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1、<p><b> 中文3500字</b></p><p> 本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)</p><p><b> 外文翻譯</b></p><p> 外文題Employee perceived training effectiveness relationship to employee attitudes
2、 </p><p> 外文出處 Journal of European Industrial Training </p><p> 外文作者 Alexandros G. Sahinidis, John
3、Bouris </p><p><b> 原文:</b></p><p> Employee perceived training effectiveness relationship to employee attitudes</p><p> Alexandr
4、os G. Sahinidis, John Bouris</p><p> Training and job satisfaction </p><p> In an era of continuous change and increased environmental uncertainty and complexity, both management and employees
5、 understand their limited capacity to deal with future demands made on them. Studies show the emergence of two trends, increasingly troubling corporate management, the increasing age of the workforce and the fast-paced e
6、volution of new technologies (Tai, 2006). According to Tai, researchers converge in their suggestions to businesses, that they increase their training budgets, in o</p><p> Training is defined in this study
7、 “as the planned intervention that is designed to enhance the determinants of individual job performance” (Chiaburu and Tekleab, 2005, p. 29). Training is related to the skills deemed necessary by the management of an or
8、ganization, that must be acquired by the members of that organization, in order to improve the probability of achievement of its goals. Training offered to employees, may help them reduce their anxiety or frustration, br
9、ought on by work demands, t</p><p> H1. There is a positive relationship between employee perceived training effectiveness and job satisfaction. Training and organizational performance Up to this point, it
10、is evident that there is a strong linkage between HRM practices and organizational performance. To isolate and test the impact of a sole human resource practice and its implications on organizational performance is not a
11、n easy task to deal with, since there is little evidence in the field (Purcell et al., 2003). In line with Gue</p><p> However, in theory, according to Harrison (2000), learning (triggered by training) is a
12、 variable that may have a positive effect on organizational performance and is considered to be a key element to the attainment of organizational goals. Nevertheless, adopting a training activity as a solution to lagging
13、 performance presupposes that this performance problem, i.e. this gap between the desired and the actual performance, is due to lack of training. This is illustrated better in Figure 1 stated b</p><p> The
14、organization management ought to adopt training interventions to bridge this gap. Bridging the performance gap involves adopting a particular training intervention aiming at changing specific skills and attitudes of the
15、employees. This becomes clearer by examining Bramley’s individual model of training (Figure 2). </p><p> The underlying logic of the individualmodel of training dictates that the organization should recogni
16、ze that its employees are not effective and a change should be attempted in their knowledge, attitudes and skills. This shortfall in the individual performance may occur for various reasons. For instance, employees may n
17、ot feel motivated anymore to apply their skills, they may be afraid in doing so, or they may believe that there may be a conflict of interest with the organization, when a change </p><p> The model in gener
18、al assumes that employee knowledge, skills and attitudes will change by the adoption of a training program, but this does not always end in that way. If the employee believes, there is an improvement in his knowledge and
19、 skills, it may be safe to also assume that, there will be an increase in the person’s individual performance. Through training the person’s competencies will be reinforced and will enable him or her to execute the tasks
20、 assigned effectively and efficiently. As </p><p> Nevertheless, individual job performance is also influenced by the organizational culture and structure, by the job design, the reward systems used to moti
21、vate employees and the power and politics that exist in the organization and the group processes. Individuals may not achieve their goals and thus not perform well, due to problems associated with the reasons above and n
22、ot necessarily due to lack of skills. Wright and Geroy (2001), argued that in order for training to be effective, certain iss</p><p> Although in theory training seems to increase organizational performance
23、, in actuality the evidence for such a claim is scant. Bartel (1994), in a survey conducted in the manufacturing sector, found that there is a positive relationship between implementing formal employee training programs
24、and labor productivity, both at individual and organizational level. In addition, Ahmad and Bakar (2003), in their effort to test the relationship between implementing training and organizational commitment, </p>
25、<p> In general, it can be argued that the effect of training on employee outcomes (motivation, job satisfaction and commitment) has not received as much attention as it deserves. Few studies have been carried out
26、that test the possibility that firms can affect their employees’ attitudes by implementing training interventions. Lang (1992) argued that training should be designed to achieve increased organizational commitment. Anoth
27、er survey, conducted by Gaertner and Nollen (1989) in manufacturing fir</p><p> In addition, Meyer and Smith (2000), examining the relationship between Human Resource Management practices and organizational
28、 commitment, found that although the HRM practices are very valuable means in order to obtain employee commitment, their effects are not direct. In particular, they found that career development, employee evaluation of a
29、ppraisal practices, and assessment of the benefits offered by the organization have an effect on both affective and normative commitment, while training w</p><p> H2. here is a positive relationship between
30、 employee perceived training effectiveness and motivation.</p><p> H3. There is a positive relationship between employee perceived training effectiveness and employee commitment.</p><p> In sp
31、ite of the assertions made above, concerning the benefits of training and its positive effects on employee outcomes, there is a whole body of literature, debating the overall benefit organizations obtain from training th
32、eir people, in an era of intense employee mobility. Cheramie et al. (2007), present evidence that, executives who change jobs frequently, are more likely to earn higher salaries and climb higher in organizational ranks.
