改善中美貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)的集群方式外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2625字</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　A Cluster Approach towards Enhancing Chinese-American Trade Opportunit

2、ies</p><p>　　Material Source: International Journal of Business and Management</p><p>　　Author: William J. Lawrence and Weidong Sun</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p>&

3、lt;p>　　For some time now, China has relied heavily on industrial clusters to create an international competitive edge. While the program has been largely successful, China has increasingly had to cope with severe accu

4、sations from its trading partners who claim a policy of dumping and selling low quality products with flaws, and hazardous outcomes. Claims are also made that China has not been as mindful of its resource utilization, en

5、vironment impact, and overall economic efficiency as it should be. The</p><p>　　Keywords: Industrial cluster, Smooth trade, The US-China</p><p>　　1. An Overview of Industrial Clusters in China&l

6、t;/p><p>　　China has created a fairly sophisticated system of industrial clusters in many areas centered principally on their natural market share within domestic as well as global markets. This policy is most

7、evident in the eastern and southern coastline regions, for example, Zhejiang province, which is in the southeast of China. Zhejiang Province has more than 500 villages and towns, many of which have formed their own uniqu

8、e cluster. The total output of these villages and towns accounts for roughly half</p><p>　　However, with time many management problems in the industrial clusters began to emerge, often resulting from the low

9、 management skills of entrepreneurs, out date of technology or increasing labor cost. In addition, a growing low commitment of working hard, effective mutual cooperation, to mention only a few, began to further exacerbat

10、e the problems. Perhaps this phenomenon can be categorized as management deficiencies suffering from excessive growth. It is however, time for clustered firms to up</p><p>　　2. Reasons behind the Growth of a

11、 Cluster Approach towards Industrial Development and Trade</p><p>　　Professor David L. Barkley and Professor Mark S. Henry in a 2001 paper concluded that there were basically four important advantages unde

12、rlying industrial clusters including: a) strengthening localization economies, b) facilitating industrial reorganization, c) encouraging networking among enterprises d) permitting greater focusing of public resources. Th

13、eir analysis shows the benefits from the cluster from the angle of the macroeconomic perspective.</p><p>　　There exists one other intrinsic strength that provides an incentive for an individual enterprise to

14、 join an industrial cluster. We have chosen to use a hypothesized case to make our point.</p><p>　　Assume that there are two separate and distinct retail merchants who are each selling cool drinking water al

15、ong a linear beach. Let us further assume that; a) the merchandise they sell is of the same quality and sold at the same price; b) consumers are scattered evenly along the beach; c) customers are time and convenient orie

16、nted and always prefer to buy cool drinking water from a nearby stall; d) Our two merchants have an exclusive agreement prohibiting any other competitors entering this mark</p><p>　　3. The Impact of China

17、9;s Industrial Cluster Policies on US/China Trade</p><p>　　Commencing with China’s 2001 accession into the WTO the growth in China's exports has increased annually, going from 20.1% in 2001 to 40% of its

18、 economy in 2008. The trend strongly reflects the overall dependence of China’s economy on its export trade which further ties Chinese growth to that of its trading partners. Besides, the high export volume also tends to

19、 cause main trading partners’ trade deficit. At present, trade imbalance between US and China is a top concern in US-China relation. Sta</p><p>　　4. Industrial Clusters and the Balance of Trade Issue</p&g

20、t;<p>　　4.1 The trade issue</p><p>　　Major criticism of China's trade and economic development strategy has come primarily from its major trading partner, the United States. The US has also critic

21、ized China for dumping, and selling merchandise of low quality and in some cases with serious production and or design flaws.</p><p>　　Criticism has also pointed towards China's concentration on economic

22、 growth at the expense of a more rational utilization of its resources, further damaging the environment, and not being as mindful of economic efficiency as Chinese planners and manufactures might have been. The World Ba

23、nk cited 16 Chinese cities out of 20 as the worlds most polluted.</p><p>　　In a recent study of carbon dioxide emissions, the most damaging of all greenhouse gases, a Dutch institute (Netherlands Environment

