區(qū)塊鏈外文翻譯—區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)超越比特幣（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　字?jǐn)?shù)：英文2904單詞，16015字符；中文5190漢字</p><p>　　出處：M Crosby,V Kalyanaraman,et al.BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin[J]Applied Innovation Review.2016,7(2):6-19</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b&

2、gt;</p><p>　　BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin</p><p>　　Abstract A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records, or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that h

3、ave been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the system. Once entered, information can never be erased. The

4、 blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. Bitcoin, the decentralized peer-to-peer digital curren</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　A blockchain is

5、essentially a distributed database of records, or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by c

6、onsensus of a majority of the participants in the system. Once entered, information can never be erased. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. To use a basic analo

7、gy, it is easier to steal a cookie from a co</p><p>　　Bitcoin is the most popular example that is intrinsically tied to blockchain technology. It is also the most controversial one since it helps to enable a

8、 multibillion-dollar global market of anonymous transactions without any governmental control. Hence it has to deal with a number of regulatory issues involving national governments and financial institutions.</p>

9、<p>　　However, Blockchain technology itself is non-controversial and has worked flawlessly over the years and is being successfully applied to both financial and non-financial world applications. Last year, Marc An

10、dreessen, the doyen of Silicon Valley’s capitalists, listed the blockchain distributed consensus model as the most important invention since the Internet itself. Johann Palychata from BNP Paribas wrote in the Quintessenc

11、e magazine that bitcoin’s blockchain, the software that allows the digit</p><p>　　Section I: BlockChain Technology</p><p>　　1.Short History of Bitcoin</p><p>　　In 2008, an individua

12、l (or group) writing under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto published a paper entitled “Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System”. This paper described a peer-to-peer version of the electronic cash that would allow onl

13、ine payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Bitcoin was the first realization of this concept. Now “cryptocurrencies” is the label that is used to describe al

14、l networks and mediums of exchange that</p><p>　　The author of the first paper wanted to remain anonymous and hence no one knows Satoshi Nakamoto to this day. A few months later, an open source program imple

15、menting the new protocol was released, beginning with the Genesis block of 50 coins. Anyone can install this open source program and become part of the bitcoin peer-to-peer network. It has grown in popularity since then.

16、</p><p>　　The popularity of the Bitcoin has never ceased to increase since then. Moreover, the underlying BlockChain technology is now finding new range of applications beyond finance.</p><p>　　

17、2.Blockchain Technology: How does it work?</p><p>　　We explain the concept of the blockchain by explaining how Bitcoin works since it is intrinsically linked to the Bitcoin. However, the blockchain technolog

18、y is applicable to any digital asset transaction exchanged online.</p><p>　　(1)Validate Entries</p><p>　　(2)Safeguard Entries</p><p>　　(3)Preserve Historic Record</p><p&g

19、t;　　Internet commerce is exclusively tied to the financial institutions serving as the trusted third party who process and mediate any electronic transaction. The role of trusted third party is to validate, safeguard and

20、 preserve transactions. A certain percentage of fraud is unavoidable in online transactions and that needs mediation by financial transactions. This results in high transaction costs.</p><p>　　Bitcoin uses c

21、ryptographic proof instead of the trust-in-the-third-party mechanism for two willing parties to execute an online transaction over the Internet. Each transaction is protected through a digital signature, is sent to the “

22、public key” of the receiver, and is digitally signed using the “private key” of the sender. In order to spend money, the owner of the cryptocurrency needs to prove his ownership of the “private key”. The entity receiving

23、 the digital currency then verifies the digita</p><p>　　However, there is question of maintaining the order of these transactions that are broadcasted to every other node in the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network.

24、 The transactions do not come in order in which they are generated, and hence there is a need for a system to make sure that double-spending of the cryptocurrency does not occur. Considering that the transactions are pas

25、sed node by node through the Bitcoin network, there is no guarantee that orders in which they are received at a node are the same</p><p>　　The Bitcoin solved this problem by a mechanism that is now popularly

26、 known as Blockchain technology. The Bitcoin system orders transactions by placing them in groups called blocks and then linking these blocks through what is called Blockchain. The transactions in one block are considere

27、d to have happened at the same time. These blocks are linked to each-other (like a chain) in a proper linear, chronological order with every block containing the hash of the previous block.</p><p>　　Section

