外文翻譯---模具存在的問題及發(fā)展?fàn)顩r

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　Problems and development of mould</p><p>　　In modern production of dies and moulds, is the production of various important processes of industrial p

2、roducts and equipment, he it to its specific shape by means of certain raw materials. For example, stampings and forgings by stamping and forging a way that is obtained on plastic deformation occurs in the mold of metall

3、ic materials, metal die casting, powder metallurgy components as well as plastic, ceramics, rubber, glass and other non-metallic parts, the vast majority through mould forming</p><p>　　Now, technology has be

4、come a country's products in the manufacture of the die level one of the important symbols of, research and development of mould technology, promoting the development of the national economy has a special significanc

5、e. Mold industry to promote the development and the improvement of the quality of industrial production, and to have a great economic benefit, resulting each country attaches great importance to and appreciated. In Japan

6、, mould was known as "into the motivity of</p><p>　　Mold is the content of high technology products, is designed for industrial production, and for a specific product is special production process equip

7、ment, with the development of industrial products to diversify, mold production, material from the shape, size, quantity, structure, accuracy, conditions of use and terms of life, towards diversified development trends a

8、re becoming increasingly apparent. Single piece production mold is essentially according to the order contract, therefore, mold pr</p><p>　　As a basis for industrial production technology and equipment, mold

9、 occupy an important position in the national economy, mold technology has also become a country's level of product manufacturing one of the important symbols. Since the 80 's, China's mould industry developm

10、ent was very rapid. Rapid development of the national economy put increasingly higher demands on the mould industry, also provided a great impetus for its development. Over the years, China die and mould industry has bee

11、n 15%</p><p>　　In die and mould industry in GDP, stamping mould design about 50%, about 33% plastic mould, die about 6%, other types of mould about 11%. Since reform and opening up, China die and mould indus

12、try enterprises ownership composition of tremendous changes have taken place. In addition to State-owned professional mould factory, mould manufacturers of other forms of ownership, including collective enterprises, join

13、t ventures, wholly-owned enterprises and private enterprises, have achieved rapid develo</p><p>　　Technical level of China die and mould industry have also made considerable progress in recent years. At pres

14、ent, the country can produce precision precision multi-position progressive die for up to 2 microns, maximum number of stations has reached 160, life 1~2 billions. In a large plastic mould, now has been able to produce 4

15、8-inch TV plastic shell and 6.5Kg of large capacity washing machine plastic moulds, as well as auto mold such as bumpers, dashboards as a whole. In terms of precision plas</p><p>　　Although the die industry

16、in the past has achieved remarkable development in more than 10 years, but in many respects compared with industrialized countries are still a large gap. For example, the proportion of precision machining equipment in mo

17、ld processing equipment is still relatively low, penetration of CAD/CAE/CAM technologies is not high, many advanced die technology applications are not broad enough, and so on. Particularly in large, sophisticated, compl

18、ex and long life on the mould tech</p><p>　　However, since China's mould industry has a late start, compared with foreign countries, there are still big gaps, mainly reflected in: production and demand c

19、ontradiction: as the level of industrial development continues to improve, update rate of industrial products, growing demand to die. Neither the quantity nor the quality are unable to meet the needs of the domestic mark

20、et, only about 70%. Cause contradictions are low levels of specialization, standardization of mould enterprises, long pro</p><p>　　Irrational enterprise structure: many mould production capacity in China is

21、concentrated in the mould of the host plant within the factory or workshop, low levels of commercialization of the mold, and abroad over 70% is specialized in mould factory, and is taking the "small but excellent&qu

22、ot; road, therefore production are of high efficiency and cost-effectiveness.</p><p>　　Product level: measure the mould level of products, mainly in manufacturing precision and surface roughness of mould pro

23、cessing, processing complexity of the mold and mold manufacturing cycle and use of life. Gap and that several indicators compared with foreign countries is very clear.</p><p>　　In addition, the mold industry

24、 as a whole there are also relatively backward equipment, a low utilization rate. Lack of high quality tooling talents, also needed to strengthen product development ability.</p><p>　　For insufficient and di

