外文翻譯--我國建筑機(jī)械的發(fā)展和主要技術(shù)成就

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p><b>　　附錄1</b></p><p>　　China's construction machinery and the development of the main achievements of crutches</p><p>　　Abstra

2、ct This paper a thorough review of China's construction machinery industry in the 50 years of the founding of the development process, On China's construction machinery industry achieved a major technological ach

3、ievements, pointing out that the industry's technical level with the international advanced level in the gap and future construction machinery products in the development of technical characteristics.</p><

4、p>　　Keywords construction machinery technology development</p><p>　　Construction of construction machinery is the main technical equipment, to ensure project quality, improve construction effi

5、ciency, speed up the progress of the project, reduce labor intensity of workers and guarantee of safety plays an important role. The founding of New China 50 years ago, especially after the Third Plenum of the 11th Party

6、 Congress, construction machinery and supporting the cause of building technology with China's rapid development has also made significant progress and achi</p><p>　　1 Development</p><p>

7、　　Since 1949, construction machinery industry from scratch, from small to large, experienced a start-up, industry formation and development of three high-speed development period:</p><p>　　1.1 Industry sta

8、rt-up period of </p><p>　　In the early years of New China, the construction site of construction machinery are left over from old China Bolai Pin, China has not yet professional construction machinery factor

9、y. For the resumption of war suffered serious damage due to the national economy, to a large-scale economic construction upsurge in the demand in the mid-1950s, some of China's construction machinery repair workshop

10、(plant) and other machinery factory gradually developed into a professional construction machinery buil</p><p>　　1.2 during the formation of industry</p><p>　　1961 to 1978 is a period of constr

11、uction machinery industry. In 1961, former First Ministry of Machine Industry Bureau of the fifth, unified management, planning of the construction machinery and construction machinery industrial development. State Counc

12、il decided to excavator plant in Fushun, mining machinery factory in Guiyang, construction machinery plant in Zhengzhou, Beijing crane plant, Xuzhou Heavy</p><p>　　Machinery Plant, Shenyang Fengdonggongju

13、 plants, Xuanhua Construction Machinery Factory, Shaoguan excavator factory plant was placed under 20 One of the centralized leadership of the Department, specializing in the production of excavators, cranes, scraper, bu

14、lldozers, such as pneumatic Zaoyanjixie. 1963, the Ministry of construction machinery built metal structure of the Department of Design Institute was placed under a machine, changed its name to a Ministry of Construction

15、 Machinery Institute</p><p>　　Construction machinery and scientific research units of professional development, research, development, testing system and gradually form, enhance the independent development o

16、f capacity. 1961, a machine set up the Department of Mechanical Engineering Institute in 1969, an Institute of the Ministry of construction machinery to move to Beijing from Hunan, changed its name to a machine of the Ch

17、angsha Institute of Machine Building (now the Ministry of Construction Construction Machinery Research </p><p>　　In a period of industry, construction machinery and construction machinery of the increasing v

18、ariety of new products developed faster. In 1965, only 147 species, to 1974 to develop the 225 in 1978, has grown to more than 350, many domestic product to fill the gaps. Some models such as hydraulic excavators, truck

19、crane, tower cranes, bulldozers, loaders, Drum diesel pile-drivers, static roller three rollers, alkaline mixer, pH vibrators, pneumatic rock drilling tools and other products has basica</p><p>　　1.3 high-

20、speed development period of industry</p><p>　　From 1978 after the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress until now 20, is China's construction machinery industry high-speed development period.</p>

21、<p>　　1978, the State Council decided to construction machinery and construction machinery is divided into two manufacturing management system. Bulldozers, loaders, truck crane, forklift trucks, construction machi

22、nery, such as Zaoyanjixie a plane from the Department of Management and other construction machinery by the State Construction Committee (later changed to the Ministry of Construction) management.</p><p>　　D

23、uring this period, since China adopted economic construction as the center and the policy of reform and opening up, construction machinery booming market demand, the development of new products to further accelerate the

24、development, product serialization level has been enhanced. According to different construction mechanization of the requirements of the construction machinery and complete sets of development, development, production wi

25、th rapid development. The type of construction machinery ha</p><p>　　In this 18 major categories, the category is divided into 180 groups. To 1989 there were 219 products, 655 types, 1065 specifications, 202