24、al Agency, 2007) concluded that China has surpassed the US and is now the largest CO2 emitter in the world. This listing was based on the overviews on energy use as compiled by British Petroleum. Anything China can do to

25、 reduce its footprint in this area would be most welcomed as a member of the world community, Clusters, well thought out and implemented with an obj</p><p>　　4.2 Probable solutions</p><p>　　(1)

26、Among the WTO member states, the US has the second largest number of anti-dumping cases against China which has led to much confusion and debate within Chinese business leaders. China recognizes that America is implement

27、ing increased protectionism. But President Obama said, "We can't go back to the era where the Chinese or the Germans or other countries just are selling everything to us, but we're not selling anything to th

28、em". Just on Sep.11, 2009, President Obama announced that he would im</p><p>　　(2) Chinese production has historically been associated with the output of relatively inexpensive goods that traditionally

29、relied on an abundant and low cost labor supply to meet the demands of the market. As Chinese industrial policies developed, and became more capital intensive a significantly higher level of productivity was realized. Ch

30、ina rapidly became more diversified in terms of its productive capacity and output choices. The conscious movement towards cluster production has made a more</p><p>　　These changes in Chinese production capa

31、city occurred as the visible shift towards a more service based economy became a reality throughout the American economy. This emerging dynamic has created a more diversified demand for imported goods on the part of the

32、American consumer, products which are now almost exclusively produced outside of domestic American production facilities. Chinese products have been warmly received by the American consumer. However, the America market h

33、as also become more </p><p>　　It might at first appear that this diversification will break down the economies of scale enjoyed by the cluster approach to production as currently implemented and indeed even

34、being expanded. This does not however, need to be the case. Upgrading and diversifying the industrial cluster’s production level will place upon the manufacturer a great need for more efficient inputs, as well as intensi

35、fied research and development, to improve techniques as well as technology, the implementation of stric</p><p>　　(3) Any new ideas involving economic development or production must now take its environmental

36、 footprint directly into consideration. All nations must accept the fact that we live on a finite planet with finite resources.</p><p>　　For the past 15 years China has witnessed a rapid rate of growth that

37、has moved it into third place among our world's economies. As the world gets ever smaller in terms of the intellectual and time components of exchange, China needs to better focus on conservation of world resources s

38、uch that the most efficient production processes flow from a global standard and not only a national one. At the same time, America needs to become a more active and willing partner to Chinese economic reform optio</p

39、><p>　　(4) China may not confine itself to the traditional industrial clusters. China can learn from America and take the advantage of America’s advanced technology and administration skills so that it can more

40、 smoothly enter new industrial clusters that stand for new economy, such as tourism, music, sports, arts, film, dance, hotel, finance, insurance, education. Traditional industrial clusters’ products are tangible and must

41、 incur raw materials costs. While these new industries’ products are intangib</p><p>　　Moreover, it is totally practical for China to transform it industrial clusters. Pittsburgh has set a good example. Pitt

42、sburgh has transformed itself from one of America's dirtiest cities into what is now a beautiful and clean city because of its successful transition from traditional industrial clusters to modern ones. Today, Pittsbu

43、rgh has not only a viable, successful, and healthy steel cluster, but also a growing and healthy tourism and IT clusters. The economic environment has changed marke</p><p>　　China has successfully taken adva

44、ntage of foreign capital and skills to achieve ideal effects on the goods industries. It is now a good time to turn its attention towards a higher concentration on its service industries as well, merging with American ex

45、perience, technology, skills and capitals in all sectors. American service industries are among the most developed in the world and many opportunities for joint development exist for China to take advantage of. </p>

46、;<p>　　In fact, China and the U.S have both managed to create some successful examples of service industries cooperation. Motorola, Intel, IBM, Cisco, and many other American IT Firms companies have all crowded in

47、to China industrial clusters and collaborated with Chinese firms.</p><p>　　Besides, there are many other service cooperation cases. KFC has opened 2600 restaurants in China. Macdonald has opened more than 12

