施工組織設計外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　題　　目：　　　君山二期工程施工組織設計　　　　　　　　　　　　</p><p>　　學院名稱： 建筑工程學院 專業(yè)班級： 工程

2、管理 </p><p>　　學生姓名： 　　 學號： 200851585141 </p><p><b>　　一、外文原文：</b></p><p>　　1. Design project management</p><p>　　1.1 Choosing the planning

3、 practice</p><p>　　Choosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three

4、to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality,

5、knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coord</p><p>　　1.2 Design and authorization planning</p><p>　　Coordination and control of the planning proc

6、ess and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning proce

7、ss in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.</p><p>　　1.3 Working plans</p><p>　　Regular coo

8、rdination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specificat

9、ions have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.</p><p>

10、;　　1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awards</p><p>　　Tender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to

11、 detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the bui

12、lding firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious defici</p><p>　　As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offeri

13、ng individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.</p><p>　　After the

14、bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil

15、 is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist building firms.</p><p>　　1.5 B

16、uilding and completion phase</p><p>　　The legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German

17、site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":</p&

18、gt;<p>　　- examining the working plans</p><p>　　- quality control for building materials</p><p>　　- quality control for building plant and equipment</p><p>　　- building site

19、safety</p><p>　　- checking current building progress</p><p>　　- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel</p><p>　　- demanding and examining inventory documents<

20、;/p><p>　　Only building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in

21、 this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the av

22、ailable production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the plann</p><p>　　The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis o

23、f specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and

24、 details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and othe</p><p>　　1.6 Documentation</p><p

25、>　　The quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department

26、 and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and

27、in poor quality.</p><p>　　1.7 Communication</p><p>　　It is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from de

28、adlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date document

29、s and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team shou</p><p>　　2 Planning and building costs</p><p&g

30、t;　　2.1 Quantity surveying</p><p>　　Chinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying

31、includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment

32、. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the real</p><p>　　Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.

33、</p><p>　　The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded

34、 and during the realization phase.</p><p>　　Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commer

35、cially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even thou

36、gh the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project manageme</p><p><b>　　二、外文譯文：</b></p><p>　　1.1 選擇一個切實可行的規(guī)劃方式</p>&l

37、t;p>　　選擇一個切實可行的規(guī)劃方式是很重要的。采用一種資格預審的方式能夠給工作效率、專業(yè)知識和產(chǎn)品質量提供必要的洞察力：三到五個投標人能夠獲得項目的初步設計文件和項目規(guī)劃方案。接著進行面談，以實證考察和現(xiàn)場勘探表現(xiàn)為依據(jù)。但是最關鍵的因素是單位的規(guī)劃質量、具備的材料知識、注重細節(jié)的程度、以及計算機輔助設計和辦公設備。畢竟協(xié)調建設和技術規(guī)劃的能力相當密切的。</p><p>　　1.2設計和授權規(guī)劃<

38、;/p><p>　　協(xié)調和控制規(guī)劃過程及內容在規(guī)劃階段當中是相當重要的。在中國，任何情況下都不能把設計工作單獨留給設計院。定期進行規(guī)劃和開展協(xié)調會議以此檢查整個規(guī)劃過程，這樣才能確保指導方針和標準真正能夠起到作用。這對協(xié)調指定的工藝流程路線和檢查出產(chǎn)生矛盾的點是很重要的。</p><p><b>　　1.3工作計劃</b></p><p>　　在規(guī)

39、劃的最后階段，仍然需要常規(guī)協(xié)調、控制管理、各種技術支持。協(xié)調建設過程進度和技術工人的工作往往是整個規(guī)劃隊伍里面的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。對于比較重要的細節(jié)和技術規(guī)范都必須作出嚴格地要求。1:20到1:5這樣的一個細節(jié)方面的比例在目前的中國是很少見的，我們必須堅持這樣的規(guī)劃特點，鼓勵團隊成員們積極進行這方面的討論。</p><p>　　1.4邀請投標和投標獎勵</p><p>　　在起草的投標文件方面，中

40、國的文件詳細程度遠遠比不上西方國家做得好。值得考慮的一個重要的方面是，應該對工作圖紙的詳細程度給于足夠的關注。在投標之前，應該對工程圖紙的詳細好壞程度進行排名。不能允許一意孤行地堅持使用特殊產(chǎn)品的決定。在所有列入考慮的材料當中，都要對任何一種材料進行客觀中立的描述。這就是說，在文件詳細程度上做得不夠的話，可能建設單位在沒有經(jīng)過業(yè)主的同意，就可以使用劣質材料進行建設。這往往會導致建筑物在質量和使用方面存在嚴重的缺陷。要避免這些不良影響，建

41、筑師需要跳出標準的指導方針的限制，進行適當變通，以此來避免建設過程中使用劣等材料的行為。因為中國的很多建設規(guī)劃和行業(yè)標準都顯得滯后，跟不上國家標準更跟不上國際標準。</p><p>　　邀請投標和獎勵的流程圖</p><p>　　這方面有個規(guī)定，一般邀請五到十架建設單位（傳統(tǒng)的承包商或者是能夠提供獨立完整建設服務的個體團隊）進行投標。當然了，國外的建設公司在中國的分支機構也會得到邀請。通常

