法學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)外文翻譯6

1、<p>　　Voluntary Surrender and Confession in Chinese law</p><p>　　A unique feature of traditional Chinese law was the provision by statute that an offender who voluntarily surrendered and confessed befor

2、e discovery and who made full restitution was entitled to remission of punishment. Offenders who physically harmed their victims or offended against the state itself by commiting treason or escaping across borders were n

3、ot entitled to remission, but could receive a reduction of punishment. Under the Republic this provision, known as tzu-shou, was continued in n</p><p>　　China surrendered to the implementation of the princip

4、le of relative leniency, surrendered to the principle of mitigation factors, but in individual cases can not be treated with leniency. Whether leniency from the judge, in accordance with the circumstances of the case in

5、accordance with the law of discretion. 7, paragraph 2 provides that: "For the criminals surrender or mitigation can be lighter, less serious crimes can be exempted from punishment." Surrendered, would be treate

6、d with leniency,</p><p>　　Classification surrender on the type of theoretical circles have different understanding. Criminal Law according to the traditional view of the Penal Code section 97 of the 67 provi

7、sions of the two surrendered to the binary classification, will be surrendered into two types: those for which the provisions of paragraph 1, "surrendered" Typical surrendered or said, "surrendered after t

8、he crime, truthful testimony of his crime, surrendered" to the other provisions of paragraph 2 of that article to </p><p>　　Although such a dichotomy can reflect on the 1997 Penal Code section 67 of the

9、 contents of two different sexual concerns, it simply does not note that the other side of the problem: the system is not only surrendered in the general provisions exist, but also exist in sub; not apply there surrender

10、ed the universality of all criminal system, and there are still individual criminal apply special surrendered system, the aforementioned understanding is one-sided.</p><p>　　Surrendered on the type of theore

11、tical circles have different understanding. According to the traditional view of the Penal Code section Classification surrendered 97 of the 67 provisions of the two surrendered to the binary classification, will be surr

12、endered into two types: those for which the provisions of paragraph 1, "surrendered" Typical surrendered or said, "surrendered after the crime, truthful testimony of his crime, surrendered" to the oth

13、er provisions of paragraph 2 of that article to</p><p>　　While the voluntary surrender of a variety of motives, and some have no place to hide wanted by the judiciary and surrendered, and some victims were a

14、fraid of retaliation against or associates and surrendered, and some suspects out of sincere repentance, and some of the majesty of the law out of fear, some to seek clemency, and some escaped life unfunded, and some adv

15、ice and awakened by friends and relatives, etc. . Surrendered different motives but does not affect the composition of the volunta</p><p>　　Therefore, truthfully confess Surrendered criminal acts are an impo

16、rtant condition for the establishment, but also the essential characteristic of surrender. "Of course, a small number of scholars:" The provisions of the Penal Code in 1997 surrendered to set up the conditions:

17、 (1) surrendered; (2) truthfully confessed her crimes during her. Practice of criminal law in 1979 by the master of the establishment of conditions for surrender: (1) surrendered; (2) during the period of his crime truth

18、ful</p><p>　　If criminals not surrendered as a condition that would mean the legal again "under review, a magistrate" re-established as a prerequisite for surrender. As previously mentioned, is the

19、 1997 Penal Code in 1979 to make up for the lack of criminal law to avoid Practice may arise in some bad practices, surrendered before the establishment of conditions from three to two. " At the same time, the Supre

20、me People's Court" for dealing with specific surrender and meritorious application of the law on the </p><p>　　In the implementation of the interpretation of the practice of criminals also excuse fo

21、r acts of nature is also identified as a magistrate not to accept review and, to that end, in 2004 the Supreme People's Court issued the "behavior on the nature of the accused to justify the impact of the establ

22、ishment of surrender the letter .</p><p>　　According to the first paragraph of Article 67 of the Penal Code and the Supreme People's Court "for dealing with specific surrender and meritorious applic

23、ation of the law on the Internet," the provisions of Article 1, surrendered after the crime, their statements accurately crime is surrendered. Accused excuse for acts of nature does not affect the establishment of s

24、urrender. </p><p>　　The establishment of China's Criminal Law surrendered the significance of the system .Surrendered system in the world today in many countries have provided in the Criminal Code. In ou

25、r country, this system is a long history. China alone-law "since the first divisions, with the exception of the crimes". Tang law "all the crime and not surrendered, the original incrimination. Sociology,

26、criminal psychology research results show that the perpetrator in the act of the crime, would have the psycholog</p><p>　　Contribute to the "punishment with leniency in conjunction with the" crimin

27、al policy implementation "Combining punishment with leniency" criminal policy of the content of specific performance: "Frankly leniency, and resist the strict, merit discount crime legislation won great me

28、rits reward." China's criminal law as a guide, has developed a package of the penal system, such as recidivism from the weight, a lighter, and so surrendered. Therefore, surrendered to China's Criminal Law a

