如外觀和可靠性所起的作用就沒(méi)那么大了。</p><p><b>　　4.討論</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)前這項(xiàng)研究的目的是為了找出輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操縱者的意見(jiàn)，這可以用來(lái)改進(jìn)未來(lái)車(chē)倉(cāng)內(nèi)部的舒適性。為了找出這些因素，我們提出了以下三方面的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　?具體的機(jī)艙內(nèi)的舒適

79、性（分為4個(gè)等級(jí)）；</p><p>　　?改善機(jī)艙內(nèi)舒適性的必要因素（開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題）；</p><p>　　?協(xié)同機(jī)器工作的重要因素（開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題）。</p><p>　　挖掘機(jī)、輪式裝載機(jī)的操縱者提出改善座位舒適性,控制氣候和配件的方式以提高出租汽車(chē)機(jī)艙的舒適性。挖掘機(jī)的操縱者也提及了出租汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)（包括尺寸規(guī)模，入口/出口長(zhǎng)度）。高于20%的操縱者認(rèn)為這些方面“一

80、般/很差”（除了附件，因?yàn)檫@不是調(diào)查表第二部分的條款）。其他的可以考慮進(jìn)汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)因素就是操縱者提及的那些能夠協(xié)同機(jī)械工作的重要因素。尤其當(dāng)超過(guò)20%的操縱者認(rèn)為這些因素“一般/很差”時(shí)，他們需要特別的注意。改進(jìn)這些因素可以設(shè)計(jì)出更加舒適的汽車(chē)。</p><p>　　在我們的研究當(dāng)中，我們與2001年在Bauma展覽館的來(lái)訪者中收集了數(shù)據(jù)。這種收集方法的好處為這使得在短期內(nèi)達(dá)到如此多的來(lái)訪者成為可能，同時(shí)能獲得如

81、此多的回應(yīng)，這在正常情況下是很難達(dá)到的。不利的是，絕大多數(shù)受訪者是德國(guó)人，這限制了結(jié)果在其他國(guó)家的有效性。德國(guó)的操縱者也許比其他國(guó)家有使得汽車(chē)更為舒適的辦法。操縱者對(duì)于自己機(jī)器的要求取決于他們所處的環(huán)境（例如氣候，風(fēng)景，塵土）和任務(wù)（例如在道路/主線上駕駛），這在國(guó)家之間是不同的。此外，操縱者將意見(jiàn)集中于現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器上。這可能是由于德國(guó)的品牌遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于其他國(guó)家，這使得操縱者根據(jù)品牌的不同意見(jiàn)也就很多了。當(dāng)操縱者使用這些機(jī)器時(shí)，最普遍的品牌將

82、會(huì)影響我們的研究結(jié)果(挖掘機(jī):A牌為 22.6%,B牌為 22.2%;輪式裝載機(jī):A牌為21.3%,B牌為18%,C牌為11.5%)。</p><p>　　既然我們用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查來(lái)收集數(shù)據(jù)，就沒(méi)有提及細(xì)節(jié)性的問(wèn)題。我們進(jìn)行這次研究的目的是獲得全球操縱者的總的意見(jiàn)。公開(kāi)性問(wèn)題給了操縱者開(kāi)明的思考問(wèn)題的機(jī)會(huì)，這將給予我們具有價(jià)值的信息。公開(kāi)性問(wèn)題不太適合數(shù)據(jù)分析，因?yàn)槲覀冃枰獙⒋鸢高M(jìn)行分類(lèi)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中難免丟失

83、信息，但是獲得全球性的目標(biāo)還是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　　我們的結(jié)果指出座位的舒適度，氣候的控制，輔助程序（包括輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)）以及汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)（包括尺寸規(guī)格，入體/出體長(zhǎng)度），外形，以及可靠性（只針對(duì)挖掘機(jī)）為可以改善汽車(chē)舒適性的因素。多于20%的操縱者認(rèn)為這些因素“一般/很差”，他們也說(shuō)明這些因素需要改進(jìn)以增加汽車(chē)的舒適性。我們認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)者在進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要首先考慮這些因素。有趣的是，操縱者沒(méi)有提及振動(dòng)這個(gè)

84、能改善汽車(chē)舒適性的因素，他在機(jī)器部件的調(diào)查表中的等級(jí)為“一般/很差”。除此以外，整個(gè)身體的振動(dòng)對(duì)于健康來(lái)講是一大危害。操縱者之所以沒(méi)有提及振動(dòng)，可能是因?yàn)樗麄儗⒄駝?dòng)看作是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的固有產(chǎn)物，或是在地球上移動(dòng)的機(jī)械的一種不可避免的結(jié)果。操縱者可能認(rèn)為單單重新設(shè)計(jì)汽車(chē)可能不能減少振動(dòng)。然而，還是不清楚操縱者到底為什么沒(méi)有提及振動(dòng)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)比較挖掘機(jī)和輪式裝載機(jī)時(shí)，改善其舒適性是兩者兼有的問(wèn)題。盡管挖掘機(jī)