48、00 outlets in China. Although Macdonald’s scale is not as big as KFC’s, it has always abided by an efficient strategy that each of its restaurants are always geographically close to KFC, which encourages more fast food i

49、ndustries to concentrate in the cluster.</p><p>　　It is a general rule that as the national economy develops, the service sector percentage of GDP becomes higher. With the notable exception of China, all the

50、 major economies, such as the European Union, the U.S, Japan and Germany, have more than 70% or their GDP from their respective service sectors. China’s services are only 40%, of its GDP，which is lower than the world ave

51、rage level of 64%. Of course, this also indicates that China has a vast potential in service industry. From those cooperati</p><p>　　5. Conclusions</p><p>　　The US and China are the worlds secon

52、d largest trading partners, which means that there is great potential in the US-China economy for expanded global cooperation. America’s huge financial and trade deficits requires it try to find a way to attract external

53、 funds and markets, while China’ s large surpluses and domestic requirements create opportunities to upgrade its traditional industrial clusters and expand its service industrial clusters by absorbing international talen

54、ts. The US and China ha</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　改善中美貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)的集群方式</p><p>　　資料來(lái)源: 國(guó)際商業(yè)管理雜志 作者：威廉J ·勞倫斯、孫偉東</p><p>　　摘要：一直以來(lái)，中國(guó)都依靠產(chǎn)業(yè)集群來(lái)形成其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

55、。雖然這樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式非常成功，中國(guó)還是不得不應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)自其貿(mào)易伙伴的嚴(yán)重指控。他們聲稱中國(guó)不僅采取傾銷(xiāo)的手段，而且在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)程中并沒(méi)有充分考慮資源利用、環(huán)境影響、整體經(jīng)濟(jì)效率等方面因素。所以，本文通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群以及中美貿(mào)易發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的概述，闡釋中美兩國(guó)存在貿(mào)易摩擦的根本原因。并提出中美兩國(guó)提高交流、加強(qiáng)合作是改善貿(mào)易摩擦的有效對(duì)策，這也使得中國(guó)能一種對(duì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展道路。</p><

56、p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：產(chǎn)業(yè)集群 緩和貿(mào)易 中美關(guān)系</p><p>　　1 中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群概述</p><p>　　中國(guó)在許多地區(qū)已經(jīng)建立了相當(dāng)成熟的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群體系，并把主要的市場(chǎng)份額集中于國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。這一政策在東南沿海地區(qū)是最為明顯的，例如，位于中國(guó)東南部的浙江省。浙江省有超過(guò)500個(gè)村莊和城鎮(zhèn)，許多這些地方都已經(jīng)形成他們自己獨(dú)特的集群。這些村莊和城鎮(zhèn)的總產(chǎn)量大致占浙江省工業(yè)產(chǎn)出50

57、%左右。集群是各種各樣的產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚的現(xiàn)象，這樣的現(xiàn)象同樣出現(xiàn)在廣東省。據(jù)估計(jì)，廣東省240個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)中，有60個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)已經(jīng)形成規(guī)模相當(dāng)大的集群，這些集群主要在傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。此外，江蘇省的南部地區(qū)形成了幾個(gè)IT產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，京津縣形成了制鞋產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，壽光縣形成了蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，親厚縣形成了羊毛產(chǎn)業(yè)群，中關(guān)村則是國(guó)內(nèi)比較有名的IT產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。</p><p>　　然而，隨著時(shí)間的推移，許多產(chǎn)業(yè)集群都開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)了管理問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題通常由

58、企業(yè)家管理技能低，過(guò)時(shí)的技術(shù)或是增加的勞動(dòng)力成本所引起。此外，工作越來(lái)越不努力，低效的相互合作，都進(jìn)一步使該問(wèn)題加重。也許，這種現(xiàn)象可以被認(rèn)為是因過(guò)分增長(zhǎng)而導(dǎo)致的管理缺陷?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)該提升集聚企業(yè)的管理水平，并且將集聚進(jìn)程從低水平提高至相對(duì)較高的水平。</p><p>　　2 集群方式能促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)和貿(mào)易發(fā)展的根本原因</p><p>　　大衛(wèi)L.巴克利教授和馬克S.亨利教授在2001年度的報(bào)告中

