全球公司會計舞弊和改革行為外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3235字</b></p><p><b>　　2020單詞</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻翻譯譯文</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Global Corporate A

2、ccounting Frauds and Action for Reforms</p><p>　　1、Introduction</p><p>　　During the recent series of corporate fraudulent financial reporting incidents in the U.S., similar corporate scandals we

3、re disclosed in several other countries. Almost all cases of foreign corporate accounting frauds were committed by entities that conduct their businesses in more than one country, and most of these entities are also list

4、ed on U.S. stock exchanges. Following the legislative and regulatory reforms of corporate America, resulting from the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002, reforms were a</p><p>　　2、Cases of Global Corporate Accounting

5、 Frauds</p><p>　　The list of corporate financial accounting scandals in the U.S. is extensive, and each one was the result of one or more creative accounting irregularities. Exhibit 1 identifies a sample of

6、U.S. companies that committed such fraud and the nature of their fraudulent financial reporting activities. </p><p>　　EXHIBIT 1. A SAMPLE OF CASES OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING FRAUDS IN THE U.S.A.</p><

7、p>　　3、Global Regulatory Action for Corporate and Accounting Reforms</p><p>　　I. U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA 2002)</p><p>　　In response to corporate and accounting scandals, the effec

8、ts of which are still being felt throughout the U.S. economy, and in order to protect public interest and to restore investor confidence in the capital market, U.S. lawmakers, in a compromise by the House and Senate, pas

9、sed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. President Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U.S. and non-U.S. companies whose secu

10、r</p><p>　　The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) is expressly applicable to any non-U.S. company registered on U.S. exchanges under either the Securities Act of 1933 or the Security Exchange Act of 1934, regardless o

11、f country of incorporation or corporate domicile. Furthermore, external auditors of such registrants, regardless of their nationality or place of business, are subject to the oversight of the Public Company Accounting Ov

12、ersight Board (PCAOB) and to the statutory requirements of the SOA .</p><p>　　The United States' SOA has reverberated around the globe through the corporate and accounting reforms addressed by the Intern

13、ational Federation of Accountants (IFAC); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the European Commission (UC); and authoritative bodies within individual European countries.</p><p>

14、;　　II. International Federation of Accountants (IFAC)</p><p>　　The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is a private governance organization whose members are the national professional associations

15、 of accountants. It formally describes itself as the global representative of the accounting profession, with the objective of serving the public interest, strengthening the worldwide accountancy profession and contribut

16、ing to the development of strong international economies by establishing and promoting adherence to high quality standards. The Federati</p><p>　　In October 2002, IFAC commissioned a Task Force on Rebuilding

17、 Public Confidence in Financial Reporting to use a global perspective to consider how to restore the credibility of financial reporting and corporate disclosure. Its report, "Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financia

18、l Reporting: An International Perspective," includes recommendations for strengthening corporate governance, and raising the regulating standards of issuers. Among its conclusions and recommendations related to audi

19、t committ</p><p>　　1. All public interest entities should have an independent audit committee or similar body .</p><p>　　2. The audit committee should regularly report to the board and should ad

20、dress concerns about financial information, internal controls or the audit .</p><p>　　3. The audit committee must meet regularly and have sufficient time to perform its role effectively .</p><p>

21、;　　4. Audit committees should have core responsibilities, including monitoring and reviewing the integrity of financial reporting, financial controls, the internal audit function, as well as for recommending, working wit

22、h and monitoring the external auditors. </p><p>　　5. Audit committee members should be financially literate and a majority should have "substantial financial experience." They should receive furthe

23、r training as necessary on their responsibilities and on the company.</p><p>　　6. Audit committees should have regular private "executive sessions" with the outside auditors and the head of the int

24、ernal audit department. These executive sessions should not include members of management. There should be similar meetings with the chief financial officer (CFO) and other key financial executives, but without other mem

25、bers of management.</p><p>　　7. Audit committee members should be independent of management .</p><p>　　8. There should be a principles-based approach to defining independence on an international

26、 level. Companies should disclose committee members' credentials, remuneration and shareholdings.</p><p>　　9. Reinforcing the role of the audit committee should improve the relationship between the audi

27、tor and the company. The audit committee should recommend the hiring and firing of auditors and approve their fees, as well as review the audit plan.</p><p>　　10. The IFAC Code of Ethics should be the founda

