交通工程外文翻譯---一個(gè)良好的公路的基礎(chǔ)

1、<p>　　河北工程大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院交通工程專(zhuān)業(yè)</p><p><b>　　中英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Road Design</p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 交 通 工 程 </p><p>　　學(xué) 生：程 莽 莽</p><p>　　指導(dǎo)老師：盧

2、 蘭 萍</p><p>　　河北工程大學(xué)2012屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯</p><p><b>　　2012年4月</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　The Basics of a Good Road</p><p>　　We h

3、ave known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principl

4、es we use today. Some of these roads are</p><p>　　still in service.</p><p>　　If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a g

5、ood road are:</p><p>　?。?）Get water away from the road</p><p>　　（2）Build on a firm foundation</p><p>　?。?）Use the best materials</p><p>　?。?）Compact all layers properly

6、</p><p>　?。?）Design for traffic loads and volumes</p><p>　?。?）Design for maintenance</p><p>　?。?）Pave only when ready</p><p>　?。?）Build from the bottom up</p>&l

7、t;p>　?。?）Protect your investment</p><p>　?。?0） Keep good records</p><p>　　1．Get water away from the road</p><p>　　We can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers

8、 estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure.</p><p>　　

9、In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected p

10、attern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems.</p><p>　　To prevent these p

11、roblems remember that water:</p><p>　　? flows downhill</p><p>　　? needs to flow someplace</p><p>　　? is a problem if it is not flowing</p><p>　　Effective drainage syste

12、ms divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.</p><p>　　Divert — Interceptor ditches, located between the road and highe

13、r ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.</p><p>　　Drain — Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the cen

14、terline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1?4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown&

15、lt;/p><p>　　should be 1?2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying

16、the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drain</p><p>　　the road surface.</p><p>　　Dispose — A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road s

17、tructure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the

18、ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can </p>

19、<p>　　2． Build on a firm foundation</p><p>　　A road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structu

20、re and the traffic that uses it.</p><p>　　To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into co

21、nditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.</p><p>　　3． Use the best materials</p><p>　　Wi

22、th all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.</p><p>　　Crushed ag

23、gregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By c

24、ontrast, rounded particles act like ball</p><p>　　bearings, moving under loads.</p><p>　　Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.</p><p>　　Asphalt and concrete pave

25、ment materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications.</p><p>　　4．Compact all layers</p><p>　　

26、In general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can

27、 weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between large

28、r ones. Good</p><p>　　compaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.</p><p>　　5．Design for traffic loads and volumes</p><p>　　Design for the highest anticipated load the road wi

29、ll carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars. </p><p>　　Rural roads may c

30、arry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway mainte

31、nance equipment that will be used on the road.</p><p>　　A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts th

32、at project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.</p><p>　　6． Design for main

33、tenance</p><p>　　Without maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:</p><p>　　? adequate ditches that can be cleaned reg

34、ularly</p><p>　　? culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring</p><p>　　? enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road</p><p>　　? proper cross slopes for safety

35、, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts</p><p>　　? roadsides that are planted or treated to prevent erosion</p><p>　　? roadsides that can be mowed safely</p><p>　　A rule of thumb for

36、 adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.</p><p>　　Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.</p><p>

37、　　7． Pave only when ready</p><p>　　It is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a

38、 paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.</p><p>　　Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before you pave, make sure

39、you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far

40、 outperform one that is constructed too quickly.</p><p>　　8．Ê Build from the bottom up</p><p>　　This commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a r

41、oad if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removi

42、ng all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.</p><p>　　9． Ê Protect your investment</p>&l

43、t;p>　　The road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder pla

44、ces. Do these important maintenance activities:</p><p>　　Surface — grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and ice</p><p>　　Drainage — clean and repair ditches and culverts;

45、remove all excess material</p><p>　　Roadside — cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosion</p><p>　　Traffic service — clean and repair or replace signs</p><p>　　De

46、sign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.</p>

47、<p>　　10． Keep good records</p><p>　　Your maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its fu

48、ture repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.</p><p>　　Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the his

49、tory and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.</p><p>　　Update your inv

50、entory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.</p><p><b>　　Resources</b></p

51、><p>　　The Basics of a Good Road #17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.</p><p>　　Asphalt P

52、ASER Manual (39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASER Manual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfaces</p><p>　　to help you understand types of distress co

53、nditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.</p><p>　　Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition info

54、rmation. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction

55、priority lists.</p><p>　　Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).</p><p>　　Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadwa

56、ys, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.</p><p>　　Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.</p><p>　　Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenan

57、ce, No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.</p><p>　　Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and main

58、taining them.</p><p>　　Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance and</p><p>　　Erosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosion control.&

59、lt;/p><p>　　T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.</p><p>　　Crossroads, an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information, a

60、nd resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)良好的公路的基礎(chǔ)</p><p>　　長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)我們已經(jīng)掌握了如何鋪設(shè)好

61、一條道路的方法，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石塊鋪設(shè)道路，后來(lái)， 羅馬人使用同樣的方法建立了一個(gè)龐大的道路系統(tǒng)，這種方法一直沿用到今天。其中的某些道路依然發(fā)揮著作用。</p><p>　　如果我們遵照到路的基本概念鋪設(shè)，將會(huì)建設(shè)一條持久耐用的道路。以下是鋪設(shè)好一條道路的十點(diǎn)要求： (1) 盡量做好道路的排水 (2) 路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固 (3) 選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材

62、料 (4) 鋪設(shè)的層次要緊湊合理 (5) 設(shè)計(jì)好道路的最大車(chē)輛荷載 (6) 做好設(shè)計(jì)維護(hù) (7) 準(zhǔn)備工作做好才能鋪設(shè) (8) 鋪設(shè)從下往上開(kāi)始 (9) 預(yù)算好您的投資 (10)保持良好的記錄</p><p>　　1．盡量做好道路的排水</p><p>　　我們?cè)谠趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)排水的重要性也不為過(guò)，工程師估計(jì)，至少有90％的道路的

63、問(wèn)題可能與過(guò)量的道路積水或劣質(zhì)的排水設(shè)施有關(guān)。過(guò)多的水積攢在道路的結(jié)構(gòu)層內(nèi)，這樣會(huì)減弱結(jié)構(gòu)層與基層的穩(wěn)定性，從而導(dǎo)致路基的破壞。在道路的面層，水分可能引起路面開(kāi)裂和裂縫內(nèi)積水。在基層將引起基層的支撐能力下降導(dǎo)致基層的破壞，會(huì)出現(xiàn)裂縫和坑洞。積水的一個(gè)共同的標(biāo)志是瀝青路面開(kāi)裂是龜裂的—裂縫彼此之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)，形成不規(guī)則的小塊看起來(lái)像鱷魚(yú)皮。邊緣的裂縫，熱脹冷縮，春季路面解凍的問(wèn)題。為了防止此類(lèi)的問(wèn)題持續(xù)：</p><p&

64、gt;　　（1）水順邊坡下流 （2）排到必要的地方（3）如果水分不能排出就會(huì)引起問(wèn)題。 </p><p>　　有效的排水系統(tǒng)，水分的排出和處置。為此，他們利用攔截溝渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，溝</p><p><b>　　渠和涵洞系統(tǒng)。</b></p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)移--攔截溝渠，坐落在道路和路線較高的位置，從而使水能夠遠(yuǎn)離道路。這些排水溝與邊

65、坡能夠?qū)⑺旨皶r(shí)排走。</p><p>　　排水--建立在路上一頂王冠，因此沿中心線高于在邊緣鼓勵(lì)水流過(guò)馬路。通常，鋪設(shè)冠應(yīng)該是1 / 4每頁(yè)寬度腳高于“每個(gè)中心線的寬度從山腳到邊緣的肩膀。礫石表面的冠應(yīng)該是1 / 2高”。為此流路的工作，路面必須相對(duì)水密。路肩還必須遠(yuǎn)離公路傾斜，繼續(xù)承載著流走。 Superelevations在曲線外（銀行）也將有助于drainthe路面。</p><p&g

66、t;　　處理—水溝，涵洞系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行水離路面結(jié)構(gòu)。溝渠應(yīng)至少有一個(gè)腳比的礫石層，道路排水巷道底低。他們必須保持清潔，必須傾斜遷入自然排水。如果在溝渠的水留它可以滲透回道路結(jié)構(gòu)和削弱其力量。溝渠也應(yīng)受到保護(hù)不受侵蝕，種植草，或安裝巖石和其他水土保持措施。侵蝕可以破壞的肩膀和溝渠，堵塞涵洞，破壞路基，并污染附近的河流和湖泊。</p><p>　　評(píng)估你的溝渠和涵洞制度，每年兩次，以確保它可以工作。到了秋天，樹(shù)葉和樹(shù)枝清理