59、指出，存在著四個(gè)潛在的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的重要優(yōu)勢(shì)。這包括：a）鞏固區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)，b）促進(jìn)工業(yè)改組，c）鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)之間的聯(lián)網(wǎng)，d）使公共資源更為集中。兩位教授都從宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度分析了集群的好處。</p><p>　　同時(shí)，也存在另外一個(gè)原因使得個(gè)體企業(yè)加入到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群中。我們用一個(gè)例子來(lái)闡述。假設(shè)有兩個(gè)在沙灘上賣(mài)冷飲的零售商，他們完全獨(dú)立銷(xiāo)售。再假設(shè)，他們所賣(mài)商品的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格相同；沙灘上的游客均勻分布；顧客傾向于就近買(mǎi)冷飲；兩人達(dá)

60、成協(xié)議阻止其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)入該市場(chǎng)?，F(xiàn)定義沙灘的長(zhǎng)度為1，左邊的點(diǎn)為0，右邊的點(diǎn)為1。第一個(gè)商人將攤位設(shè)在1/4處，另一個(gè)設(shè)在3/4處，雙方市場(chǎng)占有率相同。這樣的安排似乎非常公平合理，但事實(shí)并非那么簡(jiǎn)單。雙方出現(xiàn)了難以避免的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此，兩方都希望將攤位搬遷到靠近對(duì)方的攤位，希望從對(duì)方那里獲得顧客。相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使得兩方相互靠近直到將攤位移至海灘的中間。集群使雙方同意更合理地分布位置，為顧客提供更好的服務(wù)。因此，集群方式所具備的這些優(yōu)勢(shì)，成為了其能

61、促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)和貿(mào)易發(fā)展的根本原因。</p><p>　　3 中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群政策對(duì)中美貿(mào)易的影響</p><p>　　2001年，中國(guó)加入WTO之后，中國(guó)的出口額每年都在增長(zhǎng)，從2001年的20.1%到2008年的40%。這一趨勢(shì)強(qiáng)烈反映了中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)完全依賴于出口貿(mào)易，這就將中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與其貿(mào)易伙伴緊緊相連，而高出口量容易引起主要貿(mào)易伙伴的貿(mào)易赤字。由此可見(jiàn)，中美貿(mào)易不平衡是影響中美關(guān)系的主要原

62、因。美國(guó)商會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2001年到2008年間，美國(guó)與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易赤字從831億美元增加到2680.4億美元，占美國(guó)總貿(mào)易赤字的28.8%。美國(guó)當(dāng)局要求中國(guó)增加從美國(guó)的進(jìn)口，減少貿(mào)易順差。中國(guó)對(duì)石油和能源與日俱增的要求，也引起各貿(mào)易國(guó)的擔(dān)憂。而且，美國(guó)還擔(dān)心中國(guó)大量出口會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)造成不利影響。據(jù)估計(jì)，中國(guó)出口商品約70%—80%來(lái)自產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。所以說(shuō)，中國(guó)鼓勵(lì)以集群方式發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策，對(duì)美國(guó)貿(mào)易發(fā)展乃至其他各方面造成了不利影響，這

63、就使得中美貿(mào)易摩擦更加嚴(yán)重。</p><p>　　4 產(chǎn)業(yè)集群和貿(mào)易平衡問(wèn)題</p><p><b>　　4.1 貿(mào)易問(wèn)題</b></p><p>　　對(duì)中國(guó)貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略的批評(píng)主要來(lái)自其重要貿(mào)易伙伴美國(guó)。美國(guó)指責(zé)中國(guó)大量?jī)A銷(xiāo)低質(zhì)量甚至設(shè)計(jì)有缺陷的產(chǎn)品。并指出中國(guó)只注重發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，而不注意資源合理利用、環(huán)境保護(hù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等方面。有研究表明，中