28、tion for individual national independence rules. It should be relied on in making decisions on whether auditors should provide non-audit services. Non-audit services performed by the auditor should be approved by the aud

29、it committee.</p><p>　　11. All fees, for audit and non-audit services, should be disclosed to shareholders.</p><p>　　12. Key audit team members, including the engagement and independent review p

30、artners, should serve no longer than seven years on the audit .</p><p>　　13. Two years should pass before a key audit team member can take a position at the company as a director or any other important manag

31、ement position .</p><p>　　III. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) </p><p>　　The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a quasi-think tank made

32、up of 30 member countries, including the United States (U.S.) and the United Kingdom (UK), and it has working relationships with more than 70 other countries. In 2004, the OECD unveiled the updated revision of its "

33、Principles of Corporate Governance" that had originally been adopted by its member governments (including the U.S. and UK) in 1999. Although they are non-binding, the principles provide a refe</p><p>　

34、　The principles have long become an international benchmark for policy makers, investors, corporations and other stakeholders worldwide. They have advanced the corporate governance agenda and provided specific guidance f

35、or legislative and regulatory initiatives in both the OECD and non-OECD countries.</p><p>　　The 2004 updated version of "Principles of Corporate Governance" includes recommendations on accounting a

36、nd auditing standards, the independence of board members and the need for boards to act in the interest of the company and the shareholders. The updated version also sets more demanding standards in a number of areas tha

37、t impact corporate executive compensation and finance, such as :</p><p>　　1. Granting investors the right to nominate company directors, as well as a more forceful role in electing them.</p><p>

38、　　2. Providing shareholders with a voice in the compensation policy for board members and executives, and giving these stockholders the ability to submit questions to auditors.</p><p>　　3. Mandating that ins

39、titutional investors disclose their overall voting policies and how they manage material conflicts of interest that may affect the way the investors exercise key ownership functions, such as voting .</p><p>

40、　　4. Identifying the need for effective protection of creditor rights and an efficient system for dealing with corporate insolvency .</p><p>　　5. Directing rating agencies, brokers and other providers of inf

41、ormation that could influence investor decisions to disclose conflicts of interest, and how those conflicts are being managed .</p><p>　　6. Mandating board members to be more rigorous in disclosing related p

42、arty transactions, and protecting so-called "whistle blowers" by providing the employees with confidential access to a board-level contact .</p><p>　　4、Conclusion</p><p>　　The Sarbanes

43、-Oxley Act of 2002 was the U.S. government's response to the wave of fraudulent corporate financial reporting experienced during the 1990s and early 2000s an represented a significant step in regaining investors'

44、 confidence in the global financial reporting process. The SOA created new and stricter statutes to avoid a repeat of previous corporate financial disasters. The Act not only applies to U.S. entities but also covers prim

45、arily large non-U.S. companies whose securities are list</p><p>　　Across the Atlantic, the IFAC, OECD and EU have recognize the recent eruption of corporate scandals in Europe and affirmed the inevitable nee

46、d for corporate governance reforms and regulation of the public accounting profession worldwide. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has passed the Code of Professional Ethics for international accounting

47、firms. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has passed guidelines for improving corporate governance. The Europ</p><p>　　Sourse: Badawi, Ibrahim M. Review of Business; Spring2005,

48、 Vol. 26 Issue 2, p8-14, 7p</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　全球公司會計舞弊和改革行為</p><p><b>　　一、前言</b></p><p>　　隨著最近一系列公司虛假財務(wù)報告事件在美國發(fā)生,類似丑聞也在其他國家被曝光。幾乎所有的案例

49、中外國企業(yè)會計舞弊的行為是委托其在多個國家的業(yè)務(wù)實體,這些實體大多在美國上市。美國公司立法和管理改革——2002年的薩班斯法案在全球范圍引起反響。該法案的目的是雙重的：（1）識別有明顯的虛假財務(wù)報告和會計手法不當(dāng)?shù)拿绹屯鈬?；?）突出強調(diào)國際上對恢復(fù)投資者對財務(wù)報告、會計職業(yè)和全球資本市場信心的反應(yīng)。</p><p>　　二、全球企業(yè)會計舞弊的案例</p><p>　　大量的美國公司