67、掉，可以阻止流動(dòng)。在春天，檢查并清除耕耘任何死去的植物材料，從秋天離開(kāi)淤泥。</p><p>　　2．路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固</p><p>　　阿路也只有在良好的基礎(chǔ)。一條公路穿從上而下，但瀑布從底部分開(kāi)。道路基礎(chǔ)必須進(jìn)行整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和交通使用它。為了使一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，你可能需要用化學(xué)穩(wěn)定劑，穩(wěn)定路基，大石頭叫斷路器運(yùn)行，或土工織物。當(dāng)你遇到條件下您懷疑鄉(xiāng)土是不穩(wěn)定的，具有工程師，調(diào)查有關(guān)情況

68、，并設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q辦法的工作。</p><p>　　3．選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材料</p><p>　　所有道路材料的你“，現(xiàn)在或以后付工資?！绷淤|(zhì)材料可能需要在整個(gè)公路的生命進(jìn)行大規(guī)模維修。他們也可能迫使你以取代道路過(guò)早。人工砂石料是為基層的最佳材料。在粉碎物料互鎖銳角時(shí)，他們都將被壓縮。這支持通過(guò)傳輸負(fù)載從粒子與粒子之間的路面和交通。相比之下，像圓顆粒球軸承，在外力作用下的運(yùn)動(dòng)。<

69、;/p><p>　　瀝青混凝土路面材料必須是最高質(zhì)量的公司從成立的條件下獲得的，設(shè)計(jì)和測(cè)試，以確保其符合規(guī)格。</p><p>　　4．鋪設(shè)的層次要緊湊合理</p><p>　　在一般情況下，更密集的物質(zhì)被壓縮，這是越強(qiáng)。縮小或消除壓實(shí)也粒子間空地（空隙）。這意味著更少的水可以進(jìn)入的結(jié)構(gòu)。土壤中水的結(jié)構(gòu)可以削弱或?qū)е滤獌鲅酆?。這對(duì)于unsurfaced（礫石）道路重要。

70、使用礫石其中有一個(gè)尺寸（良好級(jí)配碎石）的組合，以便更小的顆?？梢蕴钛a(bǔ)較大的空隙之間。好 瀝青路面壓實(shí)延長(zhǎng)其壽命。</p><p>　　5．設(shè)計(jì)好道路的最大車(chē)輛荷載</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)最高負(fù)荷預(yù)計(jì)將進(jìn)行的道路。一個(gè)是專(zhuān)為汽車(chē)的必由之路不會(huì)站起來(lái)卡車(chē)。 9噸卡車(chē)之一，在一個(gè)后軸不以道路為近萬(wàn)汽車(chē)造成很大損害。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村道路可能攜帶日志卡車(chē)，牛奶車(chē)

71、，消防部門(mén)消防車(chē)卡車(chē)，或施工設(shè)備。如果你不知道什么具體的道路將進(jìn)行加載，一個(gè)好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則是，設(shè)計(jì)為公路養(yǎng)護(hù)設(shè)備的最大一塊將在道路上使用。 一個(gè)良好的構(gòu)造和維修瀝青路面應(yīng)持續(xù)無(wú)大修或重建20年。道路設(shè)計(jì)，使用交通計(jì)數(shù)的項(xiàng)目數(shù)量和20年到未來(lái)車(chē)輛的大小。這些僅僅是預(yù)測(cè)，在最好的，但他們將允許您計(jì)劃穿越道路交通負(fù)荷的生活。</p><p><b>　　6．做好設(shè)計(jì)維護(hù)</b></p&

72、gt;<p>　　無(wú)需維修道路將會(huì)迅速惡化并失敗。設(shè)計(jì)你的道路，讓他們可以很容易地維持。這意味著：可以定期清理溝渠充足 ?以方便用戶(hù)在春季定位標(biāo)記暗渠 ?雪足夠的空間是翻耕后離開(kāi)道路 ?恰當(dāng)?shù)陌踩?，維修斜坡，避免交叉雪堆 ?是種植或處理，以防止水土流失路旁 ?可安全地修剪路旁 一個(gè)拇指規(guī)則是足夠的道路寬度，使其足夠?qū)挼膾哐C(jī)通過(guò)旅行方式，而不必離開(kāi)其他車(chē)輛。</p><p>　　

