法學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯--國(guó)家環(huán)境政策法

1、<p><b>　　中文2040字</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　國(guó)家環(huán)境政策法</b></p><p><b>　　庫(kù)巴塞克，西爾弗曼</b></p><p>　　環(huán)境法（第四版），清華大

2、學(xué)出版社，2003</p><p><b>　　國(guó)家環(huán)境政策法</b></p><p>　　國(guó)家環(huán)境政策法（NEPA）于1970年1月1日簽署生效，而且將被定性為一個(gè)規(guī)劃章程。它包括了以下三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　建立了監(jiān)管環(huán)境政策的環(huán)境質(zhì)量委員會(huì)（CEQ）</p><p>　　這之前，因?yàn)榭紤]到當(dāng)他們做出某

3、些決定，會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境造成一定的影響，而這種影響也很少為某些機(jī)構(gòu)制定相關(guān)政策來(lái)扶持，所以NEPA不能要求聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)采取造成相應(yīng)環(huán)境后果的措施政策</p><p>　　要求環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書（EIS）準(zhǔn)備的每一個(gè)主要立法建議或其他聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)的行動(dòng)，都產(chǎn)生于能產(chǎn)生重大影響質(zhì)量的人文環(huán)境</p><p>　　環(huán)境質(zhì)量委員會(huì)（CEQ）</p><p>　　NEPA的第一項(xiàng)任務(wù)是解決最有爭(zhēng)

4、議的問(wèn)題：建立環(huán)境質(zhì)量委員會(huì)（CEQ）。CEQ由三人組成，其中一人被指定主持會(huì)議。CEQ的作用是咨詢，主要是提供總統(tǒng)關(guān)于環(huán)境問(wèn)題的相關(guān)咨詢。CEQ負(fù)責(zé)收集和分析數(shù)據(jù)，通知總統(tǒng)有關(guān)國(guó)家正在進(jìn)行的環(huán)境清理的進(jìn)展情況，并對(duì)需要注意和解決的問(wèn)題通過(guò)立法的方式固定下來(lái)。每年CEQ使用其收集的數(shù)據(jù)向公眾發(fā)布總統(tǒng)的年度環(huán)境質(zhì)量報(bào)告。</p><p>　　CEQ也有助于聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)NEPA的要求，通過(guò)審查這些報(bào)表的草案，制定相應(yīng)

5、的程序以滿足其EIS的要求。</p><p>　　環(huán)境質(zhì)量報(bào)告書（EIS）</p><p>　　遠(yuǎn)比設(shè)立CEQ更具有爭(zhēng)議性的是環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書（EIS）的要求。這個(gè)要求對(duì)一些政府機(jī)構(gòu)具有廣泛的影響，同時(shí)，對(duì)于私營(yíng)公司而言，也影響到其通過(guò)與政府機(jī)構(gòu)間的合同和政府機(jī)構(gòu)出具的許可證去尋求做生意的途徑。盡管這一進(jìn)程被許多受到影響的群體批評(píng)，大多數(shù)研究環(huán)境保護(hù)的效力已經(jīng)結(jié)束，但它依然迫使政府在更多的機(jī)

6、構(gòu)中設(shè)置環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)的工作以及制定更為細(xì)致的環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃。</p><p>　　從誰(shuí)必須提交EIS，何時(shí)提交，一份聲明中必須包含何種糾紛的解決方式，以及環(huán)境影響的測(cè)評(píng)進(jìn)程等是否有效等等若干個(gè)重大問(wèn)題的分析中，都充分貫徹了EIS的要求。</p><p><b>　　閾值的思考</b></p><p>　　每次一個(gè)聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，它必須決定是

7、否需要提交一份EIS。立卷一份不必要的EIS是在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢。提交一份不必要的聲明可能付出與缺乏EIS和尋求禁令同樣的甚至于更加高昂的代價(jià)。然而，要知道一項(xiàng)EIS的提交是否完全有必要也并非一件容易的事情。NEPA指定了提交EIS的三個(gè)必要條件。首先，必須是聯(lián)邦活動(dòng)。聯(lián)邦活動(dòng)是相當(dāng)廣泛的定義。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，如果一個(gè)私營(yíng)公司的建筑部門要建造一個(gè)建筑物，這就需要政府的許可或者說(shuō)如果該項(xiàng)目的部分資金是由政府貸款的，而發(fā)牌或者發(fā)貸的機(jī)構(gòu)所進(jìn)行的正是