85、座位的舒適性在近年來(lái)已有所改進(jìn)（見(jiàn)表格1），但還是需要改進(jìn)。然而，這絕不是容易的事，因?yàn)樽坏氖孢m性或多或少的取決于對(duì)其的設(shè)計(jì)：座位的可調(diào)整性和控制，振動(dòng)，阻尼和外形。例如，不好的汽車(chē)外觀可能導(dǎo)致笨拙的姿勢(shì)，盡管座位很舒適，但他會(huì)降低其舒適性。</p><p>　　除了提高座位舒適性的一般因素以外，輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)之間還是有很多不同。裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的一個(gè)不同點(diǎn)為挖掘機(jī)的車(chē)身設(shè)計(jì)（包括尺寸規(guī)模，入口/出口長(zhǎng)度）需

86、要改進(jìn)。這個(gè)不同點(diǎn)可能是由路途和空間產(chǎn)生的。操縱者將其視為一個(gè)問(wèn)題。其次，輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)在汽車(chē)空間的利用程度方面有本質(zhì)的不同。通過(guò)目前的設(shè)計(jì)，挖掘機(jī)汽車(chē)的寬度利用方面有限制，因此其必須至于隆隆身的一邊與剩余一邊之間，在車(chē)身附近留將近1米。</p><p>　　另一個(gè)不同點(diǎn)為改進(jìn)外觀可以增加挖掘機(jī)汽車(chē)的舒適程度。外形是協(xié)同挖掘機(jī)一起工作的一個(gè)重要的因素。挖掘機(jī)的繁榮發(fā)展使之有大范圍的運(yùn)動(dòng)空間，在大范圍的空間中，

87、操縱者需要大的視野。一個(gè)舒適的車(chē)內(nèi)環(huán)境能提供一個(gè)較為清晰的工作場(chǎng)所和視野，而不需要維持難受的姿勢(shì)。</p><p>　　在介紹中，我們指出舒適性在汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中起重要的作用。較為有趣的是，操縱者沒(méi)有將舒適性作為協(xié)同機(jī)器工作的重要因素之一。他們提及的因素有機(jī)器的性能，可靠性，外形和可操縱性。所以說(shuō)操縱者首先考慮的要求是如何能完成工作，顯然不是舒適性。</p><p>　　如果我們將結(jié)果與Naka

88、da(1997)進(jìn)行比較，同為重要的是操縱者的座位。儀器板，顯示器和計(jì)量器在Nakada的研究中也很重要。在我們的研究中，多于20%的操縱者認(rèn)為振動(dòng)，儀表盤(pán)，顯示器所處的等級(jí)為“一般/很差”，他們也同樣沒(méi)有被視為改善汽車(chē)舒適性的因素。Nakada的研究一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有提及振動(dòng)。原因可能是在我們的研究中，熟練的操縱者所占的比重比Nakada的要大，所以研究更傾向于內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　近年來(lái)汽車(chē)的舒適性已經(jīng)有所

89、改善。從圖1可以看出，輪式裝載機(jī)所取得的進(jìn)步?jīng)]有挖掘機(jī)的大。但實(shí)際上，輪式裝載機(jī)具體部件（例如機(jī)器的外形，氣候控制和外觀）的改進(jìn)是如此高的水平，只有不到20%的操縱者認(rèn)為其“一般/很差”，所以在表格中沒(méi)有提及這些因素。然而，駕駛經(jīng)驗(yàn)不到4年的27.7%的挖掘機(jī)操縱者和25.0%的裝載機(jī)操縱者認(rèn)為機(jī)艙的舒適程度“一般/很差”。結(jié)果表明，汽車(chē)的舒適性仍需要改進(jìn)。在我們的研究中，我們找到了一些能改善汽車(chē)舒適性的因素。可惜的是，這些因素不能代表

90、詳細(xì)的資料，所以我們不能斷定應(yīng)該怎樣進(jìn)一步改善舒適的機(jī)艙。因此，需要進(jìn)一步的研究對(duì)不同的機(jī)器提出具體的改進(jìn)方案。</p><p><b>　　5.結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　操縱者沒(méi)有將機(jī)艙的舒適性作為協(xié)同機(jī)械工作的最重要的因素之一，然而當(dāng)提及時(shí)，幾乎一半的裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操縱者認(rèn)為機(jī)艙舒適性為“一般/很差”。輪式裝載機(jī)的舒適性可以通過(guò)改變座位的舒適程度來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。