33、This makes employers more likely to be hesitant, or eve</p><p> Methodology</p><p> The sample</p><p> The people comprising the sample of this study were 134 males and females (
34、63 and 71 respectively), attending a training seminar. The participants were employees and first-line supervisors, working for five large Greek organizations (employing over 1,000 people each) representing five sectors o
35、f the industry. The participants were given a four-part questionnaire to fill out, upon the completion of the seminar they attended. The companies, which the sample originated from, were selected on the ba</p><
36、;p><b> 譯文:</b></p><p> 員工知覺訓(xùn)練成效與員工態(tài)度之間的關(guān)系</p><p> Alexandros G. Sahinidis, John Bouris</p><p> 隨著時代的不斷變化和環(huán)境的不確定性,盡管管理人員和員工都了解自己的能力有限,但他們還是要完成他們將來的任務(wù)。研究顯示,勞動力的老齡化和
37、新技術(shù)快速發(fā)展這兩種趨勢的出現(xiàn),使得企業(yè)管理令人越來越不安(大,2006年)。研究人員根據(jù)他們向企業(yè)建議增加他們的培訓(xùn)預(yù)算,來保持靈活地勞動力競爭力和適應(yīng)性。培訓(xùn)在這里的定義是 干預(yù)提高個人工作效率的決定性因素的計劃(Chiaburu和Tekleab,2005年,第29頁)。培訓(xùn)視為一個組織管理所需的技能,必須由該組織的成員一起完成,以提高對實現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)的可能性。向雇員提供培訓(xùn),可以幫助他們減少他們的焦慮或沮喪,因為他們不熟悉工作所需要但
38、缺乏的技能,可以有效地得到處理(陳等人。,2004)。員工感覺比自己沒有得到重用,更有可能離開(Chenetal.,2004),如果他們選擇留下來,他們的生產(chǎn)力將是最理想的(Kanelopoulos和Akrivos,2006)。所需的技能和雇員擁有的技能之間差距越大,則雇員的離職意向和對工作的滿意度不足越大。雖然一直沒有在訓(xùn)練與工作滿意度有直接聯(lián)系的文獻,羅登(2002年)和羅登和科尼恩(2005),建議可作為培訓(xùn)工具用于</p&
39、gt;<p> 員工的知覺訓(xùn)練的有效性和工作滿意度之間呈正相關(guān)。培訓(xùn)與其組織績效,人力資源管理實踐和組織績效之間的密切聯(lián)系是顯而易見的。證明人力資源管理實踐的影響和組織績效的影響之間的關(guān)系并不是一件容易的任務(wù)來處理,因為在其他地方?jīng)]有過什么研究證明(賽爾等。,2003)。在與客戶線(1997)誰承認,培訓(xùn)和發(fā)展,作為一個獨特的做法,影響了技能和能力,改變了行為和態(tài)度,通過人力資源質(zhì)量的成果,從而提高了雇員對企業(yè)的貢獻,取
40、得很好的成效。人力資源管理實踐的經(jīng)驗與組織績效之間關(guān)系作為訓(xùn)練的唯一條件,它的直覺吸引力,仍然被認為是弱點,因為只對相對較小的范圍進行了一些測試和調(diào)查。</p><p> 然而根據(jù)哈里森(2000年)的理論,學(xué)習(xí)(培訓(xùn)觸發(fā))是一個變量,可能對組織績效產(chǎn)生積極的作用,這被認為是對組織目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)的一個關(guān)鍵因素。然而,作為對落后高性能培訓(xùn)活動的解決方案的前提是,這個是本身的技術(shù)技能問題,即這種差距需要和實際表現(xiàn),是由于