50、被列入公司財務(wù)會計丑聞的清單，而且每個案例都不止一個會計行為不規(guī)范。通過表1可以看到樣本中的美國公司的虛假財務(wù)報告的欺騙行為。</p><p>　　表1 美國公司會計舞弊樣本</p><p>　　三、公司會計改革的全球管理行為</p><p>　　（一）2002年薩班斯法案(SOA 2002)</p><p>　　會計丑聞的影響貫穿于整個美國

51、經(jīng)濟，為了保護社會公共利益，令投資者恢復(fù)對資本市場的信心，美國立法者在2002年通過了薩班斯法案。布什總統(tǒng)2002年7月30日簽署了該法案(公法107-204)。該法案的執(zhí)行給在美國證券交易所上市交易的美國和非美國的公司帶來巨大變化，要求行政人員、董事會和外部審計人員采取措施使財務(wù)報告更具責(zé)任心和透明度?；诜ò笚l例的積極性，該法案被認為是從1933年以來最具象征意義的法律法規(guī)，影響著公司和會計職業(yè)。其他美國監(jiān)管機構(gòu)，比如紐約證券交易所

52、、那斯達克和國家注冊會計師協(xié)會也通過了新的法規(guī),針對上市公司及其外部審計人員增加條款。</p><p>　　薩班斯法案適用于任何在美國證券交易所注冊上市的公司，無論是在1933年證券管理條例下的還是在1934年證券交易法下的，不管是國營還是私營。此外，外部審計人員，不管他們的國籍和營業(yè)地點，受美國上市公司會計監(jiān)管委員會(PCAOB)監(jiān)督。</p><p>　　美國的薩班斯法案(SOA)在世

53、界各地有反響,國際會計師聯(lián)合會(IFAC)、經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)、歐洲委員會(UC)和歐洲國家的個人權(quán)威機構(gòu)參與了企業(yè)和會計改革行為。</p><p>　?。ǘ﹪H會計師聯(lián)合會(IFAC)</p><p>　　IFAC是一個私人的管理機構(gòu)，其成員是國家專業(yè)組織的會計師。IFAC把自己描述成會計這一職業(yè)的全球代表，目的在于為公共利益服務(wù)，強化全世界的會計，通過建立和遵守高質(zhì)量的標

54、準，為國際經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展做出貢獻。IFAC代表了全世界的會計團體，恢復(fù)公眾對財務(wù)報告和會計職業(yè)的信心并認為應(yīng)該是一個全球性的任務(wù)。他在全球?qū)徲嬑枧_上充當(dāng)了一個重要角色，建立了審計的國際化標準，規(guī)定了專業(yè)會計師的道德規(guī)范。IFAC近來被評為在經(jīng)濟和財務(wù)領(lǐng)域最有影響力的國際組織之一，包括全球金融穩(wěn)定論壇(FSF)、國際證監(jiān)會(IOSCO),世界銀行、歐共體（EC）。</p><p>　　2002年10月，IFAC成立了一

55、個特別小組著力于研究如何恢復(fù)財務(wù)報告和信息披露的可信性，重建公眾對財務(wù)報告的信心。在其發(fā)布的報告“重建公眾對財務(wù)報告的信心：一個國際觀點”中建議加強公司治理和提高對發(fā)行人約束標準。結(jié)論和建議中涉及審計委員會的有：</p><p>　　1、所有的公共利益實體應(yīng)該有獨立審計委員會或類似的機構(gòu)。</p><p>　　2、審計委員會應(yīng)定期向董事會報告,應(yīng)該陳述自己對財務(wù)信息、內(nèi)部控制或?qū)徲嫷年P(guān)注。

56、</p><p>　　3、審計委員會必須定期會晤,有充分的時間履行它的責(zé)任。</p><p>　　4、審計委員會應(yīng)該發(fā)揮核心職能,包括監(jiān)督檢查財務(wù)報告的真實性、財務(wù)控制、內(nèi)部審計是否發(fā)揮作用以及提供建議，監(jiān)督外部審計人員。</p><p>　　5、審計委員會成員必須是財務(wù)上的學(xué)者，大部分成員必須有財務(wù)上的實操經(jīng)驗。他們應(yīng)該接受進一步的培訓(xùn)加強他們的責(zé)任感和團隊感。&

