通訊工程方面的文獻翻譯

1、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and v

2、acuum tubes. Although considered to be a theoretical branch of physics, the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and

3、 computer engineering. This science starts about 1908 with the invention by Dr Lee De Forest of the valve (triode) B</p><p>　　The study of new semiconductor devices and surrounding technology is sometimes co

4、nsidered a branch of physics. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.</p><p>　　Electronic systems are used to perform a wide variety of tasks. The main uses of electronic circuits are:<

5、;/p><p>　　The controlling and processing of data. </p><p>　　The conversion to/from and distribution of electric power. </p><p>　　Both these applications involve the creation and/or det

6、ection of electromagnetic fields and electric currents. While electrical energy had been used for some time prior to the late 19th century to transmit data over telegraph and telephone lines, development in electronics g

7、rew exponentially after the advent of radio.</p><p>　　One way of looking at an electronic system is to divide it into 3 parts:</p><p>　　Inputs – Electronic or mechanical sensors (or transducers)

8、. These devices take signals/information from external sources in the physical world (such as antennas or technology networks) and convert those signals/information into current/voltage or digital (high/low) signals with

9、in the system. </p><p>　　Signal processors – These circuits serve to manipulate, interpret and transform inputted signals in order to make them useful for a desired application. Recently, complex signal proc

10、essing has been accomplished with the use of Digital Signal Processors. </p><p>　　Outputs – Actuators or other devices (such as transducers) that transform current/voltage signals back into useful physical f

11、orm (e.g., by accomplishing a physical task such as rotating an electric motor). </p><p>　　For example, a television set contains these 3 parts. The television's input transforms a broadcast signal (rece

12、ived by an antenna or fed in through a cable) into a current/voltage signal that can be used by the device. Signal processing circuits inside the television extract information from this signal that dictates brightness,

13、colour and sound level. Output devices then convert this information back into physical form. A cathode ray tube transforms electronic signals into a visible image on t</p><p>　　Electronic devices and compon

14、ents</p><p>　　An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended fun

15、ction of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be in mutual electromechanical contact, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular f

16、unction (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be pa</p><p>　　Types of circuits</p><p>　　Analog circuits</p><p>　　Most analog electronic appliance

17、s, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of differ

18、ent analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.</p><p>　　Analog circuits

19、are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operation

20、al amplifiers and oscillators.</p><p>　　Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit. This type of circuit is usuall

21、y called "mixed signal."</p><p>　　Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the

22、 comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch h

23、aving essentially two levels of output.</p><p>　　Digital circuits</p><p>　　Main article: Digital circuits</p><p>　　Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discre

24、te voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital syste

25、m" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low"(0) and "

26、High"(1). Often "Low" will be near zero</p><p>　　Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Di

27、gital Signal Processors are another example.</p><p>　　Building-blocks:</p><p>　　Logic gates </p><p><b>　　Adders </b></p><p>　　Binary Multipliers </p>

28、<p>　　Flip-Flops </p><p><b>　　Counters </b></p><p>　　Registers </p><p>　　Multiplexers </p><p>　　Schmitt triggers </p><p>　　Highly integra

29、ted devices:</p><p>　　Microprocessors </p><p>　　Microcontrollers </p><p>　　Application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) </p><p>　　Digital signal processor (DSP) </p

30、><p>　　Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) </p><p>　　Mixed-signal circuits</p><p>　　Main article: Mixed-signal integrated circuit</p><p>　　Mixed-signal circuits refers to

31、 integrated circuits (ICs) which have both analog circuits and digital circuits combined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board. Mixed-signal circuits are becoming increasingly common. Mixed circuits

32、are usually used to control an analog device using digital logic, for example the speed of a motor. Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples. Other examples are transmission

33、gates and buffers.</p><p>　　Heat dissipation and thermal management</p><p>　　Main article: Thermal management of electronic devices and systems</p><p>　　Heat generated by electronic

34、 circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include heatsinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as wa

35、ter cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, & radiation of heat energy.</p><p><b>　　Noise</b></p><p>　　Main article: Electronic noise</p><p>　　Noise is

36、 associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is defined[1] as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a ci

37、rcuit.</p><p>　　Electronics theory</p><p>　　Main article: Mathematical methods in electronics</p><p>　　Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become profi

38、cient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.</p><p>　　Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variab

39、les such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.</p><p>　　Also important to electronics is the

40、study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.</p><p>　　Electronic test equipment</p><p>　　Main article: Electronic test equipment</p><p>　　Electronic test equipment is us

41、ed to create stimulus signals and capture responses from electronic Devices Under Test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired.</p><

42、;p>　　Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light b

43、ulb and a test lead) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as Automatic Test Equipment.</p><p>　　Computer aided design (CAD)</p><p>　　Main article: Electronic design automation</p>

44、<p>　　Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies, semiconductors (such as transistors), and integrated circuits. Electronic des

45、ign automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence (ORCAD), Eagle PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PA

46、DS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteu</p><p>　　Construction methods</p><p>　　Main article: Electronic packaging</p><p>　　Many different methods

47、 of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wi

48、re wraps were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards (made of FR4), and highly integrated circuits. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gain

49、ed increased attention in recent years</p><p>　　電子產品是通過各種材料的費用，如半導體，電阻，電感，電容，納米管的結構和真空設備流的研究。雖然被認為是物理學的一個理論分支，電子電路設計和建設，解決實際問題，是在電子工程和計算機工程領域的重要技術。這門科學開始對1908年的李代博士林閥門（三極管的發(fā)明1950年之前這一科學）被命名為“電臺”或“無線電工藝”，因為這是

50、它的主要應用。 半導體器件的新技術研究和周圍有時被認為是物理學的一個分支。本文的重點是電子工程方面。 電子系統(tǒng)是用來執(zhí)行各種各樣的任務。電子電路的主要用途是： 控制和數據處理。 在轉換/從和電力分配。 這些應用都涉及建立和/或電磁場和電流檢測。雖然已經使用電能一段時間之前，19世紀后期來傳輸電報和電話線路，在電子發(fā)展呈指數增長的數據后，廣播的來臨。 一個在尋找一種方式是電子系統(tǒng)劃分為3個部分是： 輸入 - 電子或（或傳感器