64、國(guó)CO2的排放量已超過(guò)美國(guó)，成為排放量最大的國(guó)家。這使得中國(guó)在發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易時(shí)遭受了更多的綠色和技術(shù)性壁壘，對(duì)中國(guó)的貿(mào)易發(fā)展及中美關(guān)系造成不利影響。</p><p>　　4.2 解決貿(mào)易問(wèn)題的方法</p><p>　?。?）美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)采取反傾銷(xiāo)的次數(shù)是相當(dāng)多的，其根本原因主要在于雙方生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成本有著差異，而且質(zhì)量要求也不同。這就是為什么美國(guó)難以理解中國(guó)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格低廉、設(shè)計(jì)不完善的原因。所以，

65、為了更好地了解中國(guó)產(chǎn)品的成本結(jié)構(gòu)以及永久性解決反傾銷(xiāo)紛爭(zhēng)，中美兩國(guó)需要找出一個(gè)更合理、更可行的策略。但首先應(yīng)該著手建立更強(qiáng)大更可行的溝通和合作系統(tǒng)，只有兩國(guó)相互信任，站在對(duì)方角度考慮，貿(mào)易問(wèn)題就能夠很容易解決。</p><p>　?。?）中國(guó)的產(chǎn)品一直以來(lái)都被與依靠廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的便宜商品聯(lián)系在一起。隨著中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的發(fā)展，并且變得以資本密集型為發(fā)展方式，中國(guó)需要發(fā)展更為有效的生產(chǎn)方式。美國(guó)市場(chǎng)因消費(fèi)者的不同需求而變

66、的多樣化，這一改變使得中國(guó)有機(jī)會(huì)向美國(guó)提供更為廣泛的產(chǎn)品種類。產(chǎn)業(yè)集群生產(chǎn)水平的升級(jí)和多樣化會(huì)使生產(chǎn)商更為有效地投入，同時(shí)增強(qiáng)研究和開(kāi)發(fā)，提高科學(xué)技術(shù)，實(shí)施更為嚴(yán)格的管理措施，提高員工技能，而這些又能夠促進(jìn)中美兩國(guó)的集群合作，從而更好解決兩國(guó)貿(mào)易問(wèn)題。</p><p>　?。?）中國(guó)必須更為謹(jǐn)慎地改革和創(chuàng)新，中國(guó)需要美國(guó)的技術(shù)管理專長(zhǎng)和行政技能，以便發(fā)展下個(gè)階段的中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，美國(guó)需要中國(guó)巨大的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力以實(shí)現(xiàn)

67、成為生產(chǎn)伙伴。中國(guó)也不能完全依靠出口，而是要想出方法以增加其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求。只要美國(guó)和中國(guó)緊密合作，兩國(guó)互利便是可實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　（4）中國(guó)在集群發(fā)展上并不局限于只在傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)上。中國(guó)從美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)并利用其發(fā)達(dá)的技術(shù)和行政技能，以致其能更順利地進(jìn)入代表新經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，例如旅游等服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，我們可以看出，中國(guó)是個(gè)在服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群方面非常具備潛力的新興市場(chǎng)。發(fā)展服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群可以有效緩解中美商品貿(mào)易摩擦。<

68、;/p><p><b>　　5 總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　中美兩國(guó)是世界上第二大貿(mào)易伙伴，這就意味著美中經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)擴(kuò)大全球合作有潛在意義。美國(guó)巨大的金融和貿(mào)易赤字要求其找出方法以吸引國(guó)外的資金和市場(chǎng)，而中國(guó)巨大的貿(mào)易順差和國(guó)內(nèi)需求使其能夠升級(jí)它的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，擴(kuò)大服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。中美兩國(guó)有很多互補(bǔ)的目標(biāo)和機(jī)遇。只要他們友好合作，發(fā)揮各自優(yōu)勢(shì)，認(rèn)識(shí)到自身缺陷，雙方均可創(chuàng)立