26、6 models. The technological level can be divided into the 50's level of a 556 model, the 1960s to early 1970s levels by 1003 models, the late 1970's and early 80's a level of 457 models. During this period, t

27、he construction machinery industry conscientiously implement the open-door policy, introduced a large number of advanced foreign technology, introduced fr</p><p>　　"June 5" to the present, China

28、9;s construction machinery industry to further accelerate the pace of technological transformation and technology transfer, investment in technological transformation of up to 20 billion yuan, total technology import pro

29、jects reached 99, Construction Machinery products have been developed to the specifications of over 1300, Model over 2500. Tower cranes, hydraulic excavators, vibratory roller, hydraulic pile driver, concrete mixing plan

30、t and silicon pump (trucks), cr</p><p>　　China's construction machinery industry after 50 years of development, especially since reform and opening up of rapid development, has been formed to complete a

31、basic product categories, specifications fairly complete variety, technical standards and continuously improve product quality, domestic production can meet the basic needs of a certain Production scale industries. At pr

32、esent, the industry already has more than 1,000 manufacturers, production amounted to more than 450 product varieties.</p><p>　　2 major technological achievements</p><p>　　The founding of New

33、China 50 years ago, China's construction machinery industry is not only a tremendous development, the technological level of products has also significantly increased, mainly technological achievements in the followi

34、ng areas:</p><p>　　(1) hydraulic transmission technology in the construction machinery products on a comprehensive application, earthmoving machinery and other products essential to achieve a large-scale hyd

35、raulic and hydraulic and technical performance of products on a significant level.</p><p>　　Hydraulic, hydraulic transmission is from the 1960s to gradually develop a new transmission technology, with small

36、size, light weight, compact, performance and speed, manipulation of light, can realize automatic control, overload the advantages of good performance . At present, China's excavator product line from the fighting cap

37、acity to more than 10 specifications of the products have adopted the entire hydraulic transmission technology; loader series of products from carrying the weight of 0.8</p><p>　　(2) adopt a new structure, n

38、ew materials and modern design technologies that make product design more advanced and reasonable, performance has been greatly enhanced.</p><p>　　Hydraulic excavator product commonly used by the oil tanks d

39、riven by the boom-bucket, bucket of the backhoe excavation of the new structure, the depth of mining operations, fighting tooth cutting soil excavators and cranes capable of rotating the single-agency Volleyball-style, d

40、ouble-volleyball-style rotary bearing, rotating small resistance, high mechanical efficiency, compact and can further improve the operating efficiency of the fuel tank of a truck crane were driven by box-profile, multi-s

41、</p><p>　　Progressive people since the 1990s, construction machinery in the design process, have more common use of a computer-aided design and optimize the design of modern design methods. At present, hydra

42、ulic excavators, loaders, tower cranes, pile-drivers, and other new products have been used in the design of an advanced research and design methods to make more rational design, performance and more advanced.</p>

43、<p>　　(3) mechanical vibration technology applications, significantly increased the compaction, the pile, the pH level of mechanical products of technology.</p><p>　　Vibratory roller, shock and vibrati

44、on ram, vibration-Stubbs pile driver, soft foundation strengthening vibrator, silicon vibrators and other products used in construction machinery of representative mechanical vibration technology products. Roller applica

45、tion of vibration technology to some exciting force, vibration frequency and amplitude of the vibration, significantly improved the roadbed and roller compacted soil compaction effect of stability and vibration compactio

46、n productivity Shen Stubb</p><p>　　(4) construction crane and alkaline machinery to achieve the basic package of domestic tower crane and alkaline mixer output ranked the highest in the world, the basic repl

47、ace the imported products.</p><p>　　Construction cranes in the construction of major construction projects for building materials and equipment being lifted onto the installation. At present, China has been

48、able series production of tower cranes, truck crane, wheeled cranes, crawler cranes, lifts and other construction hoist and lifting equipment. The weight of a truck crane from 3 ~ 160 t a total of 17 specifications; whee

49、led cranes have been the weight of 5 ~ 40 t a total of eight specifications; tower cranes are lifting torque </p><p>　　Alkaline pH mixing machinery mainly include machinery, mechanical vibration silicon, sil

