外文翻譯--業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)，安全圍墻，以及拉斯維加斯的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

1、<p><b>　　中文3750字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　HOMEOWNER ASSOCIATIONS, SECURITY WALLS,</p>

2、<p>　　AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN LAS VEGAS</p><p>　　Privately governed residential enclaves known as common interest housing developments (CIDs), many of them gated and walled, are the predominant form

3、 of new housing in America’s fastest growing cities and suburbs. Over the last 25 years, this massive privatization of local government functions has changed the appearance and organizational structure of American urban

4、areas.This trend is not a passing fashion but an institutional transformation reflecting the ideological shift toward privatism cha</p><p>　　This transformation resembles the construction of a physical and i

5、nstitutional pomerium, or sanctified wall, around the affluent portions of an increasingly divided society. Nowhere in the United States is this transformation more visible than in Las Vegas, Nevada--the fastest growing

6、city in the nation, and one that exemplifies the national and global trend toward placing tourism at the center of the urban economy and reshaping the spatial, social, and political order accordingly. Las Vegas ar</p

7、><p>　　Las Vegas is the fastest growing ci ty, in the fastest growing county, in the fastest growing state in the United States of America. The spread of CID housing as the dominant form of new residential deve

8、lopment is especially dramatic in the Las Vegas area. Nearly all new construction is in planned residential subdivisions with homeowner association private governments. In order to maintain low taxes with an astronomica

9、l growth rate, Las Vegas and Clark County promote CID housing, which offers t</p><p>　　While there is clearly a demand for such locations, their proliferation is no mere byproduct of market forces. The City

10、 of Las Vegas virtually mandates that new development be done with homeowner associations. This is a two-step process. First, the city’s Zoning Code and Development Code are administered to require that all new developm

11、ent contain certain features, including a landscaping plan, open spaces, and often security walls. Then, elsewhere in these codes, the city requires that if s</p><p>　　18.12.5600 Landscaping Plan.A landsca

12、ping plan shall be provided by the sub divider as an integral part of subdivision design. Such a plan shall be prepared and submitted with each final map application addressing the landscape design of the subdivision wi

13、th respect to such features as wall or fence design; land forms or berms; rocks and boulders; trees and plant materials; sculpture, art, paving materials, street furniture; and subdivision entrance statement; common area

14、 landscaping and other </p><p>　　The code further provides that “All walls, setback areas and landscaping created to accommodate these regulations shall be located on private property. If in common ownershi

15、p, the property shall be owned and maintained by a Homeowner’s Association.” (Las Vegas Zoning Code, Section 18.12.570, subsection C. And Chapter 19 of the Zoning Code requires that in Residential Planned Development Di

16、stricts, “All development with 12 or more dwelling units shall provide 15 percent useable open space for p</p><p>　　The City’s Urban Design Guidelines and Standards are similar, stating, “All required landsc

17、aping shall be properly maintained, based on standard landscaping practices, by the property owner(s) and/or supported by a perpetual Homeowner’s Association budget, or a reasonable alternative approved by the City.” I

18、am informed by a representative of the Southern Nevada Builders’ Association that no such “reasonable alternative to an association has been approved to date. The same Guidelines and Stand</p><p>　　Title 19

19、 of the city Zoning Code provides for HOA controlled private streets and gated entrances: “Subdivisions developed with private streets must have a mandatory property owners association which includes all property served

20、 by private streets. The association shall own and be responsible for the maintenance of private streets an d appurtenances…The entrances to all private streets must be marked with a sign stating that it is a private str

21、eet. Guard houses, access control gates and cross a</p><p>　　The nearby booming city of Henderson has similar requirements. First, the Planned Unit Development portions of the Development Code require land

22、scaping: “Perimeter landscaping with a minimum depth of 25 feet shall be provided abutting all arterial streets with a width of 100 feet or more. Perimeter landscaping with a minimum depth of 20 feet shall be provided