25、e market huge of potential, under in China die industrial of status, and contact international advanced level, China die industrial association assist Government developed has in China die industry "15" develop

26、ment planning, determine die industrial focus development area has three aspects: a is on entire die industry development has important effect of main die standard parts; second is technology content high, reflect die ma

27、nufacturing level and development direction of </p><p>　　In recent years, foreign enterprises to enter China, increased competition, a number of price competition. In order to avoid losses in the long run be

28、cause of temporary interest and overall development, in the coming year, industry associations will also strengthen the Organization and coordination of mould enterprises, make reasonable price level. At the same time, R

29、esearch International mould price levels, to guidance and information communication industry.</p><p>　　In China, it has become increasingly recognized in important basic position in the manufacture of the di

30、e, recognizing the mould level of technology, has become the important symbol of a country's manufacturing levels, and to a large extent determine the quality, efficiency, and new product development capability.</

31、p><p>　　Many mold enterprises attach great importance to technology development, increase the intensity of investment for technical progress, the technology progress considered as an important driving force for

32、 enterprise development. In addition, many research institutes and tertiary institutions to conduct research and development of die and mold technology. At present, institutions and institutions engaged in research on mo

33、uld technology has reached more than 30 companies, training institutions have </p><p>　　(1) stamping die technology</p><p>　　To representatives of automobile covering dies for large stamping mou

34、ld manufacturing technology has made great progress, mold plant of Dongfeng motor company, Faw Center moulds manufacturers have been able to produce some car cover mould. In terms of design and manufacturing methods and

35、technical means to continuously improve, localization in car die in a welcome step forward.</p><p>　　Multi-position progressive die and multi-function tooling is focused on developing precision mould varieti

36、es in China. At present, there have been manufactured with automatic punching, folding, riveting, counting, grouping, rotor core become skewed, and security features such as protection of iron core-automatic lamination m

37、ultifunction die. Production of motor stator and rotor dual Rotary laminated hard alloy progressive die step accuracy of up to 20 μ m, life of more than 100 million times. Ot</p><p>　　(2) technology of plast

38、ic mould</p><p>　　In recent years, plastic mold is developing rapidly, the proportion of domestic mould plastic mould in industrial output continues to expand. Required for household appliances such as telev

39、isions, air conditioning, washing machine plastic mould can largely be based on domestic production. Weighing 10~20 tons of plastic such as car bumpers and dashboards as a whole and as many as 600 die cavity mold has its

40、 own production of plastic packaging. In terms of accuracy, plastic dimension precision of </p><p>　　Plastic mould design and manufacture in the popularization of CAD/CAM technology faster, CAE application s

41、oftware has been in the part of manufacturers. Hot runner technology has been widely used, multiple color injection technology for gas-assisted injection technology and efficient application started successfully. </p

42、><p>　　(3) CAD/CAE/CAM technology</p><p>　　At present, the domestic mould enterprises has quite a number of manufacturers was popular in computer graphics, and introduction of high-grade CAD/CAE/CA

43、M,UG, Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other well-known software in China die and mould industry has very broad application. Some manufacturers also introduced a Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT CAE so

44、ftware, and successfully applied to plastic mould, stamping mould and die design.</p><p>　　In recent years, independent development CAD/CAE/CAM system development in China. For example, central China Polytec

45、hnic University die technology national focus laboratory development of injection die, and car cover pieces die and level into die CAD/CAE/CAM software, Shanghai Jiao Tong University die CAD National Engineering Research

46、 Center development of cold die and fine rushed Research Center development of cold die and fine die CAD software, Beijing electromechanical Institute development o</p><p>　　(4) rapid prototyping/rapid tooli

47、ng technologies</p><p>　　Rapid prototyping/rapid tooling technology in China to be valued and developed, many research institutions devoted to research and development in this area, and continually achieve n

48、ew results. Tsinghua University, Huazhong University, Xian Communications University, and long Yuan automated systems and other units have independent research and development of rapid prototyping technology and equipmen

49、t to produce hierarchical object (LOM), three-dimensional light-cured (SLA) and fused deposition m</p><p>　　(5) Other related technologies</p><p>　　In recent years, some domestic steel companies