50、icon transportation machinery, machinery and alkaline pH products molding machinery, such as conservation. These alkaloids have been serialized China's machinery, complete sets of production. Development of goods pH

51、is a major cause of building China's technological and economic policies, to promote the development of silicon products, commodities such as construction machinery and complete sets of alkaline b</p><p>

52、;　　At present, China's annual output of construction cranes up to 50,000 / t around 250,000, of which the tower crane in August 1000 about Taiwan, about 10 million t. Concrete machinery output in the 350,000 / 200,00

53、0 t around. Construction cranes and silicon construction machinery is in the application of Damian-products, our tower crane and silicon mixer output rank the highest in the world, meet the basic needs of the domestic ma

54、rket, replacing imported products.</p><p>　　Renovation and construction machinery, such as weak machinery products reinforced by the rapid development and change the decoration and steel processing technolog

55、y operating behind the face.</p><p>　　Construction and renovation process has been reinforced is the weak link in building construction, construction of backward technology, manual, labour-intensive, low pro

56、ductivity, poor quality construction. 50, in the mechanical aspects of building renovation, development of a mortar mixer, paint spraying machine, gray pump, mortar joint aircraft carrier, Ma knife ash mixing machine, te

57、rrazzo aircraft, ground hand-ray machine, Siqie sets of machines, tiles Cutting machine, stone cutting machine,</p><p>　　Steel processing workload, the high labour intensity of the main construction works an

58、d foundation works in the quality of good or bad relations major. In the early years of New China, the construction of steel processing technology is very backward, and mainly rely on manual or simple tools, labour-inten

59、sive, low production efficiency, quality difficult to ensure that. 50, China Construction in steel processing technology and equipment have made great progress and has developed a prestressed re</p><p>　　(6)

60、 the establishment of China's construction machinery products standard system, step by step with international standards.</p><p>　　Product technical standards is to engage in product design, manufacturin

61、g, testing, use, trade and economic activities of the main technical basis, the product of technological progress and quality assurance is of great significance. The founding of New China 50 years ago, China's constr

62、uction machinery industry for the establishment of the development of construction machinery products standard system, done a lot of work and achieved very significant results. Secretary-scale management of the M</p&g

63、t;<p>　　To further use of advanced international standards, China's machine building industry to participate actively in activities of the International Organization for Standardization. In recent years, the e

64、ntire industry in general and implementing a series of quality management system standards, certification for the quality of work, for construction machinery in "dead" with the international standards after the

65、 necessary preparations.</p><p>　　3. Technology Development Outlook</p><p>　　The founding of New China 50 years ago, the technological progress of construction machinery is very significant, is

66、 a tremendous achievement for the cause of building China's rapid development has made due contributions to. To meet the arrival of the new century, better End "11th Five-Year" plan to meet the growing dome

67、stic market demand to take part in international competition in the market, built for the challenges facing the industry and shoulder the task is very tough and arduous.</p><p>　　At present, China's mach

68、ine building products and the level of foreign advanced technology levels are still 10 to 15-year gap, reflected primarily in the product mix not reasonable, high-tech content in large-scale construction machinery and co

69、nstruction of new technologies and supporting products still can not meet The needs of the market product design and testing means backward, electro-hydraulic integration, and other advanced technology applications is st

70、ill in the initial stage of the spec</p><p>　　(1) the structure of products will gradually become reasonable. Large and small products will be rapid development, at the same time, product varieties will be d

71、iversified, serialized, multi-functional and complete sets of using the development to meet the different users, the needs of different projects;</p><p>　　(2) new materials and new technology in the applicat

72、ion of construction machinery will be more widespread, product performance, quality, reliability and life expectancy, and other areas will increase faster;</p><p>　　(3) the basis of product parts and pieces

73、to support standardization, serialization, the direction of common development, and more conducive to the Organization of specialized production and achieve economies of scale production;</p><p>　　(4) micro-

74、electronic, hydraulic, automatic control technology in the construction and further promote the use of machinery, construction machinery products will enable the integration of electro-hydraulic, intelligent and automati

75、on to develop in the direction of</p><p>　　(5) the safety of products will further increase, the operating environment to develop in the direction of comfort, the driver of the working environment will conti