23、abutting all arterial streets with a width of less than 100 feet.” (Henderson Development Code, Sec. 19.5.4, p. 88). And, “common usea</p><p>　　17. Property Owners Association. Each RS-6 PUD shall either e

24、stablish and maintain a Property Owners Association for the individual subdivision or be part of a Master Association. The Association shall be responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of all common areas as well as t

25、he enforcement of covenants and restrictions of the development.” (Henderson Development Code, Chapter 19.5.17) </p><p>　　Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman was forced to respond to these “complaints that ord

26、inances on the books since 1997 mandate all new subdivisions be structured as homeowner associations,” saying to angry builders and owners only that, “We can see if we can make some adjustments.” (City Life, 2000). But

27、such adjustments are neither forthcoming nor likely. The City of Las Vegas not only requires HOAs in new development, but also encourages existing neighborhoods that do not have homeowner associatio</p><p>

28、　　There is one other major ingredient driving the current political economy of Las Vegas, and that is the competition between the City of Las Vegas and Clark County for tourist dollars. Downtown Las Vegas, known as “Glit

29、ter Gulch,” was the home of the original Las Vegas casinos. But over the last twenty years, these casinos have been eclipsed by the construction of giant, spectacular “mega-casinos” on Las Vegas Boulevard, or “The Strip

30、,” outside the city limits. These mega -casinos are close to </p><p>　　And as in other downtown redevelopment efforts, the poor stand in the path of the City’s economic resurgence in its competition with th

31、e county. The City recently forced one of the area’s largest homeless shelters out of Las Vegas, denying it title to 10 acres of land it had been operating on, just north of downtown. As the Mayor and a city council mem

32、ber put it, “I don't want to see Las Vegas become the only center for the homeless in this valley," Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman said. "This is </p><p>　　Councilman Weekly’s ward includes not

33、only the homeless “Taj Mahal” he spoke of so compassionately, but also Bonanza Village. As we shall see, the Bonanza Village episode illustrates the dynamics just described. </p><p>　　The future of common

34、interest housing and private gated communities could be determined in large part by some political wild cards. Many people believe that most of these communities have insufficient reserve funds to make necessary repairs

35、 when major building components wear out, let alone when director or manager incompetence or malfeasance produce major financial liabilities. Cities, insurance companies, and real estate developers have become increasin

36、gly clever at finding ways to insulate </p><p>　　A related issue is the possibility of increased homeowner activism in the form of electoral protest, as happened in 1978 with the celebrated property tax revo

37、lt in California. As the Terminator, Arnold Schwarzenegger, looms on the horizon as possibly the next governor of California, riding on a tsunami of voter rage at big government, high taxation, and the death of the Cali

38、fornia Dream, it is impossible to foreclose any possibility. What can be said with certainty is that the future of Americ</p><p>　　Source: Evan McKenzie,2006 “Emerging trends in state regulation of private

39、communities in the U.S.” GeoJournal,Volume 66, Numbers 1-2, 89-102, DOI: 10.1007/s10708-006-9019-y </p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)，安全圍墻，以及拉斯維加斯的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　私人管轄的住宅領(lǐng)

40、地被稱(chēng)為公共利益房產(chǎn) (CIDs)，他們中有許多都被柵欄和圍墻圍起來(lái)，是現(xiàn)在美國(guó)成長(zhǎng)最快的城市和郊區(qū)新房屋的顯著形式。在過(guò)去的25年當(dāng)中，當(dāng)?shù)毓茌牴δ艿拇罅克饺嘶呀?jīng)改變了美國(guó)城市市區(qū)的外貌和組織結(jié)構(gòu)。這一趨勢(shì)并不是一個(gè)過(guò)時(shí)的風(fēng)潮，而是一個(gè)體制改革，它反應(yīng)了意識(shí)形態(tài)向新自由共識(shí)的個(gè)性化轉(zhuǎn)變。明確地說(shuō)，這個(gè)CID改革由三個(gè)主要的力量所驅(qū)動(dòng)。盡管地價(jià)在上升，但是為了保持利潤(rùn)，開(kāi)發(fā)商追求更高的密度。當(dāng)?shù)卣畬で笠宰畹偷墓查_(kāi)支來(lái)獲得稅收的擴(kuò)大