28、II: Existing Market</p><p>　　Blockchain technology is finding applications in both financial and non-financial areas that traditionally relied on a third trusted online entity to validate and safeguard onlin

29、e transactions of digital assets. There was another application “Smart Contracts” that was invented in year 1994 by Nick Szabo. It was a great idea to automatically execute contracts between participating parties. Howeve

30、r, it did not find usage until the notion of crypto currencies or programmable payments came into exis</p><p>　　Smart Contracts are contracts which are automatically enforced by computer protocols. Using blo

31、ckchain technology has made it much more easier to register, verify and execute them. Moreover, open source companies like Ethereum and Codius are already enabling Smart Contracts using blockchain technology and many com

32、panies which operate on bitcoin and blockchain technologies are beginning to support Smart Contracts. Many cases where assets are transferred only after meeting certain conditions, whic</p><p>　　In particula

33、r, Ethereum has created lot of excitement for its programmable platform capabilities. The company allows anyone to create their own cryptocurrency and use that to execute and pay for Smart Contracts, while it also posses

34、ses its own cryptocurrency (ether) which is used to pay for the services. Ethereum is already powering a wide range of early applications in areas such as Governance, autonomous banks, keyless access, crowdfunding, finan

35、cial derivatives trading and settlement, all by </p><p>　　Companies such as IBM, Samsung, Overstock, Amazon, UBS, Citi, Ebay, and Verizon Wireless, to name a few, are all exploring alternative and novel uses

36、 of the blockchain for their own applications. Nine of the world’s biggest banks including Barclays and Goldman Sachs5 have recently joined forces with the New York based financial technology firm R3 in September 2015 in

37、 order to create a framework for using the blockchain technology in the financial market. This is the first time banks have come to</p><p>　　Section III: Applications of Technology-Compelling Use Cases in bo

38、th Financial and Non-Financial Areas</p><p>　　1.Financial Applications</p><p>　　1.1.Private Securities</p><p>　　It is very expensive to take a company public. A syndicate of banks m

39、ust work to underwrite the deal and attract investors. The stock exchanges list company shares for secondary market to function securely with trades settling and clearing in a timely manner. It is now theoretically possi

40、ble for companies to directly issue the shares via the blockchain. These shares can then be purchased and sold in a secondary market that sits on top of the blockchain. </p><p>　　NASDAQ launched its Private

41、Equity Exchange in 2014. This is meant to provide the key functionalities like Cap table and investor relationship management for the the pre-IPO or private companies. The current process of trading stocks in this exchan

42、ge is inefficient and slow due to involvement of multiple 3rd parties. NASDAQ has joined hands with a San Francisco based Startup called chain.com to implement private equity exchange on top of BlockChain. Chain.com is i

43、mplementing BlockChain based sma</p><p>　　1.2. Insurance</p><p>　　Assets which can be uniquely identified by one or more identifiers that are difficult to destroy or replicate can be registered

44、in blockchain. This can be used to verify ownership of an asset and also trace the transaction history. Any property (physical or digital such as real estate, automobiles, physical assets, laptops, other valuables) can p

45、otentially be registered in blockchain and the ownership, transaction history can be validated by anyone, especially insurers.</p><p>　　Everledger is a company which creates permanent ledger of diamond certi

46、fication and the transaction history of the diamond using blockchain. The characteristics which uniquely identify the diamond such as height, width, weight, depth, color etc are hashed and registered in the ledger. The v

47、erification of diamonds can be done by insurance companies, law enforcement agencies, owners and claimants. Everledger provides a simple to use web service API for looking at a diamond, and create, read or upd</p>

48、<p>　　2.Non-Financial Applications:</p><p>　　2.1.Notary Public</p><p>　　Verifying authenticity of the document can be done using blockchain and eliminates the need for centralized authorit

49、y. The document certification service helps in Proof of Ownership (who authored it), Proof of Existence (at a certain time) and Proof of Integrity (not tampered) of the documents. Since it is counterfeit-proof and can be

50、 verified by independent third parties, these services are legally binding. Using blockchain for notarization secures the privacy of the document as well as those w</p><p>　　Stampery is a company which can s

51、tamp email or any files using blockchain. It simplifies certifying of emails by just emailing them to an email specifically created for each customer. Law firms are using Stampery’s technology for a very cost effective w