76、nue to improve, mechanical failure to achieve automatic diagnosis and automatic alarm;</p><p>　　(6) products to develop pollution-free operations. Construction machinery to reduce the pollution of the enviro

77、nment, reduce product of noise, vibration and emissions will cause more attention.</p><p>　　Construction machinery products constantly improve the technological level is a long-term task, we believe that wit

78、h the deepening of reform and the development of science and technology, the entire industry under the joint efforts, China's construction machinery technology in the new century will usher in a new develpment.</p

79、><p><b>　　附錄2</b></p><p>　　我國建筑機(jī)械的發(fā)展和主要技術(shù)成就</p><p>　　內(nèi)容摘要本文全面回顧了我國建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)在建國50年里的發(fā)展歷程, 介紹了我國建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)取得的主要技術(shù)成就, 指出了該行業(yè)的技術(shù)水平與國際先進(jìn)水平的差距和今后建筑機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在技術(shù)上的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　關(guān)

80、鍵詞 建筑機(jī)械 發(fā)展 技術(shù)</p><p>　　建筑機(jī)械是工程施工的主要技術(shù)裝備, 對(duì)確保工程質(zhì)量, 提高施工效率, 加快工程進(jìn)度, 降低工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和保證施工安全具有重要作用。新中國成立50年來, 特別是黨的十一屆三中全會(huì)以后, 建筑機(jī)械及其配套技術(shù)隨著我國建設(shè)事業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展也有了長足的進(jìn)步, 取得了巨大成績。</p><p><b>　　1 發(fā)展概況</

81、b></p><p>　　建國以來, 建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)從無到有、從小到大,經(jīng)歷了初創(chuàng)、行業(yè)形成和高速發(fā)展三個(gè)發(fā)展時(shí)期:</p><p>　　1.1 行業(yè)初創(chuàng)時(shí)期</p><p>　　新中國成立初期, 建設(shè)工地使用的建筑機(jī)械都是舊中國遺留下來的舶來品, 我國還沒有專業(yè)的建筑機(jī)械制造廠。為恢復(fù)因戰(zhàn)亂遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的國民經(jīng)濟(jì), 適應(yīng)大規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)高潮的需求, 在50年代

82、中期, 我國有些建筑機(jī)械修理車間(廠)和其他機(jī)械廠逐步發(fā)展成為專業(yè)的建筑機(jī)械修造廠。除修理建筑機(jī)械外, 開始仿造國外的建筑機(jī)械, 如耐鼓筒式砼攪拌機(jī)、2~6t動(dòng)臂式塔式起重機(jī)、斗容量和的機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)、最大起重量10t和15t的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)履帶式起重機(jī)以及5~8t、8~12t、12~15三輪靜碾壓路機(jī)等。1956年, 原建筑工程部成立了建筑機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)室(后發(fā)展為建筑機(jī)械金屬結(jié)構(gòu)研究設(shè)計(jì)院)和施工組織與機(jī)械化研究所, 開始統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃和自主研制我國的

83、建筑機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。紅旗Ⅱ型塔式起重機(jī)和起重量10t和20t的纜索式起重機(jī)等是當(dāng)時(shí)具有代表性的我國自行研制的新產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　1.2 行業(yè)形成時(shí)期</p><p>　　1961~1978年是建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)形成時(shí)期。在1961年, 原第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部成立了第五局, 統(tǒng)一管理、規(guī)劃全國工程機(jī)械和建筑機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展。國務(wù)院決定將撫順挖掘機(jī)廠、貴陽礦山機(jī)器廠、鄭州工程機(jī)械廠、北京起重機(jī)器廠、徐州

84、重型機(jī)械廠、沈陽風(fēng)動(dòng)工具廠、宣化工程機(jī)械廠、韶關(guān)挖掘機(jī)廠等20個(gè)廠劃歸一機(jī)部五局歸口領(lǐng)導(dǎo), 專業(yè)生產(chǎn)挖掘機(jī)、起重機(jī)、鏟運(yùn)機(jī)、推土機(jī)、風(fēng)動(dòng)鑿巖機(jī)械等。1963年, 建工部建筑機(jī)械金屬結(jié)構(gòu)研究設(shè)計(jì)院劃歸一機(jī)部, 更名為一機(jī)部建筑機(jī)械研究所。原建工部所屬的一批建筑機(jī)械生產(chǎn)廠家, 如上海建筑機(jī)械廠、柳州工程機(jī)械廠、哈爾濱工程機(jī)械廠等同時(shí)劃歸一機(jī)部。1964年,經(jīng)國家經(jīng)委和一機(jī)部批準(zhǔn), 為調(diào)整生產(chǎn)布局, 遷建了長江起重機(jī)廠、長江挖掘機(jī)廠、長江液壓