29、s a lighter p</p><p>　　Combining punishment with leniency is our fight against crime with the basic policy. The purpose of penalties is not only punishment for a crime, what is more important is the preventi

30、on of crime, to achieve this aim, does not necessarily have to rely on harsh penalties to complete the penalty, a certain utilitarian, as long as it can achieve the ultimate goal of crime prevention, we can in the system

31、 for some special settings, of course, this is followed in other criminal law the basic principl</p><p>　　The judiciary seek help reduce costs and improve the detection rate .Crime is the danger of many majo

32、r and intuitive performance in the criminal act itself to the social damage caused by the objective of the deprivation of human life, property damage and so forth like, but we must also recognize that criminal acts to so

33、ciety after another loss - the judiciary to perform their judicial duties and the amount of the cost - is very important. A criminal case, the judiciary in the investigation, pros</p><p>　　中國(guó)法律中的自首與坦白</p&

34、gt;<p>　　一個(gè)獨(dú)特的特點(diǎn)，傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)法律是規(guī)定，由法規(guī)罪犯，他們自愿自首，并交代了，才發(fā)現(xiàn)誰(shuí)做了充分歸還有權(quán)減免處罰。違例者身體損害他們的受害者或冒犯了對(duì)國(guó)家本身所犯下叛國(guó)罪或逃逸跨越國(guó)界不能享有減免，但可以接受，減輕處罰情節(jié)。根據(jù)中華民國(guó)這一規(guī)定，被稱(chēng)為子壽，是繼續(xù)在名稱(chēng)，但實(shí)質(zhì)上改變，在物質(zhì)的影響下，西方的法律，通過(guò)引進(jìn)日本。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為自首，并供述減少到僅僅減輕處罰情節(jié)的，但范圍擴(kuò)大到包括犯罪的，如殺人，

35、而恢復(fù)原狀是不可能的。當(dāng)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人首次開(kāi)始制定一項(xiàng)法律制度，在1930年的，所以他們也通過(guò)了林子守。但是，根據(jù)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，這成為主要的工具，政治控制與社會(huì)和思想的改革。它仍是一個(gè)重要方面，共產(chǎn)主義的法律，即使到現(xiàn)在，雖然它的應(yīng)用已不再有嚴(yán)格的法律意義。 </p><p>　　中國(guó)對(duì)自首者實(shí)行相對(duì)從寬處理原則，即對(duì)自首者原則上從寬處理，但在下也可以不予從寬處理。是否從寬處理，由法官根據(jù)個(gè)案的具體情況依法自由裁量。

36、第七條第2款中規(guī)定：“對(duì)于自首的犯罪分子可以從輕或者減輕處罰，犯罪較輕的，可以免除處罰?！弊允渍叩玫綇膶捥幚恚菓娃k與寬大相結(jié)合的刑事政策在我國(guó)刑法中的具體體現(xiàn)。對(duì)自首者從寬是一條符合我國(guó)國(guó)情且行之有效的法律制度，有利于分化瓦解犯罪分子，給犯了罪的人一個(gè)改過(guò)的機(jī)會(huì)，鼓勵(lì)犯罪分子主動(dòng)投案，促進(jìn)其認(rèn)罪伏法，使案件盡快偵破，減少社會(huì)危害性，達(dá)到一般預(yù)防和特殊預(yù)防的目的。 </p><p>　　自首的概念及成立條件《刑法

37、》第六十七條第一款已經(jīng)有明確規(guī)定即“犯罪以后自動(dòng)投案，如實(shí)供述自己的罪行的，是自首。”但有眾多學(xué)者認(rèn)為，還要具備第三個(gè)條件，就是接受審查和裁判。持此觀(guān)點(diǎn)的眾多學(xué)者散見(jiàn)于各種論著中的理由不外乎是“雖然自動(dòng)投案的動(dòng)機(jī)是多種多樣的，有的是被司法機(jī)關(guān)通緝無(wú)處藏身而自首，有的是怕遭到被害人的報(bào)復(fù)或同伙的打擊而自首，有的嫌疑人出于真誠(chéng)悔罪，有的懾于法律的威嚴(yán)，有的為了爭(zhēng)取寬大處理，有的潛逃在外生活無(wú)著落，有的是經(jīng)親友規(guī)勸而醒悟，等等。但是不同的投案

38、動(dòng)機(jī)并不影響自動(dòng)投案的構(gòu)成。犯罪嫌疑人投案后，還必須如實(shí)交代犯罪行為，才足以證明其有悔罪表現(xiàn)，為司法機(jī)關(guān)追訴其所犯罪行提供客觀(guān)依據(jù)，使追訴得以順利進(jìn)行。所以說(shuō)，如實(shí)交代犯罪行為是自首成立的一個(gè)重要條件，也是自首的本質(zhì)特征?！碑?dāng)然，他們也有少數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為如：“1997年刑法規(guī)定自首成立的條件有：（１）自動(dòng)投案；（２）如實(shí)供述自己的罪行。1979年刑法在實(shí)踐中所掌握的自首的成立條件有：（１）自動(dòng)投案；（２）如實(shí)供述自己的罪行；（３）接受審查和