50、 have introduced and is equipped with advanced technological equipment, specifications and quality of mould steel is a large improvement. In the mould manufacturing has a more widespread adoption of the new steel, such a

51、s cold working die steel-D2, D3, such as A1, A2, LD, 65Nb; H10, hot working die steel H13, H21, 4Cr5MoVSi, 45Cr2NiMoVSi etc; plastic mould steel P20, 3Cr2Mo, PMS, such as SMI, SMII. The application of mould materials has

52、 been made in </p><p>　　Is high speed milling of mold processing technology developed rapidly in recent years. Domestic has some company introduced high speed milling machine, and start the application. The

53、domestic machine tool factory gradually developed some high speed milling machine, and is developing high-speed machine. However, for high speed milling of the surface in the country is not yet widely used.</p>&l

54、t;p>　　Although China's mould industry and technology have achieved rapid development in the past more than 10 years, but compared with foreign industrial developed countries there are still large gaps, not yet ful

55、ly meet the needs of rapid development of the national economy.</p><p>　　The next ten years, main development direction of China mould industry and technology include:</p><p>　　（1）improving desi

56、gn of large, sophisticated, complex, long life molds manufacturing level;</p><p>　?。?）in the widespread application of CAD/CAE/CAM technology in mould design and manufacture;</p><p>　?。?）Develop

57、ment of rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing mold for forming technology;</p><p>　?。?）In the plastic mold application in hot runner technology, and high pressure injection molding technology of gas-assi

58、sted injection molding;</p><p>　?。?）Improve standardization of mold and mold standard parts u</p><p><b>　　sage;</b></p><p>　?。?）Development of high quality mold surface

59、treatment of materials and advanced technologies;</p><p>　?。?）Gradually promote the application of high speed milling in die and mold machining;</p><p>　　（8）Further research and development of m

60、ould polishing technology and equipment;</p><p>　　（9）Research and application of high speed measurement of mould technology and reverse engineering;</p><p>　?。?0）Development of a new forming tec

61、hnology and die.</p><p>　　模具存在的問題及發(fā)展?fàn)顩r</p><p>　　模具在現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)中，是生產(chǎn)各種工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的重要工藝裝備，他它以其特定的形狀通過一定的方式使原材料成形。例如，沖壓件和鍛件是通過沖壓和鍛造方式使金屬材料在模具內(nèi)發(fā)生塑性變形而獲得的；金屬壓鑄件、粉末冶金零件以及塑件、陶瓷、橡膠、玻璃等非金屬制件，絕大多數(shù)也是通過模具成形的。由于模具成形具有優(yōu)質(zhì)、高

62、產(chǎn)、省料、低成本等特點，現(xiàn)已在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門，特別是汽車、拖拉機(jī)、航空航天、儀器儀表、機(jī)械制造、家用電器、石油化工、輕工日用品等工業(yè)部門得到極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，模具技術(shù)已成為衡量一個國家產(chǎn)品制造水平的重要標(biāo)志之一，研究和發(fā)展模具技術(shù)，對于促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有著特別重要的意義。模具工業(yè)能促進(jìn)工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和質(zhì)量的提高，并能獲得極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，因此引起各個國家的高度重視和贊賞。在日本，模具

63、被譽(yù)為“進(jìn)入富裕社會的原動力”，在德國則冠以“金屬加工業(yè)中的帝王”，在羅馬尼亞視為“模具就是黃金”。因此可以斷言，隨著工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迅速發(fā)展，模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位將日益提高，模具技術(shù)也會不斷發(fā)展，并在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。</p><p>　　模具是高科技含量的產(chǎn)品，是專門為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)服務(wù)，并用于特定產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)而被特殊制作的工藝裝備，隨著工業(yè)產(chǎn)品向多樣化發(fā)展，模具生產(chǎn)從形狀、尺寸、數(shù)量、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)