8、聯(lián)邦的活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　一個(gè)聯(lián)邦活動(dòng)是否需要EIS取決于其他兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否得到滿足。聯(lián)邦政府的活動(dòng)必須是主要的。但是沒(méi)有資源的保障是構(gòu)不成一項(xiàng)重大活動(dòng)的。理論上說(shuō)，一般的活動(dòng)需要大量的資源承諾，資源廣泛的定義即包括財(cái)政和人力資源。對(duì)任何一種資源的大量承諾都是不可行的，資源總會(huì)出現(xiàn)短缺。</p><p>　　第三項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)則是擬議的活動(dòng)必須有重大影響的人文環(huán)境。產(chǎn)生重大影響人類生存環(huán)境是如

9、此含糊不清以至于產(chǎn)生了大量的訴訟。于是，在1979年，CEQ試圖解決一些爭(zhēng)議，通過(guò)了一系列執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)的指導(dǎo)方針的程序性規(guī)定。在這些指導(dǎo)方針中，CEQ試圖更清楚地界定“產(chǎn)生重大影響”的含義是什么。CEQ指出，確定這個(gè)影響的定義需要審查行動(dòng)的范圍和強(qiáng)度。需要考慮聯(lián)邦活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的短期或者長(zhǎng)期的影響，以及其對(duì)局部地區(qū)、整個(gè)地區(qū)甚至整個(gè)社會(huì)的影響。</p><p><b>　　EIS的要求的程序</b

10、></p><p>　　有關(guān)EIS的編制程序費(fèi)時(shí)性的批評(píng)是其中的一個(gè)主要方面。最初，該機(jī)構(gòu)要求提交的EIS將成立一個(gè)專家小組編寫一份報(bào)告草案。在許多情況下，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)將包括外部顧問(wèn)，他們中的許多人可能有既得利益，以至于他們會(huì)準(zhǔn)備積極的評(píng)價(jià)。其次，草案文本將分發(fā)到各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)，接受幾個(gè)政黨的審查。有可能在誰(shuí)親的機(jī)構(gòu)或有利行業(yè)和那些誰(shuí)更環(huán)保的爭(zhēng)端之間的審查是受到廣泛關(guān)注的。而由于這些初步意見(jiàn)，該草案可能會(huì)修改。&l

11、t;/p><p>　　隨著相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)完成這一草案，CEQ對(duì)這份文件涉及到的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行審查并提出意見(jiàn)。然后，按照行政程序法的規(guī)則制定非正式規(guī)則的，草案需要刊登在聯(lián)邦登記冊(cè)上供公眾提供意見(jiàn)。許多其他機(jī)構(gòu)，包括環(huán)保局、公民團(tuán)體以及涉及商業(yè)利益的群體，將在這個(gè)時(shí)候提交評(píng)論。</p><p>　　在公眾的意見(jiàn)被收集了以后，將繼續(xù)遵循一個(gè)類似的程序以制定最后的草案。如果草案遭到嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)，該機(jī)構(gòu)將在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)面臨

12、著選擇是否嘗試修復(fù)遭到嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)的草案。試圖編寫一份新的草案是費(fèi)時(shí)和昂貴的，因?yàn)樗械牟襟E都必須通過(guò)新的聲明加以重復(fù)。然而程序的不足，EIS可能導(dǎo)致各方反對(duì)該行動(dòng)的人的法律挑戰(zhàn)。一旦該機(jī)構(gòu)制定并發(fā)布的草案是受到肯定的，那么該草案將作為最終草案發(fā)表在聯(lián)邦登記冊(cè)中。對(duì)于常規(guī)的程序而言，這個(gè)過(guò)程需要6到9個(gè)月。法院的挑戰(zhàn)配合這一進(jìn)程可能需要一年甚至更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。</p><p>　　最后出版的草案，草案是否能夠充分通過(guò)，還

13、可能需要經(jīng)歷法庭上的質(zhì)疑。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，那些未能提交的EIS在必要時(shí)也可能會(huì)受到質(zhì)疑。EIS的這一司法審查過(guò)程，招致了環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者的批評(píng)。在審查EIS時(shí)，法院設(shè)立一個(gè)行政執(zhí)法是一種較為普遍的傳統(tǒng)形式，這意味著法院將不能運(yùn)用其審判職能判斷該機(jī)構(gòu)的草案是否可行。只要該機(jī)構(gòu)遵循適當(dāng)?shù)某绦?，包括必要的環(huán)境影響要素，法院將允許該機(jī)構(gòu)的立場(chǎng)和活動(dòng)。在任何情況下，當(dāng)事人可以爭(zhēng)取的，局限在該機(jī)構(gòu)所列出任何不良后果的聲明中。法院將永遠(yuǎn)禁止活動(dòng)的理由是，后果

14、太嚴(yán)重。</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文</b></p><p>　　National Environmental Policy Act</p><p>　　Nancy K. Kubasek, Gary S. Silverman</p><p>　　Environmental Law, Fourth Edi