41、和增長(zhǎng)。還有許多中產(chǎn)階級(jí)和上層階級(jí)的購(gòu)房者，他們出于對(duì)犯罪的恐懼和對(duì)政府的不抱幻想，在尋找一種私人化的烏托邦——或者，就像我把它稱(chēng)為，私托邦——提供安全，以及私人管理方式。</p><p>　　這種有關(guān)體制的轉(zhuǎn)變，使得這個(gè)社會(huì)的富裕階級(jí)日益分化的。在美國(guó)，這種轉(zhuǎn)變，沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)地方比在拉斯維加斯更加明顯，內(nèi)華達(dá)州——發(fā)展最迅速的城市，把旅游業(yè)作為城市經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的中心，并且相應(yīng)地重塑空間，從而使社會(huì)和政治秩序都發(fā)生了

42、改變。拉斯維加斯地區(qū)的當(dāng)?shù)卣箝_(kāi)發(fā)商建造全新的CIDs模式的房屋，而且?guī)в虚T(mén)控安全的新房產(chǎn)很受歡迎。如此受大眾歡迎，事實(shí)上，那些沒(méi)有CID的街區(qū)會(huì)感受到壓力而去追趕上那些有CID的。有一個(gè)這樣的街區(qū)，幸運(yùn)村莊，它被拉斯維加斯城所包圍，它里面的許多居民進(jìn)行抗議，就是為了讓這個(gè)老街區(qū)看起來(lái)像其他那些同一時(shí)代的封閉式社區(qū)。這個(gè)插曲說(shuō)明了公眾和個(gè)人力量的相互作用正在重塑美國(guó)的城市。</p><p>　　拉斯維加斯是在

43、美國(guó)發(fā)展最快的州里面發(fā)展最快的郡中發(fā)展最快的城市。作為新住宅開(kāi)發(fā)的主要形式，CID房屋的擴(kuò)撒在拉斯維加斯特別具有戲劇性。幾乎所有新的建筑都是用業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)私人管理方式來(lái)規(guī)劃住宅部分。為了保持經(jīng)濟(jì)高增長(zhǎng)率下的低稅率，拉斯維加斯和克拉克郡極力推動(dòng)CID房屋，這些房屋能夠提供給那些擔(dān)負(fù)得起一系列私人化服務(wù)的人，還能最低限度地減少對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)卣囊?。就像哥特捏所觀察到的，當(dāng)總體規(guī)劃的社區(qū)被人批評(píng)為把自己從周?chē)纳鐓^(qū)孤立起來(lái)時(shí)，這正是許多購(gòu)房者所需要的

44、，簡(jiǎn)而言之，他們尋求服務(wù)和保護(hù)，這些是他們?cè)僖膊黄谕麖氖姓抢锶カ@得的。于是，那些被有些人也許批評(píng)為枯燥無(wú)味的總體規(guī)劃社區(qū)繼續(xù)在拉斯維加斯地區(qū)獲得巨大的成功，那里的開(kāi)發(fā)商繼續(xù)每年都建造和銷(xiāo)售數(shù)以千計(jì)的房屋。</p><p>　　當(dāng)人們對(duì)這樣的定位有明顯的需求時(shí)，它們的擴(kuò)散就不僅僅是市場(chǎng)影響力的副產(chǎn)品。拉斯維加斯城實(shí)際上授權(quán)業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)來(lái)造那些新的建筑，這是一個(gè)分兩步走的過(guò)程。首先，城市分區(qū)制法規(guī)和開(kāi)發(fā)法規(guī)的執(zhí)行要求