64、、精度、使用條件及壽命等方面，向著多樣化發(fā)展的傾向也日趨明顯。模具基本上是按訂貨合同單件生產(chǎn)，因此，模具產(chǎn)品的多樣性及單件生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)特點十分突出。所以，工廠的設(shè)計、工藝、工藝裝備和管理等，都要適應(yīng)這個技術(shù)特點。大部分精密復(fù)雜模具都需要高精度機(jī)床加工，檢測設(shè)備要求精密度更高。模具加工技術(shù)集中了機(jī)械、電子乃至化學(xué)和光學(xué)等工業(yè)技術(shù)的精華。同時，模具對熟練技工的依賴程度遠(yuǎn)比其他加工業(yè)要大。因此，技術(shù)的先進(jìn)性及對熟練技巧的依靠性也是模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)

65、特點。隨著技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，特別是信息技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計制造上的應(yīng)用日漸廣泛和高新技術(shù)對模具提出的要求越來越高，模具的高新技術(shù)特點將日益明顯，而對熟練技巧的依靠性將逐步淡化。</p><p>　　作為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備，模具在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有重要的地位，模具技術(shù)也已成為衡量一個國家產(chǎn)品制造水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。80年代以來，我國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展十分迅速。國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展對模具工業(yè)提出了越來越高的要求，也為其發(fā)展提

66、供了巨大的動力。這些年來，中國模具工業(yè)一直以15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展。目前，中國17000多個模具生產(chǎn)廠點，從業(yè)人數(shù)約50多萬。1999年中國模具工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值已達(dá)245億元人民幣。工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值中企業(yè)自產(chǎn)自用的約占三分之二，作為商品銷售的約占三分之一。</p><p>　　在模具工業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值中，沖壓模具約占50%，塑料模具約占33%，壓鑄模具約占6%，其它各類模具約占11%。改革開放以來，中國模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有

67、制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化。除了國有專業(yè)模具廠外，其他所有制形式的模具廠家，包括集體企業(yè)、合資企業(yè)、獨資企業(yè)和私營企業(yè)，都得到了快速發(fā)展，集體和私營的模具企業(yè)在廣東和浙江等省發(fā)展得最為迅速。例如，浙江寧波和黃巖地區(qū)，從事模具制造的集體企業(yè)和私營企業(yè)多達(dá)數(shù)千家，成為國內(nèi)知名的“模具之鄉(xiāng)”和最具發(fā)展活力的地區(qū)之一。在廣東，一些大集團(tuán)公司和迅速崛起的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)，為了提高其產(chǎn)品的市場競爭能力，紛紛加入了對模具制造的投入，例如科龍、美的、康佳和威力等集

68、團(tuán)都建立了自己的模具制造中心。中外合資和外商獨資的模具企業(yè)多集中于沿海工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，現(xiàn)已有幾千家。例如，江蘇無錫的微研有限公司為一日本獨資企業(yè)，員工有200余人，擁有精密數(shù)控模具加工設(shè)備60余臺，1998年其模具產(chǎn)值超過2億元</p><p>　　中國模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平近年來也取得了長足的進(jìn)步。目前，國內(nèi)已能生產(chǎn)精度達(dá)2微米的精密多工位級進(jìn)模，工位數(shù)最多已達(dá)160個，壽命1～2億次。在大型塑料模具方面，現(xiàn)在已能生

69、產(chǎn)48英寸電視的塑殼模具、6.5Kｇ大容量洗衣機(jī)的塑料模具，以及汽車保險杠、整體儀表板等模具。在精密塑料模具方面，國內(nèi)已能生產(chǎn)照相機(jī)塑料模具、多型腔小模數(shù)齒輪模具及塑封模具等。在大型精密復(fù)雜壓鑄模方面，國內(nèi)已能生產(chǎn)自動扶梯整體踏板壓鑄模及汽車后橋齒輪箱壓鑄模。在汽車模具方面，現(xiàn)已能制造新轎車的部分覆蓋件模具。其他類型的模具，例如子午線輪胎活絡(luò)模具、鋁合金和塑料門窗異型材擠出模等，也都達(dá)到了較高的水平，并可替代進(jìn)口模具。</p>

70、;<p>　　雖然中國模具工業(yè)在過去十多年中取得了令人矚目的發(fā)展，但許多方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比仍有較大的差距。例如，精密加工設(shè)備在模具加工設(shè)備中的比重還比較低，CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)的普及率不高，許多先進(jìn)的模具技術(shù)應(yīng)用還不夠廣泛等等。特別在大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長壽命模具技術(shù)上存在明顯差距，這些類型模具的生產(chǎn)能力也不能滿足國內(nèi)需求，因而需要大量從國外進(jìn)口。</p><p>　　但是，由于我國的模具

