礦業(yè)工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--hems深井降溫系統(tǒng)研發(fā)及熱害控制對(duì)策

1、<p><b>　　中文5075字</b></p><p>　　Application of HEMS cooling technology in</p><p>　　deep mine heat hazard control</p><p>　　HE Man-chao1,2</p><p>　　1School

2、 of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, China</p><p>　　2StateKey Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, Beijing 100083, Chin

3、a</p><p>　　Abstract: This paper mainly deals with the present situation, characteristics, and countermeasures of cooling in deep mines. Given existing problems in coal mines, a HEMS cooling technology is pro

4、posed and has been successfully applied in some mines. Because of long-term exploitation, shallow buried coal seams have become exhausted and most coal mines have had to exploit deep buried coal seams. With the increase

5、in mining depth, the temperature of the surrounding rock also increases, resulting i</p><p>　　Keywords: deep mine heat hazard; mine classification; mine water inrush; heat hazard control model </p>&l

6、t;p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Coal has been the major energy source in China for a long time, occupying an irreplaceable position in the one-off energy structure. Shallow resources have become increasingl

7、y exhausted as a result of exploitation over long periods. Therefore, most coal mines have had to resort to deep exploitation. In addition, the complex geo-mechanical environment increases the risk of frequent engineerin

8、g accidents. This complex geo-mechanical environment is caused by “the three highs and one disturbance”, i</p><p>　　With the increase in mining depth, the temperature of the surrounding rock keeps rising, se

9、riously increasing heat hazard in exploitation and tunneling working faces. During the 1950s and 1960s, serious heat hazard occurred in some deep mines both at home and abroad. In the 1970s, the problem became more wides

10、pread with a tendency of developing from a few individual mines to all coal mines. According to some preliminary statistics of mines in foreign countries[3], the air temperature in mines of</p><p>　　By the y

11、ear 2000, the average mining depth of state-owned coal mines in China was about 650 m and the average temperature of the original rock ranged between 35.9 and 36.8 °C at the production level. For those mines with a

12、depth exceeding 1000 m, the original rock temperature ranged between 40 and 45 °C while the temperature at the working faces was between 34 and 36 °C, causing most mines to become heat hazard areas of the first

13、 or second level. Such hot environments do serious harm to the work</p><p>　　In order to further our understanding and control of the conditions of high temperature mines in China, the China University of Mi

14、ning & Technology (Beijing) and the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety have made a thorough investigation of high temperature mines in China. This investigation dealt with heat hazard in major state-owned and l

15、ocally owned mines in four provinces, i.e., Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and Henan. The coal mines investigated in-situ in each province are the following: th</p><p>　　2 Distribution law of ground temperatures&l

16、t;/p><p>　　According to information provided from these investigations, there are 13 coal mines in Shandong province with temperatures exceeding 26 °C at the working faces, six of them with temperatures ra

17、nging between 26 and 30 °C at the working face and seven with temperatures exceeding 30 °C. There are five coal mines in Jiangsu with working face temperatures exceeding 26 °C, three of them with working f

18、ace temperatures between 26 to 30°C and two with working face temperatures exceeding 30°C. In Anhui, </p><p>　　Fig. 1 shows relationships among ground temperatures, working face temperatures and de

19、pths in the Xintai Suncun coal mine. As shown in the two figures, ground and working face temperatures increase sharply with increase of exploitation depth. High temperature heat hazard at working faces are problems we m

20、ust face.</p><p>　　Fig. 1 Relationship between strata and ventilation temperature at working face and depth in the Suncun coal mine</p><p>　　Fig. 2 shows the distribution of ground temperatures

21、of the Jiahe coal mine in Xuzhou. We can see from this figure that the temperature becomes higher and higher with an increase in depth. The increase becomes nonlinear when the mining depth is from –700 to –1200 m, especi

22、ally when the mining depth is –1000 m, this nonlinear distribution of ground temperature shows how serious the increase in heat hazard in the mine is.</p><p>　　3 Classification and characteristics of mines&l

23、t;/p><p>　　Clause 102 of the Safety Regulations in Coal Mines[4] in China prescribes that the air temperature at the tunneling working face of a mine shall not exceed 26°C. If the temperature were to excee

24、d 26°C, the work time should be shortened and protective measures supplied to workers. The workers should stop work when the air temperature at the working face exceeds 30 °C. Based on investigations of typical