45、所有新的開(kāi)發(fā)地要包含明確的特征，包括綠化設(shè)計(jì)，開(kāi)闊的空地，還有安全圍墻。而且，在這些法規(guī)的其他部分，城市規(guī)定，一旦這些特征都包括了——也是必須包括的——然后，必須要有一個(gè)業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)來(lái)維護(hù)他們。例如，在下述拉斯維加斯分區(qū)制法規(guī)18.12.5600款，標(biāo)題18里面的摘要中，“應(yīng)該”這個(gè)詞在下面提供的材料中最近被替換為“可以”：</p><p>　　綠化設(shè)計(jì)。一個(gè)綠化設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該由地塊劃分商作為設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)分中不可或缺的一部分來(lái)提

46、供。這樣一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備和提交每一個(gè)最終的地圖應(yīng)用，那上面要選定綠化設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)分中有關(guān)于圍墻或者柵欄設(shè)計(jì)、地形或者平臺(tái)、巖石和卵石、樹(shù)木和植物材料、雕塑、藝術(shù)品、鋪路材料、街道家具、公共綠化區(qū)域和其他休憩用地的地址。那里的公共場(chǎng)地是用來(lái)展示綠化的，申請(qǐng)人須安排一個(gè)業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)的建立來(lái)?yè)碛羞@公共場(chǎng)地和保養(yǎng)綠化。</p><p>　　法規(guī)進(jìn)一步規(guī)定“所有復(fù)合條例的圍墻，障礙區(qū)域和綠化都應(yīng)位于私有財(cái)產(chǎn)地區(qū)。如果在公共所有地區(qū)，

47、這些財(cái)產(chǎn)應(yīng)該由業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)所有和維護(hù)?！保ɡ咕S加斯分區(qū)法規(guī)，18.12.570款，細(xì)分C）。分區(qū)法規(guī)的19章規(guī)定住宅規(guī)劃開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)域，“所有的有12個(gè)或者更多的住宅單元的房產(chǎn)地必須提供15%的可用開(kāi)闊空地作為動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)的娛樂(lè)用途。</p><p>　　城市的設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)方針和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是相似的，均規(guī)定，“所有必需的綠化應(yīng)當(dāng)由財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者和/或業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)提供的永久預(yù)算，或者市政府批準(zhǔn)的一個(gè)合理的代替者在基于綠化常規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上被正當(dāng)?shù)乇ｐB(yǎng)。

48、”我被一個(gè)南內(nèi)華達(dá)州建造商協(xié)會(huì)的代表告知，協(xié)會(huì)的合理代替者到目前為止也沒(méi)有被批準(zhǔn)過(guò)。指導(dǎo)方針和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同樣規(guī)定“開(kāi)發(fā)商可以在公共或者私人街道中間提供或者設(shè)置路面安全島，只要他們有永久的業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)的支持?！边€有其他地方，在必須由業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)控制的公共開(kāi)放場(chǎng)地，要求：“私人和公共開(kāi)放場(chǎng)地是建在住宅規(guī)劃開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)域和多戶(hù)家庭房產(chǎn)區(qū)域內(nèi)?！?lt;/p><p>　　城市分區(qū)法規(guī)的標(biāo)題19規(guī)定業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)控制的私人街道和門(mén)控入口：“私人街道開(kāi)發(fā)

49、的部分必須要有一個(gè)強(qiáng)制的財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者協(xié)會(huì)，它包括了私人街道的所有財(cái)產(chǎn)。這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)擁有并負(fù)責(zé)私人街道以及它的附屬物的維護(hù)。所有私人街道的入口出都要用一個(gè)表明那是私人街道的標(biāo)記標(biāo)出來(lái)。警衛(wèi)房，訪問(wèn)控制大門(mén)和交叉臂也許會(huì)修建起來(lái)。（章節(jié)19A.04）</p><p>　　附近的正急速發(fā)展的亨德森城有類(lèi)似的要求。首先，開(kāi)發(fā)法規(guī)中的統(tǒng)籌小區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)定綠化：“周邊地區(qū)綠化的最低深度達(dá)到25英尺的，應(yīng)當(dāng)與主干道相鄰保持100英尺