41、缺乏培訓(xùn)。由斯沃特等人所繪制的圖表(2005年)更好地說明了這一點,如圖1。組織的管理應(yīng)采取培訓(xùn)措施來彌補這一差距。涉及的性能差距縮小采取干預(yù)改變,特別是培訓(xùn)特殊技能的員工態(tài)度和目標(biāo)。這將成為通過清晰檢查布拉姆利的個別訓(xùn)練模型如圖2。應(yīng)認識到該培訓(xùn)的基本邏輯決定了本組織的個別模型,對與其雇員來說不會有效,應(yīng)該嘗試改變自己的知識,態(tài)度和技能。在個人表現(xiàn)不足的時候可能會出現(xiàn)各種各樣的原因。例如,當(dāng)一個改變即將發(fā)生利益沖突,員工感到他們的技能
42、不足時不得再申請培訓(xùn)機會,他們可能擔(dān)心這樣做,或者他們可能認為是與該組織的問題。所有上述因素應(yīng)采取的組織,以便為它采用最合適的訓(xùn)練干預(yù),這將滿足特定需求,提高員工的參與意愿,滿足他們的期望考慮。據(jù)斯瓦特等(2005年)人提出的個人的改善培訓(xùn)計劃,將在個人動機和個人的需要上提供幫助,并組織一支優(yōu)質(zhì)的隊伍。</p><p><b> 圖1</b></p><p><
43、;b> 圖2</b></p><p> 一般模型假設(shè)員工的知識,技能和態(tài)度會決定一個培訓(xùn)方案是否獲得通過,但這并不總是以這種方式結(jié)束。如果員工認為,培訓(xùn)是一個在能夠使他的知識和技能得到改善,也可能是安全意識的提高,這必將有一個人的個人業(yè)績的增加。通過訓(xùn)練,人的能力將得到加強,使他能夠有效地執(zhí)行分配給他的任務(wù)。因此,根據(jù)該模型,經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)后員工將有一個在該組織的整體性能提升。</p>
44、<p> 不過,個人工作績效也受到組織文化和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的影響,在組織和組進程存在用于獎勵制度和激勵員工的權(quán)力和政治。由于上述原因個人可能沒有表現(xiàn)好,并不一定是由于缺乏技能,因此他無法實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。賴特和Geroy(2001)主張,為了有效的訓(xùn)練某些問題必須加以考慮。管理風(fēng)格可能需要改變,同時培訓(xùn)也必須配合該組織的文化。有些公司可能會提供培訓(xùn)計劃,該組織本身不準(zhǔn)備接受隨之而來的變化。此外,Eisenberger等(1986
45、)建議,員工更有可能成為一個組織承諾,如果他們相信,該組織致力于對他們的管理應(yīng)努力創(chuàng)造良好的工作環(huán)境。經(jīng)理也有責(zé)任,以確定哪些因素具有抑制效果并適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定,以改善工作情況(斯沃特等人,2005)。</p><p> 雖然在理論上,培訓(xùn)似乎可以增加組織績效,但實際上這種說法缺乏證據(jù)。巴特爾(1994年),在制造業(yè)進行的一項調(diào)查中,發(fā)現(xiàn)正式的員工培訓(xùn)計劃實施和勞動生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系都在積極的開展。此外,艾哈邁德和巴卡爾(
46、2003年)在他們的努力下,開展了一系列以測試與實施培訓(xùn)和組織承諾的關(guān)系的活動,得到了有關(guān)承諾,情感性,規(guī)范性和連續(xù)性的所有三個方面的各種結(jié)果。他們沒有得到他們的假設(shè),指出這是對訓(xùn)練的影響,但他們發(fā)現(xiàn)從一貫來看不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)與承諾,在很大程度上與他們得出的結(jié)果有關(guān)的所有三個方面有很大關(guān)系。</p><p> 在一般情況下,它可以說是對員工的勞動成果(動機,工作滿意度與承諾)的培訓(xùn)的效果,沒有那么多的關(guān)注,因為他