42、這些國外公司的報價往往會高于國內的其他競爭者。在對所有的投標進行評估后，選出幾個個最合理的投標者進行詳細談判。是否中標取決于他們對項目的質量評估和給出的特殊建議。因為建筑的基礎很差，而在沖積土地上使用深基礎是很普遍的。為了能夠爭取時間，地下工程部分可以讓早期的且這方面的專家較多的建設單位進行建設。</p><p>　　1.5建設和竣工階段</p><p>　　法律上規(guī)定，這兩個階段需要監(jiān)理

43、進行現(xiàn)場監(jiān)督，也需要一定數(shù)量的測量人員（詳見B章2.2節(jié)）。現(xiàn)場監(jiān)督的標準不同于德國的所要求的，坐標符合HOAI、相位8。中國的現(xiàn)場監(jiān)督活動要提供以下的服務模式，正如下列標題所說的“質量監(jiān)控”和“安全管理”：</p><p><b>　　-檢查工作計劃</b></p><p>　　-建筑材料的質量控制</p><p>　　-建設生產(chǎn)廠房和設備的

44、質量控制</p><p>　　-建設施工現(xiàn)場的安全工作</p><p>　　-檢查控制當前的項目進度</p><p>　　-檢查施工現(xiàn)場工作人員的從業(yè)資格</p><p>　　-嚴格按要求檢查相關庫存文件</p><p>　　施工現(xiàn)場只有建筑用地，這會給人傳達一種思想：一個井然有序的方法能夠生產(chǎn)出有質量保證的產(chǎn)品并且高

45、效率工作。這也包括清潔和安全。中國的建筑行業(yè)領域需要先驅者為其注入新鮮血液。強迫承包商采用一種與自己意愿相違背的特殊方法是沒有意義的。實際上，做出這方面的讓步是及其明智的，這樣能夠使現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)方法和施工模式得到最充分的利用。項目的質量控制在規(guī)劃階段就應該開始了。在建設進行階段，要小心謹慎細心把關，確保需要的建材是真材實料，需要的特殊部件能夠合適的安裝到位。</p><p>　　對于承包商來說，他們可以提出能夠

46、替代投標標準的建議。這些建議需要審核，在承包商提供的樣本和參考資料的基礎上決定是否批準。事實證明，在建設階段進行之前很有必要設立一個樣本養(yǎng)護室，以便更詳細的測試材料的細部性能，在合適的時間提出改善材料的方法。在開始進行的建筑的外墻、屋頂和其他關鍵部位的施工前，對部件模型的質量進行檢查和審核是很游戲要的。</p><p><b>　　1.6文件材料</b></p><p&g

47、t;　　隨著故障的糾正和項目的正式投入使用，質量控制階段也就結束了。在中國，建筑只有在最終驗收完成后才能被人們所接受。為了順利完成驗收，質量監(jiān)督局、消防中心和環(huán)保辦公室都不得不批準。隨著計劃的實施，完整的規(guī)劃書應該盡早起草并完善結束，不能指望施工單位，因為在這方面他們的動作是在是太慢了。</p><p><b>　　1.7交流</b></p><p>　　中國的項目建

48、設有一大顯著的特點：有很多的參與者在為同一個項目共同工作著，他們頂著工期進度和成本費用的壓力，可是卻接收著來自不同地區(qū)的不同信息。這就為數(shù)字交流平臺的產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造了條件，數(shù)字平臺給所有的參與者提供了最新的文檔材料信息，也讓大家能夠在上面自由交流，為了共同的目標做應該做的事。但是該項目的管理團隊要接受統(tǒng)一調控和工作監(jiān)督，包括所有的報告。這個系統(tǒng)把所有參與進項目的人都連接起來，控制著工作流程、及時發(fā)布新聞、文檔和信息。</p>&

49、lt;p><b>　　2規(guī)劃和建設成本</b></p><p>　　2.1 工程造價估算</p><p>　　中國的造價師提供著與榜樣（英國測算員）相同的服務。造價估算是成本計劃和成本控制的專業(yè)術語。造價估算包括招標獎勵和合同管理，這些都是成本費用的組成部分。造價員直接接受業(yè)主的委托并協(xié)助控制規(guī)劃和項目投資。在整個項目建設過程中，造價員代表了業(yè)主的財務利益。在即

50、將完工階段，造價員需要評估項目的完成程度，這樣方便控制部分付款和額外支出，使之穩(wěn)定不增長。這也有助于避免爭端，與有額外補償要求的公司進行協(xié)商。有效的成本控制是建立在成本管理框架上的。所有的支出款項在成本控制系統(tǒng)里面都有記錄。成本控制是一個主動過程。真正精確地項目控制，即使在項目的最初階段就能夠識別出后續(xù)將要發(fā)生變動的成本。影響成本的因素和措施盡早地傳遞到項目管理團隊當中的話，有助于及時有效地采取相對應的措施。</p>&l

51、t;p>　　隨著規(guī)劃階段的結束，降低成本的機會也大大地減少了。通過圖表，可以很清楚地看出在早期規(guī)劃階段做出的實踐決定對固定成本框架起到了很大程度的影響。</p><p>　　隨著規(guī)劃階段的結束和實施階段的開始，成本控制變得越來越重要。盡管受到西方國家巨額投資標準的影響，但是我國的項目管理還是不重視成本和進度控制。更糟糕的是，在生意上取得成功的業(yè)主，他們把大量的資金投入到了項目當中，但是卻不知道如何實施計劃和