71、行業(yè)起步較晚，與國外相比，仍存在不小的差距，主要體現(xiàn)在：產(chǎn)需矛盾：隨著工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的不斷提高，工業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新速度的加快，對模具的需求越來越大。無論是數(shù)量還是質(zhì)量都無法滿足國內(nèi)市場的需要，只達(dá)到70％左右。造成矛盾突出的原因是模具企業(yè)的專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低，生產(chǎn)周期長。另外，設(shè)計和制造工藝水平還不能完全適應(yīng)發(fā)展的需要。 </p><p>　　企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理：我國很多模具生產(chǎn)能力集中在各主機(jī)廠的模具分廠或車間內(nèi)，模具的

72、商品化程度低，而國外70％以上都是專業(yè)模具廠，且走的是“小而精”的道路，因此生產(chǎn)效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益俱佳。 </p><p>　　產(chǎn)品水平 ：衡量模具的產(chǎn)品水平，主要有模具加工的制造精度和表面粗糙度，加工模具的復(fù)雜程度，以及模具的制造周期和使用壽命。而這幾項指標(biāo)與國外相比的差距都十分明顯。 </p><p>　　此外，模具工業(yè)的整體裝備水平也存在相對落后，利用率低的現(xiàn)象。高素質(zhì)的模具技術(shù)人才缺

73、乏，產(chǎn)品的綜合開發(fā)能力還急需加強(qiáng)。 </p><p>　　針對不足和模具市場巨大的潛力，根據(jù)我國模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀，并聯(lián)系國際先進(jìn)水平，中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會協(xié)助政府制定了我國模具行業(yè)“十五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃，確定模具工業(yè)重點發(fā)展領(lǐng)域有三方面：一是對整個模具行業(yè)發(fā)展有重要影響的主要模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件；二是技術(shù)含量高，反映模具制造水平和發(fā)展方向的模具；三是目前大量進(jìn)口的中高檔模具。重點發(fā)展的模具產(chǎn)品主要有：模架，包括冷沖模架、塑料模架和壓鑄

74、模架等；模具導(dǎo)向件，包括導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套、導(dǎo)板及無油潤滑導(dǎo)向件等；推桿、推管，包括塑料模用及壓鑄模用的異型推桿等；熱流道元件，包括內(nèi)熱式、外熱式、閥式和管式等；彈性元件，包括矩形彈簧、聚氨酯彈性體和氮氣缸等；小型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件，包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、澆口套、定位圈和拉鉤等；汽車覆蓋件模具，特別是轎車所需的覆蓋件模；精密沖壓模，包括多工位級進(jìn)模、厚板精沖模和硬質(zhì)合金多功能復(fù)合模等；大型塑料模，包括汽車飾件模和家電塑殼模等；精密塑料模，包括塑封模和多層多腔、多

75、材質(zhì)、多色精密塑料模；大型薄壁精密復(fù)雜壓鑄模，包括用于鋁、鎂、鋅、銅及其合金壓鑄的模具；大型、精密鍛模；子午線輪胎橡膠模；長壽命玻璃、陶瓷模；快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具；多工位冷鐓模及擠壓模；塑料型材及塑料管路模具。</p><p>　　近年來，外企進(jìn)入中國, 加劇了競爭，也出現(xiàn)一些價格方面的惡性競爭。為了避免因為暫時的利益而損失長遠(yuǎn)和整體的發(fā)展，未來一年中，行業(yè)協(xié)會也將加強(qiáng)模具企業(yè)間的組織和協(xié)調(diào)，制定合理的價格水平。同時，研

76、究國際模具價格水平，以對行業(yè)進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)和信息溝通。</p><p>　　在中國，人們已經(jīng)越來越認(rèn)識到模具在制造中的重要基礎(chǔ)地位，認(rèn)識到模具技術(shù)水平的高低，已成為衡量一個國家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志，并在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。</p><p>　　許多模具企業(yè)十分重視技術(shù)發(fā)展，加大了用于技術(shù)進(jìn)步的投資力度，將技術(shù)進(jìn)步視為企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要動力。此外，許多研究機(jī)構(gòu)和大專院