52、ay to certify documents.</p><p>　　2.2.Applications of Blockchain in the Music Industry</p><p>　　The music industry has gone a big change in last decade due to the growth of Internet and availabi

53、lity of a number of streaming services over the Internet. This change is impacting everyone in the music industry: artists, labels, publishers, songwriters and streaming service providers. The process by which music roya

54、lties are determined has always been a convoluted one, but the emergence of the Internet has made it even more complex giving rise to the demand of transparency in the royalty paymen</p><p>　　This is where t

55、he blockchain can play a role. The technology can help mantain a comprehen sive and accurate distributed database of music rights ownership information in a public ledger. In addition to rights ownership information, the

56、 royalty split for each work, as determined by Smart Contracts, could be added to the database. This Smart Contracts would in turn define the relationship relationships between different stakeholders (addresses) and auto

57、mate their interactions.</p><p>　　2.3.Decentralized proof of existence of documents</p><p>　　Validating the existence or the possession of signed documents is very important in any legal solutio

58、n. The traditional document validation models rely on central authorities for storing and validating the documents, which presents some obvious security challenges. These models become even more difficult as the document

59、s become older.</p><p>　　The blockchain technology provides an alternative model to proof-of-existence and possession of legal documents. Proof of Existence is a simple service that allows one to anonymously

60、 and securely store online proof of existence of any document. This service simply stores the cryptographic digest of the file, linked to the time in which a user submits his document. It is worth noting that the cryptog

61、raphic digest or fingerprint is what is stored, and not the actual document. In this way, the user</p><p>　　Section IV: Risks of Adoption</p><p>　　BlockChain is a promising breakthrough technolo

62、gy. As we described before, there are vast array of applications or problems that can be solved using BlockChain based technology, spanning from Financial (remittance to investment banking) to non-financial applications

63、like Notary services.</p><p>　　Most of these are radical innovations. As it happens with the adoption of radical innovations, there are significant risks of adoption.</p><p>　　Behavior change: C

64、hange is constant, but there is resistance to change. In the world of non-tangible trusted third parties introduced by BlockChain, customers need to get used to the fact that their electronic transactions are safe, secur

65、ed and complete. The present day intermediaries like Visa or Mastercard (in case of a credit cards) will also go through a change of roles and responsibilities. We envision that these companies will also invest and move

66、their platforms to be BlockChain-based. Th</p><p>　　Scaling: Scaling of the current nascent services based on BlockChain presents a challenge. Imagine yourself executing a BlockChain transaction for the firs

67、t time. You will have to go through downloading the entire set of existing BlockChains and validate before executing your first transaction. This may take hours or longer as the number of blocks increase exponentially.&l

68、t;/p><p>　　Bootstrapping: Moving the existing contracts or business documents/ frameworks to the new BlockChain based methodology presents a significant set of migration tasks that need to be executed. For exam

69、ple, in case of Real Estate ownerships, the existing documents lying in County or Escrow companies need to be migrated to the equivalent BlockChain form. This may involve time and costs.</p><p>　　Government

70、Regulations: In the new world of BlockChain-based transactions, government agencies like FTC and SEC may slow down the adoption by introducing new laws to monitor and regulate the industry for compliance. In a way, this

71、may help adoption in the United States as these agencies carry customer trust. In more controlled economies like China, the adoption will face significant headwind.</p><p>　　Fraudulent Activities: Given the

72、pseudonymous nature of BlockChain transactions, coupled with ease of moving valuables, the “bad guy”s may misuse the technology for fraudulent activities like money trafficking. That said, with enough regulations and tec

73、hnology-support, law enforcement agencies will be able to monitor and prosecute these individuals.</p><p>　　Quantum Computing: The basis of BlockChain technology relies on the very fact that it is mathematic

74、ally impossible for a single par ty to game the system due to lack of needed compute power. But with the future advent of Quantum Computers, the cryptographic keys may be easy enough to crack within a reasonable time thr

75、ough a sheer brute force approach. This would bring the whole system to its knee. The counter-argument would be for keys to become even stronger so that they may not be easy to crac</p><p>　　Conclusion</p

76、><p>　　BlockChain is Bitcoin’s backbone technology. The distributed ledger functionality coupled with the security of BlockChain makes it a very attractive technology to solve the current financial as well as n