85、件廠、浦沉工程機(jī)械廠和黃河工程機(jī)械廠。這期間, 由原蘇聯(lián)在“ 一五”期間援建的原建工部所屬的華北、東北、西北、中南、西南五大金屬結(jié)構(gòu)廠也生產(chǎn)建筑機(jī)械, 規(guī)劃生產(chǎn)挖掘機(jī)、工程起重機(jī)、機(jī)動(dòng)翻斗車、推土機(jī)等。</p><p>　　建筑機(jī)械的專業(yè)科研單位不斷發(fā)展, 科研、開發(fā)、檢測體系逐步形成, 增強(qiáng)了自主開發(fā)研制能力。1961年, 一機(jī)部成立了工程機(jī)械研究所;1969年, 一機(jī)部建筑機(jī)械研究所由北京遷往湖南, 更名為一

86、機(jī)部長沙建筑機(jī)械研究所(現(xiàn)建設(shè)部長沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究院);1977年, 中國建筑科學(xué)研究院在河北廊坊市重建建筑機(jī)械化研究所;1979年, 在北京重建建設(shè)部北京建筑機(jī)械綜合研究所。水電部、交通部、鐵道部也先后成立了相關(guān)的科研單位。這些建筑機(jī)械科研單位都有不同的研究方向和技術(shù)歸口產(chǎn)品。大中型建筑機(jī)械制造廠也先后設(shè)立了產(chǎn)品開發(fā)研究所或設(shè)計(jì)處(科), 從事本廠方向產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)研究和設(shè)計(jì)。在這期間, 有20多所高等工業(yè)院校設(shè)立了建筑機(jī)械或工程機(jī)械專業(yè),

87、 有的院校還成立了研究所, 參加了國家重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目的研究工作。</p><p>　　在行業(yè)形成時(shí)期, 工程機(jī)械和建筑機(jī)械的品種不斷增加, 新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)研制速度加快。在1965年, 只有147個(gè)品種, 到1974年發(fā)展到了225個(gè), 1978年已發(fā)展到350多個(gè), 填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)許多產(chǎn)品空白。有些機(jī)種如液壓挖掘機(jī)、汽車起重機(jī)、塔式起重機(jī)、推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)、筒式柴油打樁機(jī)、靜碾三輪壓路機(jī)、砼攪拌機(jī)、砼振動(dòng)器、風(fēng)動(dòng)鑿巖工具等產(chǎn)

88、品已基本形成系列。其中, 砼攪拌機(jī)、機(jī)動(dòng)翻斗車、硅振動(dòng)器、卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、蛙式夯土機(jī)、鋼筋加工機(jī)械、風(fēng)動(dòng)工具等產(chǎn)品已可基本滿足國內(nèi)需要, 不需進(jìn)口。隨著新產(chǎn)品增加,一批性能落后的老產(chǎn)品, 如5t機(jī)械式汽車起重機(jī)、蒸氣壓路機(jī)、中低頻率砼振動(dòng)器、鋼繩提升刀片推土機(jī)等被淘汰。</p><p>　　1.3 行業(yè)高速發(fā)展時(shí)期</p><p>　　從1978年黨的十一屆三中全會(huì)以后直到現(xiàn)在的20年, 是我國

89、建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)高速發(fā)展時(shí)期。</p><p>　　1978年, 國務(wù)院決定將工程機(jī)械和建筑機(jī)械劃分為兩個(gè)制造管理體系。推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)、汽車起重機(jī)、叉車、鑿巖機(jī)械等工程機(jī)械由一機(jī)部管理, 其他建筑機(jī)械由國家建委(后改為建設(shè)部)管理。</p><p>　　在這一時(shí)期里, 由于我國實(shí)行以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心和改革開放的政策, 建筑機(jī)械市場需求興旺, 新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)研制進(jìn)一步加快, 產(chǎn)品的系列化水平有了新的提