39、裁判。如果將犯罪分子翻供作為不予認(rèn)定自首的條件，就等于從法律上又將“接受審查、裁判”重新列為自</p><p>　　自首的類(lèi)型劃分，他們理論界有不同的認(rèn)識(shí)。刑法理論界的傳統(tǒng)觀(guān)點(diǎn)根據(jù)97年刑法第67條的兩款規(guī)定對(duì)自首做出了二元的劃分，即將自首劃分為兩種類(lèi)型：一類(lèi)為該條第1款規(guī)定的“一般自首”，或者曰典型自首，即“犯罪以后自動(dòng)投案，如實(shí)供述自己的罪行的，是自首”；另一類(lèi)為該條第2款規(guī)定的以自首論的“余罪”自首，即“被

40、采取強(qiáng)制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如實(shí)供述司法機(jī)關(guān)還未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首論”。對(duì)第2款規(guī)定的自首類(lèi)型，刑法理論界也稱(chēng)其為“準(zhǔn)自首”。關(guān)于自首制度類(lèi)型的二元?jiǎng)澐?，從形式上看似乎與中國(guó)刑法典關(guān)于自首制度的立法設(shè)置模式相一致，但在實(shí)質(zhì)上卻是根本不相容的。此種二分法雖然能夠體現(xiàn)出對(duì)1997年刑法典第67條兩款內(nèi)容之不同性的關(guān)注，卻根本未注意到問(wèn)題的另一面：即自首制度并不僅僅存在于總則中，同時(shí)還存在于分則中；不僅僅存在適

41、用一切犯罪的普遍性自首制度，還存在適用個(gè)別犯罪的特別自首制度，因此前述認(rèn)識(shí)是片面的。</p><p>　　中國(guó)人，無(wú)論是在其傳統(tǒng)的和現(xiàn)代法律系統(tǒng)，有重視招供或承認(rèn)有罪刑事程序 。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)波存在于中國(guó)，直到早期多年的20世紀(jì)，一個(gè)供詞認(rèn)為必須結(jié)束一宗刑事案件，形式的酷刑獲準(zhǔn)在以獲得自白書(shū)形式指控罪犯以及作為證據(jù)的形式不愿意作證.在實(shí)踐中，同時(shí)，根據(jù)各個(gè)共和黨和共產(chǎn)主義，被告人目前常常受到各種壓力，包括身體暴力和

42、威脅，尤其是服務(wù)器上的制裁，如果他們不承認(rèn)。</p><p>　　正確認(rèn)定自首的本質(zhì)，對(duì)于科學(xué)地揭示自首制度的立法精神具有十分重要的意義。在自首本質(zhì)的問(wèn)題上，中國(guó)刑法學(xué)界存在以下三種觀(guān)點(diǎn)：第一種觀(guān)點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，自首的本質(zhì)是悔罪，悔罪是“自動(dòng)”投案和“如實(shí)”供述罪行的動(dòng)機(jī)，投案和供述罪行是悔罪的表現(xiàn)。 第二種觀(guān)點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，認(rèn)定自首要先分析其歸案形式。犯罪人犯罪后歸案的形式不外乎兩種：被動(dòng)歸案和自動(dòng)歸案。自動(dòng)歸案的本質(zhì)在于，歸

43、案行為是犯罪人出于本意的行為?？梢?jiàn)，自首的本質(zhì)就在于：犯罪人犯罪后自己把自己交付國(guó)家追訴。 第三種觀(guān)點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，自首之所以不同于其他任何行為，就在于它具有犯罪人主動(dòng)提請(qǐng)司法機(jī)關(guān)追訴其所犯罪行這一本質(zhì)亦即自身的質(zhì)的規(guī)定性，所以自首的本質(zhì)就在于犯罪人主動(dòng)提請(qǐng)司法機(jī)關(guān)追訴所犯罪行。 </p><p>　　他們認(rèn)為，作為自首的本質(zhì)，應(yīng)當(dāng)具備以下三個(gè)特征：第一，它是自首本身的特質(zhì)，并將自首與其他事物區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)；第二，它貫穿自首行

44、為的始終，并普遍適用于自首的各種情形；第三，它能體現(xiàn)自首制度立法的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。</p><p>　　以此為基點(diǎn)來(lái)考察，他們認(rèn)為，悔罪或悔改不能作為自首的本質(zhì)。“悔罪”并不是自首所特有的屬性，其他刑罰制度諸如緩刑、減刑、假釋等制度無(wú)不以悔罪為要件；司法實(shí)踐中，自首的動(dòng)機(jī)是各種各樣、紛繁復(fù)雜的，并非全部出于悔罪，有的可能是潛逃困難、走投無(wú)路，有的是因?yàn)榉傻耐?，有的是在親朋好友的規(guī)勸之下勉強(qiáng)投案等。對(duì)于第二種和第三種