77、on-financial industry problems.</p><p>　　As far as the technology is concerned, the cryptocurrency-based technology is either in the down ward slope of inflated expectations or in trough of disillusionment.&

78、lt;/p><p>　　There is enormous interest in BlockChain-based business applications and hence numerous start-ups working on them.</p><p>　　The adoption definitely faces strong headwind as described be

79、fore. However, even large financial institutions such as Visa, Mastercard, Banks, and NASDAQ, are investing in exploring applications of current business models on BlockChain. In fact, some of them are searching for new

80、business models in the world of BlockChain.</p><p>　　Some would like to stay that they are even ahead of the curve in terms of transformed regulatory environments for BlockChain.</p><p>　　We env

81、ision BlockChain technology going through slow adoption due to the risks associated. Most of the startups will fail with few winners. Having said this, we should be seeing significant adoption in a decade or two.</p&g

82、t;<p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)：超越比特幣</p><p>　　摘要 區(qū)塊鏈本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)分布式的記錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，或是一個(gè)在參與方之間執(zhí)行和共享的所有交易或數(shù)字事件的公共分類(lèi)賬。公共分類(lèi)賬中的每個(gè)交易記錄都通過(guò)系統(tǒng)中大多數(shù)參與者的協(xié)商一致來(lái)驗(yàn)證。一旦輸入，信息永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被刪除。區(qū)塊鏈包含了有史以來(lái)每一筆交易特定的和可

83、驗(yàn)證的記錄。分散的P2P形式的數(shù)字貨幣——比特幣，是使用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)最流行的例子。數(shù)字貨幣比特幣本身具有很大的爭(zhēng)議性，但底層區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)運(yùn)行良好，在金融和非金融領(lǐng)域都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p><b>　　簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　區(qū)塊鏈本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)分布式的記錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，或是一個(gè)在參與方之間執(zhí)行和共享的所有交易或數(shù)字事件的公共分類(lèi)賬。公共分類(lèi)賬中的每個(gè)交易記錄都

84、通過(guò)系統(tǒng)中大多數(shù)參與者的協(xié)商一致來(lái)驗(yàn)證。一旦輸入，信息永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被刪除。區(qū)塊鏈包含了有史以來(lái)每一筆交易特定的和可驗(yàn)證的記錄。用一個(gè)基本的比喻來(lái)說(shuō)，就是相比于從藏在僻靜處的餅干罐子里偷走一塊餅干，要從集市上的餅干罐子里偷走一塊餅干顯得困難得多，因?yàn)槌汕先f(wàn)的人都能觀察的到這塊餅干。</p><p>　　比特幣是與區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)有著內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的最流行的例子。這也是最具爭(zhēng)議的一個(gè)例子，因?yàn)樗兄谠跊](méi)有政府控制的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)十

85、億美元的全球匿名交易市場(chǎng)。因此它必須處理一些涉及國(guó)家政府和金融機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　然而，區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)本身是沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)議的，多年來(lái)一直運(yùn)行得非常完美，并且正在成功地應(yīng)用于金融和非金融領(lǐng)域。去年，硅谷投資家老前輩MarcAndreessen將區(qū)塊鏈分布式共識(shí)模型列為自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以來(lái)最重要的發(fā)明。來(lái)自法國(guó)巴黎銀行的JohannPalychata在Quintessence雜志上寫(xiě)道，比特幣的區(qū)塊鏈，允許數(shù)字貨幣功

86、能的軟件應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是一種像蒸汽或內(nèi)燃機(jī)這樣的發(fā)明，它有可能改變金融界和其他領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　第一部分：區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)</p><p><b>　　1.比特幣的歷史</b></p><p>　　2008年，以“中本聰”為名的一個(gè)人（或團(tuán)體）發(fā)表了題為“比特幣：P2P電子現(xiàn)金系統(tǒng)”的論文。文章描述了一種P2P形式電子現(xiàn)金，它允許在線支付直接從

87、一方轉(zhuǎn)到另一方，而不必通過(guò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)。比特幣是這個(gè)概念的首次實(shí)現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)在“加密貨幣”是用來(lái)描述所有使用密碼術(shù)來(lái)保證交易的交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)和介質(zhì)的標(biāo)簽——相對(duì)于那些通過(guò)集中式的可信實(shí)體進(jìn)行交易的系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　第一篇論文的作者想要保持匿名，因此到今天也沒(méi)有人知道“中本聰”是誰(shuí)。幾個(gè)月后，一個(gè)實(shí)施新協(xié)議的開(kāi)源程序被發(fā)布，從50幣的創(chuàng)始區(qū)塊開(kāi)始。任何人都可以安裝這個(gè)開(kāi)源程序，并成為比特幣點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分。自那時(shí)起，比