57、lt;/p><p>　　6、審計委員會應(yīng)該定期與外部審計人員和內(nèi)部審計部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)舉行會議。這些會議不應(yīng)該包括成員管理。必須要有類似的會議，與CFO和其他主要的財務(wù)主管,但沒有其它成員管理。</p><p>　　7、審計委員會成員都應(yīng)該有獨立的管理能力。</p><p>　　8、必須有一個起決定作用的法則獨立于國際水平。公司應(yīng)披露委員會成員的資格證書、酬金及股權(quán)。<

58、/p><p>　　9、要強化審計委員會的角色必須改善審計師和公司的關(guān)系。審計委員會必須完善招聘和解聘制度，明確他們的費用，檢查審計計劃。</p><p>　　10、IFAC道德規(guī)范必須是獨立規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)。對審計師是否需要提供非審計服務(wù)作出決定。審計師執(zhí)行非審計服務(wù)須經(jīng)審計委員會批準。</p><p>　　11、所有費用（包括審計和非審計服務(wù)）須向投資者披露。</p&

59、gt;<p>　　12、關(guān)鍵的審計小組的成員提供審計服務(wù)不超過7年。</p><p>　　13、關(guān)鍵的審計小組的成員在成為公司主管或立足于其他重要管理地位前必須經(jīng)過兩年。</p><p>　?。ㄈ┙?jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)</p><p>　　OECD是一個由30個成員國組成的組織，包括美國和英國，OECD和其它70個國家建立了合作關(guān)系。2004

60、年，OECD公布了最新修訂的公司治理原則，其最早被成員國（包括美國和英國）政府接受是在1999年。雖然不具有約束性，此原則為國家的法規(guī)提供了參考，也為證券交易所、投資者、企業(yè)和其他當(dāng)事人提供了指導(dǎo)。</p><p>　　此原則在很長一段時間成為政策制定者、投資者、企業(yè)及其它利益相關(guān)者的國際基準。原則中有先進的公司治理的程序，為OECD成員國和非OECD國家的立法和管理提供指導(dǎo)。</p><p&

61、gt;　　2004年的最新版的公司治理原則包括有會計和審計準則、董事會成員的獨立性和公司與投資者的利益需求方面的內(nèi)容。此次更新在管理層薪資水平和財務(wù)方面設(shè)置了更加嚴厲的標準，比如：</p><p>　　1、給予投資者任命公司董事的權(quán)利，在選舉中扮演強有力的角色。</p><p>　　2、投資者在董事會成員和公司高管報酬政策制定上說出自己的想法，股東可以向?qū)徲嫀熖峤粏栴}。</p>

62、<p>　　3、機構(gòu)投資者公開全部的政策選票和如何處理可能影響投資者的關(guān)鍵的所有權(quán)問題的利益沖突方面的信息。</p><p>　　4、識別需要有效地保護債權(quán)和處理公司破產(chǎn)的系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　5、為評級機構(gòu)、經(jīng)紀人和其他供應(yīng)商提供可以影響投資者公開利益沖突和如何處理這些沖突的指導(dǎo)信息。</p><p>　　6、授權(quán)董事會成員在披露關(guān)聯(lián)方交易和保

63、護“揭發(fā)者”方面更加嚴格。</p><p><b>　　四、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　2002年薩班斯法案是美國政府對20世紀90年代和21世紀早期的虛假財務(wù)報告風(fēng)波做出的反應(yīng)，是在恢復(fù)投資者對全球財務(wù)報告信心的過程中有代表意義的一步。薩班斯法案創(chuàng)造了一個新的更加嚴謹?shù)恼鲁?，以避免重蹈以前公司財?wù)上的災(zāi)難。該法案不僅適用于美國實體，而且包括那些在美國證券交易所

64、上市的非美國的大型公司和非美國的外部審計人員（不管他們的國籍和營業(yè)地點）。外國實體于2005年6月開始遵守該法案。</p><p>　　大西洋彼岸, 國際會計師聯(lián)合會(IFAC)、經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)、歐盟（EU）意識到近年來歐洲財務(wù)丑聞的爆發(fā)，承認必須進行公司治理改革和對世界范圍的公共會計職業(yè)進行管理。IFAC已經(jīng)通過了國際性的會計師事務(wù)所的職業(yè)道德規(guī)范。OECD已經(jīng)通過了改善公司治理的指導(dǎo)方針。EU