50、或更長(zhǎng)的距離。周邊地區(qū)綠化的最低深度達(dá)到20英尺的，應(yīng)當(dāng)與主干道相鄰保持小于100英尺的距離?！保ê嗟律_(kāi)發(fā)法規(guī)，19.5.4款，p.88）。還有，“可用的公共開(kāi)放場(chǎng)地應(yīng)該設(shè)置在容易通達(dá)到所有場(chǎng)地的中心位置?！比缓?，法規(guī)還規(guī)定，“所有的公共區(qū)域都應(yīng)當(dāng)由開(kāi)發(fā)商按照市政府批準(zhǔn)的清單來(lái)安置。它的維護(hù)是財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者協(xié)會(huì)的責(zé)任?！狈ㄒ?guī)繼續(xù)如下規(guī)定：</p><p>　　17. 財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者協(xié)會(huì)。每一個(gè)RS-6 統(tǒng)籌開(kāi)發(fā)小區(qū)應(yīng)當(dāng)

51、建立或者維持一個(gè)財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者協(xié)會(huì)作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的部分或者業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)的一部分。這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)和保養(yǎng)所有的公共區(qū)域，同時(shí)也要負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)議的執(zhí)行和開(kāi)發(fā)的限制。（亨德森開(kāi)發(fā)法規(guī)，19.5.17章節(jié)）</p><p>　　拉斯維加斯州的州長(zhǎng)奧斯卡·格迪曼被迫作出回應(yīng)，他對(duì)那些憤怒的建造商和房主說(shuō)道：“1997年出臺(tái)的的法令明文規(guī)定所有新的開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)都可以建立業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)。大家對(duì)這項(xiàng)法令的控訴我們會(huì)予以考慮，看看能否作出一些調(diào)

52、整?！保ǔ鞘猩?，2000）。但是這樣的調(diào)整既不是唾手可得的也是沒(méi)有希望的。拉斯維加斯不僅在新開(kāi)發(fā)地需要業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)，并且鼓勵(lì)那些已經(jīng)存在的但是沒(méi)有業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)的街區(qū)來(lái)組織業(yè)主協(xié)會(huì)。在1998年，拉斯維加斯議會(huì)一致通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)措施，引導(dǎo)城市的工作人員與街區(qū)的“社區(qū)協(xié)會(huì)”在“各具特色的發(fā)展規(guī)劃指導(dǎo)”方面一起合作。通過(guò)街道服務(wù)部門(mén)，這個(gè)城市已經(jīng)催生了超過(guò)150個(gè)不同街區(qū)協(xié)會(huì)的形成。</p><p>　　還有另外一個(gè)主要的因素驅(qū)

53、動(dòng)著現(xiàn)在拉斯維加斯的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)，那就是拉斯維加斯城與克拉克郡旅游業(yè)收入的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。拉斯維加斯的市中心被稱(chēng)作“金溝銀壑”那是最原始的拉斯維加斯賭場(chǎng)的故鄉(xiāng)。但是在過(guò)去的20年里，拉斯維加斯林蔭大道上雄偉壯觀的“大型賭場(chǎng)”，或者城市限制之外的“脫衣舞表演”使原來(lái)那些賭場(chǎng)黯然失色。這些大型賭場(chǎng)靠近市中心和較大的機(jī)場(chǎng)。但是在克拉克郡，他們使用來(lái)自城市的旅游業(yè)收入，創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的城市郊區(qū)商業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的極端版本，這就是美國(guó)大都市的典型。在20世紀(jì)90年代，拉