88、特幣就越來(lái)越受歡迎。</p><p>　　自此，比特幣的人氣從未停止過(guò)增長(zhǎng)。此外，底層的區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)目前正在尋找超出金融領(lǐng)域的新應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　2.區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)：它是如何工作的？</p><p>　　我們通過(guò)解釋比特幣如何工作來(lái)闡述區(qū)塊鏈的概念，因?yàn)樗c比特幣具有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。然而，區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)適用于在線交換的任何數(shù)字資產(chǎn)交易。</p><p&

89、gt;<b>　　（1）驗(yàn)證條目</b></p><p><b>　?。?）保護(hù)條目</b></p><p><b>　?。?）保存歷史記錄</b></p><p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)完全是與金融機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)系在一起的,后者是負(fù)責(zé)處理和調(diào)解任何電子交易的可信第三方?？尚诺谌降淖饔檬球?yàn)證、保護(hù)和保存交易記錄。在

90、網(wǎng)上交易中,一定比例的欺詐是不可避免的，需要通過(guò)金融交易進(jìn)行調(diào)解。這就導(dǎo)致高的交易成本。</p><p>　　比特幣使用加密驗(yàn)證，而不是兩個(gè)愿意通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)執(zhí)行在線交易的當(dāng)事人對(duì)第三方機(jī)制的信任。每筆交易都通過(guò)數(shù)字簽名進(jìn)行保護(hù)，發(fā)送給接收方的“公鑰”，并使用發(fā)送方的“私鑰”進(jìn)行數(shù)字簽名。為了使用貨幣，加密貨幣的所有者需要證明他對(duì)“私鑰”的所有權(quán)。接收數(shù)字貨幣的實(shí)體然后驗(yàn)證數(shù)字簽名，這意味著在各自的交易中使用發(fā)送方的

91、“公鑰”來(lái)表示對(duì)應(yīng)的“私鑰”的所有權(quán)。每筆交易都會(huì)廣播到比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，并在驗(yàn)證后記錄在公共分類(lèi)賬中。在公共分類(lèi)賬中記錄之前，每筆交易都需要驗(yàn)證其有效性。</p><p>　　但是，在維護(hù)這些交易的順序方面存在問(wèn)題，它要被廣播到比特幣P2P網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的每一個(gè)其他節(jié)點(diǎn)。這些交易并不是按照它們生成的順序來(lái)進(jìn)行的，因此需要一個(gè)系統(tǒng)來(lái)確保不會(huì)發(fā)生加密貨幣的雙重支出?？紤]到交易是通過(guò)比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)逐個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)傳遞的，因此不能保

92、證它們?cè)诠?jié)點(diǎn)處接收到的訂單與生成這些交易的順序相同。這就意味著需要開(kāi)發(fā)一種機(jī)制，以便整個(gè)比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)都可以就交易順序達(dá)成一致，這在分布式系統(tǒng)中是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　比特幣通過(guò)一種現(xiàn)在普遍稱(chēng)為區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的機(jī)制解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。比特幣系統(tǒng)通過(guò)將交易放置在稱(chēng)為區(qū)塊的組中，然后用所謂的區(qū)塊鏈將這些區(qū)塊鏈接起來(lái)，從而確定交易的順序。一個(gè)區(qū)塊中的交易被認(rèn)為是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。這些區(qū)塊以適當(dāng)?shù)木€性時(shí)間順序鏈接到彼此（如

93、鏈），每個(gè)區(qū)塊包含上一個(gè)區(qū)塊的散列的時(shí)間順序。</p><p><b>　　第二部分：現(xiàn)有市場(chǎng)</b></p><p>　　區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)正在尋找金融和非金融領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，革新傳統(tǒng)上依賴(lài)第三方可信在線實(shí)體來(lái)驗(yàn)證和保護(hù)數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的在線交易。還有另一個(gè)由NickSzabo于1994年發(fā)明的“智能合約”的應(yīng)用。在參與方之間自動(dòng)執(zhí)行合約是一個(gè)好主意。不過(guò)，這直到加密貨幣或可設(shè)定支付的