77、校開展模具技術(shù)的研究和開發(fā)。目前，從事模具技術(shù)研究的機(jī)構(gòu)和院校已達(dá)30余家，從事模具技術(shù)教育的培訓(xùn)的院校已超過50余家。其中，獲得國家重點資助建設(shè)的有華中理工大學(xué)模具技術(shù)國家重點實驗室，上海交通大學(xué)CAD國家工程研究中心、北京機(jī)電研究所精沖技術(shù)國家工程研究中心和鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)橡塑模具國家工程研究中心等。經(jīng)過多年的努力，在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)、模具的電加工和數(shù)控加工技術(shù)、快速成型與快速制模技術(shù)、新型模具材料等方面取得了顯著進(jìn)步；在

78、提高模具質(zhì)量和縮短模具設(shè)計制造周期等方面做出了貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p><b>　　(1)沖模技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　以汽車覆蓋件模具為代表的大型沖壓模具的制造技術(shù)已取得很大進(jìn)步，東風(fēng)汽車公司模具廠、一汽模具中心等模具廠家已能生產(chǎn)部分轎車覆蓋件模具。在設(shè)計制造方法和技術(shù)手段方面不斷改善，在轎車模具國產(chǎn)化方面邁出了可喜的步伐。 </p>&l

79、t;p>　　多工位級進(jìn)模和多功能模具是我國重點發(fā)展的精密模具品種。目前，國內(nèi)已可制造具有自動沖切、疊壓、鉚合、計數(shù)、分組、轉(zhuǎn)子鐵芯扭斜和安全保護(hù)等功能的鐵芯精密自動疊片多功能模具。生產(chǎn)的電機(jī)定轉(zhuǎn)子雙回轉(zhuǎn)疊片硬質(zhì)合金級進(jìn)模的步距精度可達(dá)20μm，壽命達(dá)到1億次以上。其他的多工位級進(jìn)模，如用于集成電路引線框架的20～30工位的級進(jìn)模，用于電子槍零件的硬質(zhì)合金級進(jìn)模和空調(diào)器散熱片的級進(jìn)模，也已達(dá)到較高的水平。 </p>&

80、lt;p>　?。?）塑料模具技術(shù)</p><p>　　近年來，塑料模具發(fā)展很快，在國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值中塑料模具所占比例不斷擴(kuò)大。電視機(jī)、空調(diào)、洗衣機(jī)等家用電器所需的塑料模具基本上可立足于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)。重量達(dá)10～20噸的汽車保險杠和整體儀表板等塑料模具和多達(dá)600腔的塑封模具已可自行生產(chǎn)。在精度方面，塑料尺寸精度可達(dá)IT6-7級，型面的粗糙度達(dá)到Ra0.05-0.025μm，塑料模使用壽命達(dá)100萬次以上。&

81、lt;/p><p>　　在塑料模具的設(shè)計制造中，CAD/CAM技術(shù)得到較快的普及，CAE軟件已經(jīng)在部分廠家應(yīng)用。熱流道技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，氣輔注射技術(shù)和高效多色注射技術(shù)也開始成功應(yīng)用。</p><p>　?。?）CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)</p><p>　　目前，國內(nèi)模具企業(yè)中已有相當(dāng)多的廠家普及了計算機(jī)繪圖，并陸續(xù)引進(jìn)了高檔CAD/CAE/CAM，UG、Pro/En

82、gineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等著名軟件在中國模具工業(yè)應(yīng)用已相當(dāng)廣泛。一些廠家還引進(jìn)了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE軟件，并成功應(yīng)用于塑料模、沖壓模和壓鑄模的設(shè)計中。</p><p>　　近年來，我國自主開發(fā)CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)有很大發(fā)展。例如，華中理工大學(xué)模具技術(shù)國家重點實驗室開發(fā)的注塑模、汽車覆蓋件模具和級進(jìn)模CAD/CAE/C

