外文資料翻譯---冷庫節(jié)能與自動控制

1、<p>　　The energy-conservation of freezer, with automaticallying control</p><p>　　1 A present freezer of automatic control current situations </p><p>　　Though the cold storage self-control

2、 having been popularized all round, but great majority cold storages putting particular emphasis on is only a safeguard face to face , the energy conservation having increased Wenku picking up the self-adjustment and col

3、d storage measuring and controlling, to entire system relates that under the control of seldom or. Even if another aspect, already getting the all-round universal safeguard, before actual condition in working can't a

4、dmit of no sanguine, } pins </p><p>　　Form what 1 shows a self-control interposes and runs status though the very good cold storage only having 5 tidal current and direction accounting for 9% of the number c

5、ounting, but it is these cold storages to have represented a nowadays. With the development of electron technology, the self-control component is more and more advanced , changeable procedure controller (PLC) and the PC

6、function are more and more strong , self-control procedure is more and more perfect, system optimization and th</p><p>　　2 How be ready for cold storage energy conservation autocontrol</p><p>　　

7、Fundamental above-mentioned content starting point is the cold storage taking ammonia as all together style refrigeration working medium refrigerating system , is that refrigeration working medium decentralization, allow

8、s all together style , all together style refrigerating system cold storage to have got very big development , whose self-control degree overtops also sometimes the all together style refrigerating system cold storage ta

9、king ammonia as refrigeration working medium on behalf of a </p><p>　　2.1 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol </p><p>　　Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol is energy conservati

10、on under the control of procedure establishment and self-control component selecting and using from the content coming to study the autocontrol developing cold storage energy conservation's relates that mainly whom.

11、</p><p>　　The firm, special field designing institute or capable unit as self-control component may assume cold storage energy conservation autocontrol research and develop equally. The firm and the designin

12、g institute make a contribution to some extent without exception already by now within that field. Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol can be developed exploitation commonly by firm and designing institute best

13、(not bad firm give first place to, the designing institute coordinates) , perfects </p><p>　　2.2 Energy conservation autocontrol specific items design prepares a cold storage putting composition into practic

14、e.</p><p>　　That a specific items energy conservation autocontrol's puts process into practice sometimes is that the purpose checking K amendment , reaching energy conservation until according with desig

15、n demand by designing , assembling debugging , pilot run , effect is extremely. While the project requires that content is changed into a ratio to some extent, may revise K at any time satisfying a request.</p>&l

16、t;p>　　The cold storage energy conservation sometimes requires that the advanced refrigeration switches over to prepare , right system mates , effective the words emergency measure and strict operation manage to manage

17、 to be put into effect, be requiring that the refrigeration technician goes ahead in the basis optimizing refrigeration process design right now, know well that energy conservation needs , be tied in wedlock this project

18、 characteristic , the flow chart designing out entire cold storage en</p><p>　　3 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol pilot run is also one very important ring , echoes the usage unit and the special

19、 field firm in the pilot run keeping close connection , uses an unit to discuss working effect , deliberates amendment measure with special field firm and.</p><p>　　Energy conservation is one of cold storage

20、 autocontrol purpose. </p><p>　　3.1 Adjusts storehouse temperature adjustment in the past about that the storehouse temperature and the evaporation temperature adjust the parametric storehouse of </p>

21、<p>　　3.1.1 Storehouse temperature control</p><p>　　Multiple spots temperature temperature giving first place to dyadic adjustment of place, correct evaporate the temperature not sometimes doing adjust

22、ment , very difficult to reach good energy conservation effect. </p><p>　　The ideal storehouse temperature control mode is that wind and their air-out temperature is entering parameter with the storehouse me

23、an temperature , the air cooler moving forward , works out appropriate under the control of procedure , measures by the fact that PLC is in progress. So-called Wenku adjusts the request being able to reach energy conserv

24、ation , also can satisfy the need that some storehouse high-accuracy temperature adjusts, self own but the accuracy reaching 0.250 C requires that </p><p>　　3.1.2 Regard to relatively evaporate temperature h