73、7． 準(zhǔn)備工作做好才能鋪設(shè)</p><p>　　這是沒(méi)有必要所有的道路鋪平立即。有一個(gè)精心打造和wellmaintained砂石路沒(méi)有什么錯(cuò)的交通負(fù)荷及數(shù)量不需要鋪設(shè)表面。每天三百輛是建議的最低證明鋪路。 不要以為鋪設(shè)瀝青碎石路面修復(fù)將是失敗的。在您鋪平，請(qǐng)確保您有足夠的基礎(chǔ)，碎石排水良好， 適當(dāng)壓縮。推薦的碎石基層的最低深度為10“路基土壤而定。 阿鋪平道路時(shí)，才愿意將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越 一個(gè)是構(gòu)建太快<

74、;/p><p>　　8．鋪設(shè)從下往上開(kāi)始</p><p>　　這似乎是顯而易見(jiàn)的命令，但它意味著你不應(yīng)該頂服飾或重鋪道，如果問(wèn)題出在一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)層。在你做任何道路改善，找到任何表面問(wèn)題的原因。選擇一個(gè)改進(jìn)技術(shù)，以解決問(wèn)題。這可能意味著回收或清除所有道路材料到原生的土壤和重建。做任何工作，不解決問(wèn)題是一種對(duì)金錢(qián)和精力的浪費(fèi)。</p><p><b>　　9．預(yù)算好您

75、的投資</b></p><p>　　道路系統(tǒng)可以是您的全市最大的投資。就像一個(gè)家庭需要油漆或一個(gè)新的屋頂，道路必須維持。威斯康星州的嚴(yán)重環(huán)境要求較溫和的地方道路維修。做這些重要的保養(yǎng)活動(dòng)： （1）表面-等級(jí)，形狀，修補(bǔ)，密封裂縫，控制粉塵，消除冰雪 （2）渠 - 清理和修復(fù)溝渠，涵洞;清除所有多余的材料 （3）路邊 - 切刷，修剪樹(shù)木和路邊種植面積，控制水土流失

76、 （4） 交通服務(wù) - 清??潔??和修理或更換的跡象</p><p>　　10．保持良好的記錄 </p><p>　　您的維護(hù)將更加具有良好的記錄效率。知道了道路的建設(shè)，生活和修復(fù)歷史讓我們更容易的未來(lái)計(jì)劃和預(yù)算 維修。記錄也可以幫助您評(píng)估的修復(fù)方法和材料您使用的有效性。     保持良好的記錄與庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)開(kāi)始。它應(yīng)包括巷道的歷史和表面狀況，確定和

77、評(píng)估涵洞和橋梁，注意溝條件，肩膀，標(biāo)牌，并作為擋土墻及護(hù)欄等結(jié)構(gòu)。 更新您的庫(kù)存，每年或當(dāng)您修理或更換路段。一個(gè)正式的路面管理系統(tǒng)可以幫助使用這些記錄，計(jì)劃和預(yù)算道路改善工程。</p><p><b>　　資源 </b></p><p>　　一個(gè)良好的路＃17649，威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校，15分鐘的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。錄像帶。介紹了良好的道路十誡。免費(fèi)租借錄像帶是通

78、過(guò)縣推廣部門(mén)。</p><p>　　瀝青PASER手冊(cè)（39頁(yè)），具體PASER手冊(cè)（48頁(yè)），砂石PASER手冊(cè)（32頁(yè)）。這些小冊(cè)子包含大量的照片和路面描述來(lái)幫助你理解窘迫狀況及其原因的類(lèi)型。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的程序，評(píng)級(jí)的條件可以幫助您管理您的人行道和計(jì)劃修理。</p><p>　　Roadware，計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)和報(bào)告方案，路面狀況的信息。公司開(kāi)發(fā)的交通信息中心和威斯康星州的交通運(yùn)輸部加強(qiáng)，它使

79、用PASER評(píng)級(jí)系統(tǒng)，提供為期五年的成本預(yù)算和道路修復(fù)/重建的優(yōu)先名單。</p><p>　　從交通信息中心（TIC）獲得威斯康星州的交通情況說(shuō)明公告，。 道路排水描述用于道路排水，肩膀，溝渠，涵洞。 碎石路討論了礫石路面的特點(diǎn)和如何維護(hù)之一，包括利用冬季道路養(yǎng)護(hù)鹽和沙子及如何使用除冰化學(xué)品和沙子的實(shí)用技巧。 涵洞的正確使用和安裝，選擇和大小涵洞，設(shè)計(jì)，安裝和維護(hù)它們。 土工織物在道路建設(shè)/維護(hù)和 侵蝕控制，定義