90、高。根據(jù)不同建筑工程機(jī)械化施工的要求, 建筑機(jī)械的成套性開發(fā)、研制、批量生產(chǎn)有了較快的發(fā)展。建筑機(jī)械的類別已發(fā)展到包括挖掘機(jī)械、鏟土運(yùn)輸機(jī)械、工程起重機(jī)械、樁工機(jī)械、壓實(shí)機(jī)械、路面機(jī)械、混凝土機(jī)械、混凝土制品機(jī)械、鋼筋及預(yù)應(yīng)力機(jī)械、高空作業(yè)機(jī)械、裝修機(jī)械、市政機(jī)械、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生機(jī)械、園林機(jī)械、電梯、自動(dòng)扶梯與自動(dòng)人行道、垃圾處理設(shè)備、門窗加工機(jī)械等十八個(gè)大類。</p><p>　　在這18個(gè)大類中, 又分為180個(gè)類

91、組。到1989年219就有個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列、655個(gè)型式、1065個(gè)規(guī)格、2026個(gè)型號(hào)。按技術(shù)水平可分為50年代水平的有556個(gè)型號(hào), 60年代到70年代初水平的有1003個(gè)型號(hào), 70年代末年80代初水平的有457個(gè)型號(hào)。在這一時(shí)期, 建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)認(rèn)真貫徹開放政策, 大量引進(jìn)了國外先進(jìn)技術(shù), 從國外引進(jìn)的機(jī)型有125個(gè)。通過對(duì)引進(jìn)機(jī)型的消化吸收和國產(chǎn)化, 使我國建筑機(jī)械的主要機(jī)種的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和性能達(dá)到了國外70年代末80年代初期水平。<

92、;/p><p>　　從“ 六五” 到現(xiàn)在, 我國建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)進(jìn)一步加快了技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)引進(jìn)步伐, 技術(shù)改造投資達(dá)20億元, 技術(shù)引進(jìn)項(xiàng)目累計(jì)達(dá)到99項(xiàng), 建機(jī)產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格已發(fā)展到1300多個(gè), 型號(hào)2500多個(gè)。塔式起重機(jī)、液壓挖掘機(jī)、振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)、液壓打樁機(jī)、砼攪拌站與硅輸送泵(車)、履帶起重機(jī)、瀝青硅攤鋪機(jī)、電梯與自動(dòng)扶梯等主要機(jī)種的技術(shù)水平已達(dá)到國外80年代末90年代初的技術(shù)水平。有8項(xiàng)建機(jī)新產(chǎn)品和新技術(shù)榮獲國家級(jí)

93、科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng), 91項(xiàng)獲部級(jí)科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng), 100多項(xiàng)獲省9市)科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)及其它獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。</p><p>　　我國建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)經(jīng)過50年的發(fā)展, 特別是改革開放以來的快速發(fā)展, 已經(jīng)形成為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品門類基本齊全、品種規(guī)格比較完善、技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不斷提高、產(chǎn)量基本能滿足國內(nèi)需求的具有一定生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的產(chǎn)業(yè)。目前, 全行業(yè)已擁有生產(chǎn)企業(yè)1000多家, 生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品達(dá)450多個(gè)品種。據(jù)1997年對(duì)原建設(shè)部系統(tǒng)家建筑機(jī)械骨干生產(chǎn)企業(yè)

94、的不完全統(tǒng)計(jì), 1997年建筑機(jī)械產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值為130億元, 產(chǎn)品銷售收人162億元, 出口創(chuàng)匯1.3億美元。建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)的發(fā)展速度超過了其他機(jī)械行業(yè), 成為增長最快的行業(yè)之一。</p><p>　　2 主要技術(shù)成就</p><p>　　新中國成立50多年來, 我國建筑機(jī)械行業(yè)不僅有了巨大發(fā)展, 產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平也有了顯著提高, 主要技術(shù)成就有以下幾個(gè)方面:</p><p