25、igher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation state</p><p>　　Ps stop being unlike the diversity evaporates because K couplet operation can only work under evaporating the temperature with a wi

26、th a systematic refrigeration compression engine evaporating the cold room of temperature temperature cold if K couplet work, with regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conserv

27、ation operation state, should cold hot load increasingly be promoted to a higher post increasingly no energy conservation. Ought to try one's best to</p><p>　　3.1.3 Unexpected turn of events evaporates t

28、emperature adjustment</p><p>　　Some one work state lower if evaporate temperature can use storehouse hot load and refrigerating system refrigerating output be parameter be in progress adjustment, then now th

29、at can reach energy conservation purpose can make energy adjustment be more rational. The sort Er Yan , refrigerating system evaporation implement and refrigeration compression engine equipment can satisfy maximal load

30、need basically all. Load falls off but the refrigerating output can not make corresponding adjustment in</p><p>　　3.1.4 Changeable rate</p><p>　　Changeable rate of flow adjustment ammonia in the

31、 past refrigerating system; Freon system evaporates the implement refrigerant rate of flow , great majority achieve simple proportion measures. The air cooler air mass flow great majority do not measure or speed and the

32、electric fan platform number measure only when two. This two kinds parametric rate of flow adjustment all are cold the adjustment assigning the equipment refrigerating output and storehouse temperature direct relevance ,

33、 one of the</p><p>　　3.1.5 Fetch the warehouse taken height</p><p>　　Sets up right under the control of accuracy and adds the storehouse temperature setting up the commodity and different storag

34、e period controlling the different storehouse , different stock out of gauge having no equal to and their under the control of accuracy request. Set off from the energy conservation angle, the storehouse temperature ough

35、t to take height not choosing low , the mild high-accuracy controlling accuracy ought to fetch the warehouse taken height , insisted to run after face to f</p><p>　　To the cold room of many } storehouse temp

36、erature under the control of, except original storehouse temperature setting value, suitable add set up Kuwen transfinite controlling value. This pair of factors storehouse temperature adjusts deflect but premature bring

37、ing into service being able to achieve when refrigerating system needs bringing into service , incapable because of } pins up the storehouse temperature; Can not make cold according to reality that time at intervals, re

38、frigerating system</p><p>　　3.1.6 Set up avoiding meeting high o peration</p><p>　　Interpose avoid meeting high o operation under the control of electric power short-supplied be the universal p

39、henomenon that current all parts of the country there exists in everywhere, huge bad especially heavy electric power of power consumption o grain is short-supplied , the electric charge o grain price differences puts in

40、to effect in a lot of city and price differences play big as early as successive steps for this purpose. Under the premise not affecting commodity mass, the cold storage </p><p>　　3.2 Cold room relative humi

41、dities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment</p><p>　　Cold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment and the temperatureadjusts the method similarity repeating descriptio

42、n unnecessarily. But in general cold room relative humidity is in 85 ~ the relative humidity that the also a little bit cold room demands is lower than or the relative humidity higher than the be 98%, but some crops of r

43、elative humidity kind of quality warehouse being range , for instance some gases turn to obj1 = " 位" exchange the warehouse request dem</p><p>　　3.2.1 High relative humidities adjust the adjustment

44、</p><p>　　High relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to high relative humidity , are going try one's best to reduce the logarithm averages difference in temperature (2 advisab

45、le K) between the refrigerant temperature and the storehouse temperature, return refrigerating system back when being necessary but adopt to be loaded with the cold agent first; May adopt air defrosting K besides with de

46、frosting water restoring to the storehouse. That this two measure is given by autocontr</p><p>　　3.2.2 Low relative humidities adjust the adjustment</p><p>　　Low relative humidities adjust the a

47、djustment demanding the cold room to low relative humidity , controlling also should be ready for two aspect mainly. One is on the basis selecting and using dehumidification method and dehumidification machine stopping b

48、ringing quantity of heat into cold room to the full, hot few cold p rooms load controlling good dehumidification while procedure, reaching the relative humidity request. It's two is to avoid air current organizing th