83、AM軟件，上海交通大學(xué)模具CAD國家工程研究中心開發(fā)的冷沖模和精沖研究中心開發(fā)的冷沖模和精沖模CAD軟件，北京機(jī)電研究所開發(fā)的鍛模CAD/CAE/CAM軟件，北航華正軟件工程研究所開發(fā)CAXA軟件，吉林汽車覆蓋件成型技術(shù)所獨立研制的商品化覆蓋件沖壓成型分析KMAS軟件等在國內(nèi)模具行業(yè)擁有不少的用戶。</p><p>　　（4）快速成形/快速制模技術(shù)</p><p>　　快速成形/快速制模

84、技術(shù)在我國得到重視和發(fā)展，許多研究機(jī)構(gòu)致力于這方面的研究開發(fā)，并不斷取得新成果。清華大學(xué)、華中理工大學(xué)、西安交通大學(xué)和隆源自動成形系統(tǒng)公司等單位都自主研究開發(fā)了快速成形技術(shù)與設(shè)備，生產(chǎn)出分層物體(LOM)、立體光固化(SLA)、熔融沉積(FDM)和選擇性燒結(jié)(SLS)等類型的快速成形設(shè)備。這些設(shè)備已在國內(nèi)應(yīng)用于新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、精密鑄造和快速制模等方面。 快速制模技術(shù)也在國內(nèi)多家單位開展研究，目前研究較多的有電弧噴涂成形模具技術(shù)和等離子噴

85、涂制模技術(shù)。中、低熔點合金模和樹脂沖壓模制造技術(shù)已獲得成功應(yīng)用，硅橡膠模也應(yīng)用于新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)中。</p><p><b>　?。?）其他相關(guān)技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　近年來，國內(nèi)一些鋼鐵企業(yè)相繼引進(jìn)和裝備了一些先進(jìn)的工藝設(shè)備，使模具鋼的品種規(guī)格和質(zhì)量都有較大的改善。在模具制造中已較廣泛地采用新的鋼材，如冷作模具鋼D2、D3、A1、A2、LD、65Nb等；熱作

86、模具鋼H10、H13、H21、4Cr5MoVSi、45Cr2NiMoVSi等；塑料模具鋼P20、3Cr2Mo、PMS、SMI、SMII等。這些模具材料的應(yīng)用在提高質(zhì)量和使用壽命方面取得了較好的效果。 國內(nèi)一些單位對多種模具拋光方法開展研究，并開發(fā)出專用拋光工具和機(jī)械?；y蝕刻技術(shù)和工藝水平提高較快，在模具飾紋的制作中廣泛應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　高速銑削加工是近年來發(fā)展很快的模具加工技術(shù)。國內(nèi)已有一些公司引

87、進(jìn)了高速銑床，并開始應(yīng)用。國內(nèi)機(jī)床廠陸續(xù)開發(fā)出一些準(zhǔn)高速的銑床，并正開發(fā)高速加工機(jī)床。但是，高速銑削的應(yīng)用面在國內(nèi)尚不廣泛。</p><p>　　雖然我國的模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)在過去的十多年得到了快速發(fā)展，但與國外工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比仍存在較大差距，尚不能完全滿足國民經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的需求。</p><p>　　未來的十年，中國模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向包括：</p><p>

88、　　（1）提高大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具的設(shè)計制造水平；</p><p>　　（2）在模具設(shè)計制造中廣泛應(yīng)用CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)；</p><p>　　（3）大力發(fā)展快速制造成形和快速制造模具技術(shù)；</p><p>　　（4）在塑料模具中推廣應(yīng)用熱流道技術(shù)、氣輔注射成型和高壓注射成型；</p><p>　?。?）提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平和模

89、具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用率；</p><p>　?。?）發(fā)展優(yōu)質(zhì)模具材料和先進(jìn)的表面處理技術(shù)；</p><p>　?。?）逐步推廣高速銑削在模具加工的應(yīng)用；</p><p>　　（8）進(jìn)一步研究開發(fā)模具的拋光技術(shù)和設(shè)備；</p><p>　　（9）研究和應(yīng)用模具的高速測量技術(shù)與逆向工程；</p><p>　?。?0）開發(fā)新的成