94、概念出現(xiàn)，才得以應(yīng)用?，F(xiàn)在，當(dāng)合約協(xié)議的預(yù)先設(shè)定的條件被觸發(fā)時(shí)，區(qū)塊鏈和智能合約這兩個(gè)程序可以一起工作來(lái)引起支付。智能合約真是加密貨幣世界的殺手锏。</p><p>　　智能合約是由計(jì)算機(jī)協(xié)議自動(dòng)執(zhí)行的合約。使用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)使注冊(cè)、驗(yàn)證和執(zhí)行變得更加容易。此外，像以太坊和Codius這樣的開(kāi)源公司已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)智能合約，許多使用比特幣和區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的公司開(kāi)始支持智能合約。許多情況下，只有在滿足某些條件（

95、需要律師創(chuàng)建合同以及銀行提供代管服務(wù)）后才能轉(zhuǎn)移的資產(chǎn)，才能被智能合約所取代。</p><p>　　特別是，以太坊創(chuàng)造了很多令人興奮的可編程平臺(tái)功能。該公司允許任何人創(chuàng)建自己的加密貨幣，并使用它來(lái)執(zhí)行和支付智能合約，同時(shí)它還擁有自己的用于支付服務(wù)的加密貨幣（以太幣）。以太坊已經(jīng)在治理、自主銀行、無(wú)鑰匙進(jìn)入、眾籌、金融衍生產(chǎn)品交易和結(jié)算等領(lǐng)域?yàn)楦鞣N早期應(yīng)用提供支持，所有這些都通過(guò)使用智能合約來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p&g

96、t;<p>　　諸如IBM、三星、Overstock、亞馬遜、瑞銀、花旗、Ebay和威瑞森無(wú)線等公司都在探索區(qū)塊鏈的替代和新穎用途，以供他們自己的應(yīng)用程序使用。2015年9月，為了在金融市場(chǎng)中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)使用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的框架，包括巴克萊和高盛在內(nèi)的全球最大的9家銀行最近與紐約金融技術(shù)公司R3聯(lián)手。這是銀行首次合作尋找區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。像摩根大通、道富銀行、瑞銀、蘇格蘭皇家銀行、瑞士信貸銀行、西班牙對(duì)外銀行和澳大利亞聯(lián)邦銀行等主

97、要銀行都加入了這一舉措。</p><p>　　第三部分：在金融和非金融領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用技術(shù)引人注目的案例</p><p><b>　　1.金融領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用</b></p><p><b>　　1.1.私募證券</b></p><p>　　公司上市是非常昂貴的。銀行集團(tuán)必須努力承銷(xiāo)這筆交易并吸引投資者。證券交易

98、所將二級(jí)市場(chǎng)的公司股票列入安全運(yùn)行的交易，并及時(shí)進(jìn)行交易結(jié)算和清算?，F(xiàn)在理論上公司可以通過(guò)區(qū)塊鏈直接發(fā)行股票。這些股票可以在位于區(qū)塊鏈頂端的二級(jí)市場(chǎng)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)和出售。</p><p>　　納斯達(dá)克在2014年推出了私募股權(quán)交易所。這意味著為上市前或私營(yíng)公司提供關(guān)鍵功能，如股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)表和投資者關(guān)系管理。由于多個(gè)第三方的參與，目前在這個(gè)交易所進(jìn)行股票交易的過(guò)程效率低下、速度緩慢。納斯達(dá)克與舊金山的一家名為chain.com

99、的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司聯(lián)手，在區(qū)塊鏈上實(shí)施私募股權(quán)交易。Chain.com正在實(shí)施基于區(qū)塊鏈的智能合約來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)交換功能。該產(chǎn)品有望達(dá)到速度快、可追蹤和高效率。</p><p><b>　　1.2.保險(xiǎn)</b></p><p>　　可以在區(qū)塊鏈中注冊(cè)由一個(gè)或多個(gè)難以銷(xiāo)毀或復(fù)制的標(biāo)識(shí)符唯一標(biāo)識(shí)的資產(chǎn)。這可以用來(lái)驗(yàn)證資產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，也可以追蹤交易歷史。任何財(cái)產(chǎn)（實(shí)物或數(shù)字，如房地產(chǎn)、汽車(chē)、