49、e wet load controlling fever</p><p>　　3.3 Measures about providing liquid way</p><p>　　Direct swelling is for liquid's expanding directly to be for liquid's being that great majority thi

50、ck gravies pin up the confession liquid method that ammonia system adopts on behalf of hydrocarbon (include freon) system and }. This provides liquid method with adopt the heating power expansion valve to provide liquid

51、in the past basically , self problem, has no way to realize the energy conservation purpose since choosing the type , adjustment and product. Electron expansion v</p><p><b>　　冷庫節(jié)能與自動

52、控制</b></p><p>　　1 當前冷庫自控現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　冷庫自控雖然得到了全面普及，然而大多數(shù)冷庫的側重面只是安全保護，或者還增加了溫庫撿測和控制，對于全系統(tǒng)的自動調節(jié)和冷庫的節(jié)能控制還很少涉及。另一方面，即便已得到全面普及的安全保護，在實際運行中的情況也不容樂觀，個別冷庫的自控設施甚至成了“聾子的耳朵”只成了裝飾門面的擺設。近年來上海冷藏庫協(xié)會對上海地區(qū)氨

53、制冷系統(tǒng)冷庫的安全保護和自動控制情況作了調查，具體情況見表l所示。該調查數(shù)據(jù)作為豹之一斑反映了當前冷庫自控的概況。</p><p>　　自控設置和運行狀況很好的冷庫雖然只有5座，占統(tǒng)計數(shù)的9％，然而就是這些冷庫代表了當今的潮流和方向。隨著電子技術的發(fā)展，自控元件越來越先進、可變程序控制器（PLC）和微機的功能越來越強、自控程序越來越完善，系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化和節(jié)能的意識也越來越強。冷庫的節(jié)能和自動控制的關系越來越緊密，要把冷

54、庫的節(jié)能做好和做得更好，就必需把自動控制搞好和搞得更好。上述五座代表當今潮流和先進水平的冷庫所采用的以下幾項自控內容的實例對實現(xiàn)冷庫節(jié)能都起了相當重要的作用。</p><p>　　2 如何做好冷庫節(jié)能的自動控制</p><p>　　上述內容的基本出發(fā)點是以氨為制冷工質的集中式制冷系統(tǒng)的冷庫，當今以鹵代烴為制冷工質的分散式、準集中式、集中式制冷系統(tǒng)的冷庫得到了很大的發(fā)展，其自控程度也往往高于

55、以氨為制冷工質的集中式制冷系統(tǒng)冷庫。多工質不同系統(tǒng)各類冷庫的廣泛應用，極大地豐富了冷庫自動控制的內容，同時也為自動控制在冷庫節(jié)能中的應用提供了廣闊的用武之地。</p><p>　　2.1 冷庫節(jié)能的自動控制由誰來研究開發(fā)</p><p>　　冷庫節(jié)能的自動控制主要涉及的內容是節(jié)能控制程序的編制和自控元器件的選用。作為自控元器件的廠商、專業(yè)設計院或有能力的使用單位均可擔當冷庫節(jié)能自動控制的研

56、究和開發(fā)。到目前為止廠商和設計院在該領域內均已有所建樹。</p><p>　　冷庫節(jié)能的自動控制最好能由廠商和設計院共同研制開發(fā)（可以廠商為主，設計院配合），在使用單位的實施過程中完善定型并不斷研發(fā)新產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　2.2 冷庫節(jié)能自動控制具體項目的設計和實施配合</p><p>　　一個具體項目節(jié)能自動控制的實施過程往往是通過設計、安裝調試、試運行、效

57、果考核並修正，直至符合設計要求達到節(jié)能目的為至。當項目要求內容有所變比時，可隨時修改並滿足要求。</p><p>　　冷庫的節(jié)能往往需要通先進的制冷改備、合適的系統(tǒng)匹配、靈話的應變措施和嚴格的運行管理得以實施，這就需要制冷技術人員在優(yōu)化制冷工藝設計的基礎上，熟悉節(jié)能需要、結合本項目特點，設計出完整的冷庫節(jié)能自動控制流程圖。根據(jù)自控流程圖，電氣自控技術人員才能完成其電氣自控設計，同時還能運用其專業(yè)知識，使自控流程更