54、斯維加斯城已經(jīng)通過(guò)巨大的市中心重建努力來(lái)抵抗大型賭場(chǎng)。發(fā)展資金中有超過(guò)5億美金通過(guò)中央城市發(fā)展公司被引入。一個(gè)“公私伙伴關(guān)系”型的非盈利公司，模仿了這個(gè)實(shí)體應(yīng)用，來(lái)重建加利福尼亞州的圣地亞哥市中心。</p><p>　　在市中心重建的其他努力方面，在與那個(gè)郡的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，貧窮的人擋在了這個(gè)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇之路上。這個(gè)城市最近強(qiáng)迫其中最大的一個(gè)流浪人員避難所搬出了拉斯維加斯，否認(rèn)多達(dá)10英畝的土地上曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，就在市中

55、心的南部。正如市長(zhǎng)和議會(huì)成員說(shuō)的，“我不想看到拉斯維加斯成為這個(gè)山谷中的流浪人員的唯一中心，”拉斯維加斯市長(zhǎng)奧斯卡·古德曼說(shuō)，“這是一個(gè)關(guān)于整個(gè)地區(qū)必須共同承擔(dān)的問(wèn)題。”拉斯維加斯議員勞倫斯·維克利說(shuō)他不需要一個(gè)“無(wú)家可歸的泰姬陵”建筑在這個(gè)土地上，這個(gè)土地上曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)避難所，醫(yī)療診所，危機(jī)干預(yù)機(jī)構(gòu)還有一個(gè)就業(yè)輔導(dǎo)中心在運(yùn)作，自從立基于圣地亞哥的慈善團(tuán)體擴(kuò)大到拉斯維加斯后。(摩勒 2001)</p>&

56、lt;p>　　議員維克利的行政區(qū)不僅包括他所說(shuō)的表示憐憫的無(wú)家可歸的泰姬陵，還包括幸運(yùn)村莊。我們將會(huì)看到，幸運(yùn)村莊這段插曲符合之前描述的動(dòng)態(tài)。</p><p>　　公共利益住宅和私人封閉式社區(qū)的未來(lái)在很大程度上取決于一些政治變數(shù)。許多人認(rèn)為大部分這些社區(qū)在主要建筑部件損壞時(shí)沒(méi)有足夠的儲(chǔ)備資金來(lái)進(jìn)行必要的修補(bǔ)。更不用說(shuō)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)人或者管理人不稱(chēng)職或?yàn)^職而產(chǎn)生較大的金融負(fù)債時(shí)。城市，保險(xiǎn)公司和房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商在想方設(shè)法

57、使自己免除這些費(fèi)用方面變得越來(lái)越聰明了。那就意味著他們業(yè)主本身經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在取消抵押品贖回權(quán)上被迫支付巨額的特殊攤款，如果他們不想失去家園的話。如果這種不曾預(yù)料到的成本估價(jià)增加的話，幾乎可以肯定的是，這將變成一個(gè)或許會(huì)以意料之外的方式顯著地改變調(diào)整局面的政治問(wèn)題。會(huì)不會(huì)有這種情況，比如說(shuō)，私人社區(qū)被政府要求收回？或者他們會(huì)不會(huì)像達(dá)爾文實(shí)驗(yàn)一樣被允許成功或失?。?lt;/p><p>　　一個(gè)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于不斷增加的激

58、進(jìn)主義業(yè)主用選舉抗議形式的可能性，就像在1978年加利福尼亞發(fā)生的著名的財(cái)產(chǎn)稅抗議。對(duì)于龐大的政府組織，高額的稅收以及將要消失的加州之夢(mèng)，選民們倍感憤怒。而阿諾德·施瓦辛格就像一個(gè)終結(jié)者，他帶著選民們的盛怒，漸漸進(jìn)入公眾視野，極有可能成為下一任加利福尼亞州州長(zhǎng)，由此我們不能排除一切可能性?，F(xiàn)在我們所能夠確定的是，美國(guó)城市未來(lái)的規(guī)劃必須要考慮到那數(shù)百萬(wàn)公民居住著的私人社區(qū)。我們可以肯定地說(shuō)的事情是：如果不把私人社區(qū)已經(jīng)成為數(shù)百萬(wàn)