47、只是得到應(yīng)得的??赡芎苌儆醒芯恳呀?jīng)開展了這項測試,企業(yè)可以通過實施培訓(xùn)干預(yù)和影響員工的態(tài)度。郎(1992)認為,培訓(xùn)應(yīng)該是旨在實現(xiàn)增加組織承諾。在另一項蓋特納和Nollen(1989)進行的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)調(diào)查中,發(fā)現(xiàn)員工的承諾與實際的和感受到的人力資源管理措施有關(guān)。這些做法包括內(nèi)部晉升,就業(yè)保障和培訓(xùn)機會。</p><p> 此外,邁耶和史密斯(2000年),審查了人力資源管理實踐和組織承諾之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然人力資
48、源管理措施是非常有用的手段,但是他們對獲得員工的承諾的影響并不直接。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)特別是對職業(yè)發(fā)展,員工考核的做法進行評價,以及該組織所帶來的效益評估上都具有情感和規(guī)范性承諾的影響作用,而培訓(xùn)是發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有作出貢獻的員工承諾。這個調(diào)查報告中另一個極為重要的結(jié)論是,人力資源實務(wù)可能會被其他兩個變量,組織支持和程序公正間接調(diào)控。迄今為止的討論導(dǎo)致了以下兩個假設(shè):</p><p> H2:這里是一個與員工知覺訓(xùn)練的成效和積極性
49、正相關(guān)關(guān)系。</p><p> H3:員工之間有知覺訓(xùn)練的有效性和員工的承諾正相關(guān)關(guān)系。</p><p> 在關(guān)于員工福利和員工培訓(xùn)成果的積極作用方面作出上述的評價后,盡管有系統(tǒng)的文獻對培訓(xùn)的整體效益提出異議,并得到培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)員工激烈的反駁如徹米等(2007年)。目前的證據(jù)表明,如果主管頻繁跳槽,更有可能獲得更高的薪水和在組織隊伍中得到晉升。這使雇主更容易對是否給員工進行培訓(xùn)猶豫不決,甚
50、至以避免其雇員接受培訓(xùn),因為培訓(xùn)能幫助雇員提高自身的市場價值和就業(yè)機會。而他們公司的費用,開發(fā)的投資都在增加,在發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體的培訓(xùn)發(fā)展趨勢,是增加合法性的無邊界職業(yè)生涯的支持者(巴魯克,2006年)的索賠。</p><p> 越來越多的人傾向于嘗試自行管理自己的事業(yè),而不是留給他們的雇主手中。這將創(chuàng)建一個雇主和雇員之間的交易關(guān)系,使心理契約幾乎無效(巴魯克,2006)。然而,在一些國家,個人主義是處于低或偏低狀態(tài)
51、,如希臘(霍夫斯泰德,1994年),心理契約是在一個比較強的經(jīng)濟和人民群體中形成的,總的來說大部分人仍然有持續(xù)找工作的想法,至少只要他們想要的。鑒于相對穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟和社會政治環(huán)境,比如在希臘,以及不確定性避免(53個國家之間在霍夫斯塔德(1994年最高,第129頁)雇員傾向較高水平的變化,自動離職是相當(dāng)小的。此外,如以下部分所述,本研究樣本來自第一線管理人員和辦事人員,作為不同的組織層次,由于各種因素的影響,如年齡,教育程度,行業(yè)和社會經(jīng)
52、濟地位的影響并沒有特別容易實現(xiàn)雇員的轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)。總之,至少在本次研究,培訓(xùn)和知覺的效力范圍,預(yù)計涉及以上討論中指出的在假設(shè)的方式,變量上都具有較強的準(zhǔn)確性。</p><p><b> 方法論</b></p><p><b> 舉例:</b></p><p> 抽樣組成的研究樣本是134名男性和女性(分別為63和71),參加
53、培訓(xùn)研討會。與會者以員工和一線主管為主,五個主管員工代表五個行業(yè)類別組織(每雇用超過1000人)工作。與會者分別獲得了四部分組成的調(diào)查問卷,填寫后,他們參加的研討會完成。該樣本來自這兩家公司被選定是因為在過去五年其出色的財務(wù)業(yè)績。選擇的辦法是審查英國的人力資源管理與組織績效之間的聯(lián)系的Hutchinson(2003年)和賽爾(2003年)等人。雖然方便取樣,同樣在英國的研究報告的作者認為,足夠大的樣本,以便分析說明。</p>
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