58、為簡化和優(yōu)化。冷庫節(jié)能是冷庫自動控制重要組成部分，凡冷庫自動控制均由制冷和電氣兩部分內容組成，只有在兩方面技術人員的共同努力下才能使冷庫自動控制行之有效並使冷庫節(jié)能落到實處。</p><p>　　冷庫節(jié)能自動控制的試運行也是十分重要的一環(huán),在試運行中應和使用單位和專業(yè)廠商保持密切聯(lián)系，與使用單位探討運行效果，與專業(yè)廠商商討修正措施。</p><p>　　3 冷庫節(jié)能自動控制的若干做法和設想

59、</p><p>　　節(jié)能是冷庫自動控制的目的之一。</p><p>　　3.1 關于庫房溫度和蒸發(fā)溫度調節(jié)</p><p>　　3.1.1 多點溫度參數(shù)的庫房溫度調節(jié)</p><p>　　以往庫房溫度調節(jié)以位式調節(jié)為主，對蒸發(fā)溫度往往不作調節(jié)，很難達到好的節(jié)能效果。</p><p>　　庫房溫度理想的控制方式是以庫房

60、的平均溫度、冷風機的進風及其出風溫度為輸入?yún)?shù)，編制適當?shù)目刂瞥绦?，通過PLC進行調節(jié)。如此溫庫調節(jié)可以達到節(jié)能的要求，也能滿足某些庫房高精度溫度調節(jié)的需要，目前己可達到0.250C的精度要求節(jié)能約10％。</p><p>　　3.1.2 減少不同蒸發(fā)溫度冷間的並聯(lián)運行 </p><p>　　由于同一系統(tǒng)的制冷壓縮機只能在同一個蒸發(fā)溫度下運行，所以不同蒸發(fā)溫度的冷間如果並聯(lián)運行，對于相對蒸

61、發(fā)溫度較高的冷間就處于不節(jié)能的運行狀態(tài)，該冷間熱負荷越高就越不節(jié)能。應當盡量避免這種情況的出現(xiàn)。氟利昂制冷系統(tǒng)中一機雙溫冷庫的做法，在高溫庫回氣管上加背壓閥，在低溫庫回氣管上加單向閥，是不節(jié)能的典型做法，不應提倡而宜廢止。</p><p>　　3.1.3 變蒸發(fā)溫度調節(jié)</p><p>　　在某一運行狀態(tài)下如果蒸發(fā)溫度能以庫房熱負荷以及制冷系統(tǒng)制冷量為參數(shù)進行調節(jié)，則既能達到節(jié)能的目的還能

62、使能量調節(jié)更為合理。一般而言，制冷系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器和制冷壓縮機的配備基本都能滿足最高負荷的需要。如果冷間熱負荷減少而制冷量不能及時作出相應調節(jié)，則制冷系統(tǒng)的蒸發(fā)溫度將會相應降低，使壓縮機的制冷量與熱負荷達到一個新的平衡點。而蒸發(fā)溫度的降低反過來卻增加了蒸發(fā)器的制冷量，面對己減少的熱負荷必然形成頻繁啟停的后果。蒸發(fā)溫度每變化10C，相應增減的電能約3～5％。如果及時調高蒸發(fā)溫度，使系統(tǒng)在另一亇理想的平衡點上，則不但避免了浪弗、做到了節(jié)能，還減少

63、了制冷壓縮機的頻繁起動，是一舉兩得的節(jié)能措施。</p><p>　　3.1.4 變流量調節(jié)</p><p>　　以往氨制冷系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器的制冷劑流量基本沒有變流量調節(jié)；氟利昂系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器的制冷劑流量，大多數(shù)只做到簡單的比例調節(jié)。空氣冷卻器的空氣流量大多數(shù)沒有調節(jié)或者只有雙速及風扇臺數(shù)調節(jié)。這兩種流量參數(shù)的調節(jié)都是與庫房冷分配設備制冷量以及庫房溫度直接相關的調節(jié)，也是冷庫節(jié)能自控應于重視的內容之一