95、>　?。?） 液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在建筑機(jī)械產(chǎn)品上全面推廣應(yīng)用, 土方機(jī)械等大型產(chǎn)品基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了液壓化和液力化, 產(chǎn)品技術(shù)性能明顯上了一個(gè)檔次。</p><p>　　液壓、液力傳動(dòng)是從60年代開始逐步發(fā)展起來的一種傳動(dòng)新技術(shù), 具有體積小、重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、調(diào)速性能好、操縱輕便、可實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)控制、過載保護(hù)性能好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。目前, 我國挖掘機(jī)系列產(chǎn)品從斗容量到的10多個(gè)規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)采用了全液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù);裝載機(jī)系列產(chǎn)品從裝載

96、重量0.8t到10t近10個(gè)規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品采用了液壓傳動(dòng)或液力機(jī)械傳動(dòng)；汽車式起重機(jī)系列產(chǎn)品從起重量3t到160t的10多個(gè)規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品上車采用了液壓傳動(dòng)；履帶式起重機(jī)系列產(chǎn)品從起重量30t到150t近10個(gè)規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品采用了全液壓傳動(dòng)。除此以外, 推土機(jī)、壓路機(jī)、打樁機(jī)、壓樁機(jī)、砼泵、砼攪拌輸送車、瀝青砼攤鋪機(jī)、挖掘裝載機(jī)(兩頭忙)等產(chǎn)品也采用了液壓傳動(dòng)。有些建機(jī)產(chǎn)品部分部件采用了液壓傳動(dòng), 如行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu), 塔機(jī)的頂升機(jī)構(gòu), 翻斗車

97、的翻斗機(jī)構(gòu)等。液壓系統(tǒng)一般采用高壓變量系統(tǒng), 逐步取代中低壓定量系統(tǒng),進(jìn)一步改善了產(chǎn)品的調(diào)速性能, 提高了系統(tǒng)的功率利用系數(shù)。多數(shù)建機(jī)產(chǎn)品的操縱控制采用了液壓助力、液壓先導(dǎo)操縱控制, 操縱微動(dòng)性能好, 更加精確、省力。裝載機(jī)、推土機(jī)系列產(chǎn)品已實(shí)現(xiàn)了液壓和液力傳動(dòng)相結(jié)合, 產(chǎn)品不僅調(diào)速、操縱性能好, 而且負(fù)</p><p>　　(2) 采用新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料以及現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù), 使產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)更先進(jìn)合理, 性能得到了較大提高

98、。</p><p>　　液壓挖掘機(jī)產(chǎn)品普遍采用油缸驅(qū)動(dòng)的由動(dòng)臂斗桿、鏟斗組成的反鏟式挖掘新結(jié)構(gòu), 挖掘作業(yè)深度大, 斗齒切削土壤能力強(qiáng)挖掘機(jī)和起重機(jī)的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)采用單排球式、雙排球式回轉(zhuǎn)支承, 回轉(zhuǎn)阻力小, 機(jī)械效率高, 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊, 能進(jìn)一步提高作業(yè)效率汽車起重機(jī)均采用油缸驅(qū)動(dòng)的箱形斷面、多節(jié)伸縮式吊臂, 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊, 行駛狀態(tài)外形尺寸小, 通過性能好。工作狀態(tài)起重幅度大、起升高度高、作業(yè)性能好裝載機(jī)、壓路機(jī)、翻斗車

99、多采用鉸接式車架, 油缸驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向, 轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小, 通過性能好;塔式起重機(jī)采用油缸驅(qū)動(dòng)的套架式頂升機(jī)構(gòu), 小車式變幅, 起升高度和幅度大, 采用多速電機(jī)、電磁聯(lián)軸節(jié)、變頻器等調(diào)速裝置, 吊裝的微動(dòng)性能和調(diào)速性能得到了較大提高柴油樁錘采用筒式?jīng)_擊霧化新結(jié)構(gòu), 打樁能量比導(dǎo)桿式提高一倍, 打樁架采用三支點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu), 履帶底盤采用履帶中心距可調(diào)式新結(jié)構(gòu)打樁架導(dǎo)柱可快速對(duì)準(zhǔn)樁位, 打斜樁準(zhǔn)確且調(diào)節(jié)斜度的能力好, 提高了樁架整體穩(wěn)定性和行走、拖運(yùn)的通