15、tion, Cambridge University Press，2003</p><p>　　National Environmental Policy Act</p><p>　　National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970, and may be characterize

16、d as a planning statute. It does three things directly:</p><p>　　Establishes the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), the federal watchdog of environmental policy</p><p>　　Requires federal ag

17、encies to take environmental consequences into account when they make certain decisions, which prior to NEPA, they could not do because consideration of such effects was rarely listed in agencies' enabling acts as a

18、factor to be taken into account in agency decision making</p><p>　　Requires that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared for every major legislative proposal or other federal agency action having

19、 a significant impact on the quality of the human environment</p><p>　　Council on Environmental Quality</p><p>　　The least controversial aspect of NEPA was its first mandate: the creation of the

20、 Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), The CEQ is made up of three persons, one of whom is designated the chair. The role of the council is primarily advisory, mainly advising the president about environmental matters.

21、 The CEQ gathers and analyzes data, informs the president about the progress the nation is making toward cleaning up the environment, and recommends legislation that needs to be passed and issues tha</p><p>

22、　　The CEQ also helps federal agencies to meet their EIS requirements under NEPA by reviewing drafts of these statements. The CEQ establishes regulations pertaining to NEPA procedures.</p><p>　　Environmental

23、Impact Statement (EIS)</p><p>　　Far more controversial than the creation of the CEQ was the requirement of the environmental impact statement (EIS). This requirement has a widespread impact on several govern

24、ment agencies, as well as on private firms seeking to do business under governmental agency contracts or licenses. Although the process has been criticized by many of the groups affected, most studies of NEPA’s effective

25、ness have concluded that it has forced greater governmental awareness and more careful planning in many a</p><p>　　Several major issues pervade an analysis of the EIS requirement, ranging from who must file

26、the EIS, and when, to disputes over what must be included in the statement, to whether the process is effective.</p><p>　　Threshold Considerations</p><p>　　Every time a federal agency undertakes

27、 an activity, it must decide whether to file an EIS. Filing an unnecessary EIS is a waste of time and money. Failure to file a necessary statement can be equally or more expensive if someone challenges the lack of an EIS

28、 and seeks an injunction. However, it is not always easy to know when an EIS is required. NEPA specifies three conditions that must be met for an EIS to be required. First, the activity must be federal. A federal activit

29、y is fairly broadly de</p><p>　　Whether an EIS is required for a federal activity depends on whether the other two criteria are met. The federal activity must be major. There are no dollar guidelines as to w

30、hat constitutes a major activity. The courts generally say that the activity requires a substantial commitment of resources, with resources being broadly defined to include both financial and human resources. A substanti

31、al commitment of either type of resources is sufficient.</p><p>　　The third criterion is that the proposed activity must have a significant impact on the human environment. The phrase significant impact on t

32、he human environment is so ambiguous that it initially generated substantial litigation. Then, in 1979 the CEQ tried to resolve some of the controversy by adopting a series of guidelines for the implementation of NEPA’s

33、procedural provisions. In these guidelines, the CEQ tried to define better what was meant by "significant impact". The CEQ stated that dete</p><p>　　Procedure Under the EIS Requirement</p>&

34、lt;p>　　One of the major criticisms of the EIS process is related to the time-consuming nature of the procedures necessary for preparing an EIS. Initially, the agency required to file the EIS will assemble a team of sp

35、ecialists to prepare a draft report. In many cases, this team will consist of outside consultants, many of whom may have a vested interest in preparing positive assessments so that they will be able to secure contracts f

36、rom the agency in the future. Next, a draft version will be circulated</p><p>　　Following the agency's completion of that draft, the document goes to the CEQ for review and comments. Then, in accordance

37、with the Administrative Procedure Act's rules for informal rule making, the draft is published in the Federal Register for public comment. Many other agencies, including the EPA, will submit comments at this time, as

38、 will citizens' groups and business interests. </p><p>　　After the public comments have been received, a similar process will be followed for the final draft. If a draft has been severely criticized, the

39、 agency is faced with the difficult decision of whether to try to repair the heavily criticized draft or months. Preparing a new draft is time-consuming and costly because all the steps have to be repeated with the new s

40、tatement. However proceeding with an inadequate EIS may lead to a successful legal challenge by parties opposed to the action. Once th</p><p>　　After publication of the final draft, the sufficiency of the dr

41、aft may be challenged in court. The failure to file an EIS when required may also be challenged. This process of judicial review of the EIS has led to criticism by environmentalists. When reviewing the EIS, the court gen

42、erally operates in an administrative law tradition, which means that the court will not substitute its judgment for the agency's. As long as the agency followed the proper procedures and included the requisite elemen