64、。</p><p>　　3.1.5 設定合適的控制精度和加設超限控制</p><p>　　不同的庫房、不同的庫存商品和不同的貯存期都有不同的庫房溫度及其控制精度要求。從節(jié)能的角度出發(fā)，只要不影響商品的品質，庫房溫度宜取高不取低、控制精度宜取低不取高，不必偏面追求過低的庫溫和高精度控制。</p><p>　　對于多亇冷間的庫房溫度控制，除了原有的庫房溫度設定值之外，宜

65、加設庫溫超限控制值。這種雙因素的庫房溫度調節(jié)能做到制冷系統(tǒng)需要投入運行時，不會因為亇別庫房溫度的偏離而過早投入運行；還可以根據(jù)當時的實際情況不使冷間或制冷系統(tǒng)過早地仃止運行，充分利用現(xiàn)有能量並避免設備或系統(tǒng)的頻繁啟停。</p><p>　　3.1.6 設置避高峯運行控制</p><p>　　電力緊缺是當前全國各地存在的普遍現(xiàn)象，用電峯谷的巨差更加重了電力緊缺，為此電費的峯谷差價在許多城市實

66、行而且價差還在逐步拉大。在不影響商品質量的前提下，冷庫設置避高峯運行，有利于電網(wǎng)削峯補谷，宏觀上幫助全局節(jié)能；微觀而言也有利于降低冷庫的運行成本。</p><p>　　3.2 冷間相對濕度調節(jié)</p><p>　　冷間相對濕度的調節(jié)與溫度調節(jié)方法的相似之處不必重復敘述。一般冷間的相對濕度在85～95％之間，但也有一些冷間要求的相對濕度低于或高于該范圍，例如有些氣調庫要求的相對濕度是98％、

67、而有些農(nóng)作物種質庫的相對濕度要求是40～45％。在高相對濕度調節(jié)和低相對濕度調節(jié)時尤因注重節(jié)能措施。</p><p>　　3.2.1 高相對濕度調節(jié)</p><p>　　對于高相對濕度要求冷間的調節(jié)，首先要盡量降低制冷劑溫度和庫房溫度之間的對數(shù)平均溫差（可取2K），有必要時還可采用載冷劑間接制冷系統(tǒng)；此外還可采用空氣融霜並把融霜水還原給庫房。這兩項措施通過自動控制予以實施，是行之有效的節(jié)能

68、方法，國內貿易部沒計研究院設計的龍口二萬噸氣調庫就是一亇很好的例證。</p><p>　　3.2.2 低相對濕度調節(jié)</p><p>　　對于低相對濕度要求冷間的調節(jié)，主要也應做好兩方面的控制。其一是在選用盡量少帶熱量進冷間的去濕方法和去濕機的基礎上，控制好去濕程序，在達到相對濕度要求的同時減少冷間的熱負荷。其二是避免氣流組織控制時帶入不必要的室外熱濕負荷；曾經(jīng)有一亇低溫低濕的農(nóng)作物種質庫

69、，由室外侵入庫內的熱濕負荷約占原計祘負荷的35％左右。</p><p>　　3.3 關于供液方式調節(jié)</p><p>　　直接膨脹供液是大多數(shù)鹵代烴（包括氟利昂）系統(tǒng)和個別氨系統(tǒng)采用的供液方法。這種供液方法以往基本采用熱力膨脹閥供液，由于選型、調節(jié)以及產(chǎn)品本身的問題，無法實現(xiàn)節(jié)能的目的。電子膨脹閥的出現(xiàn)結合多點溫度參數(shù)的庫溫調節(jié)，可以較好地實現(xiàn)節(jié)能運行，一般可節(jié)能10％。鹵代烴制冷系統(tǒng)的熱