25、 mines, the definition of a high temperature mine is a mine where the air temperature exceeds 26</p><p>　　According to national investigations and typical studies in mines, high temperature mines are mainly

26、found in the eastern mining areas of China, such as the Huaibei and Huainan mining areas in Anhui province, the Xuzhou mining area in Jiangsu province, the Xinwen mining area in Shandong and the Pingdingshan mining area

27、in Henan province. Mines in these areas have a common characteristic when high temperatures appear for the first time: there is no high temperature heat hazard above a specific pr</p><p>　　3.1 Normal tempera

28、ture mines</p><p>　　If the air temperature at the tunneling working face in a mine does not exceed 26 °C, this kind of mine is called a normal temperature mine. The mining depth </p><p>　　i

29、s usually less than 800 m and the temperature of the surrounding rock of the laneway is about 30°C. The geothermal gradient is from 1.5°C/100 m to 1.8°C/100 m, the relative air humidity at the working face

30、 is less than 80% and usually there is no illness caused by heat hazard. </p><p>　　3.2 Middle-high temperature mines </p><p>　　If the air temperature at the tunneling working face is between

31、26 and 30 °C, the mine is referred to as a middle-high temperature mine. The mining depth of </p><p>　　this kind of coal mine is between 800 and 1000 m according to our investigation. Included in this g

32、roup are mines such as the Xincun and Yaoqiao coal mines. This kind of coal mine has been expanded to deep exploitation. High temperatures at the working face have gradually become an important factor that limits normal

33、production. Surrounding rock temperatures of laneways are about 35 °C. The geothermal gradient is about 2 °C/100 m and the relative air humidity at the working face is less than 90%</p><p>　　3.3 H

34、igh temperature mines</p><p>　　If the air temperature at the tunneling working face exceeds 30 °C, this kind of mine is called a high temperature mine. Mining depths of this kind of coal mine usually ex

35、ceed 900 m. At present, these depths are largely between 1000 and 1300 m, such as in the Jiahe, Sanhejian, Suncun and Tangkou coal mines. In these mines, the surrounding rock temperatures of the laneways range from 37 to

36、 42 °C, the geothermal gradient is more than 2 °C/100 m, with a maximum geothermal gradient of 3.42 °C/100 m.</p><p>　　Workers often suffer heat-strokes and feel faint when working in high tem

37、perature mines. There are frequent casualties in deep mines. This hot environment not only harms the health of workers, but also leads to neurological disorders, which cause people to go into a trance, feel fatigue, a ge

38、neral weakness or become dazed. These states of mind are the main reasons inducing accidents.</p><p>　　4 Suggestions for the three kinds of mines</p><p>　　For normal temperature mines, we sugges

39、t that some effective measures, such as a perfect management system or improvement in management should be implemented </p><p>　　For middle-high temperature mines, we should enhance non-mechanical technology

40、, such as increasing ventilation and improving the ventilation layout. With such improvements, we can meet the cooling needs. </p><p>　　For high temperature mines, we must take mechanical cooling measures. T

41、he suggested measures to be taken in all three groups of mines are shown in Table 1. </p><p>　　5 Operating principle of HEMS</p><p>　　Based on the research cited above and given the existing pr

42、oblems in cooling technology at present as well as the deep mine heat hazard situation in the Jiahe coal mine of the Xuzhou Mining Company, it had been suggested that the China University of Mining & Technology (Beij

43、ing) in cooperation with the Xuzhou Mining Company investigate present heat hazard control technology. The study was supported by a number of national departments (see Acknowledgements). Based on this investigation, we a

44、re pr</p><p>　　coal mine of the Xuzhou Mining Company in 2007, which has a good effect on controlling heat hazard in coal mines. </p><p>　　The operating principle of HEMS is based on extracting

45、 cold energy from mine water inrush at every level, and then the cold energy is exchanged for heat energy in high temperature air at a working face, which causes the air temperature and humidity at the working face to be

46、 reduced. At the same time, heat energy obtained from HEMS can be used as a heat source for building heating and showers[5–9]. There are two circulations in HEMS, one is refrigeration and heat discharge system in the min

47、e, the</p><p>　　Water is the energy carrier of the entire system. It is green and environmentally friendly; it saves energy and reduces pollution and conforms with sustainable development of energy use in Ch

48、ina.</p><p>　　6 Cooling models and technology</p><p>　　Three control models of deep mine heat hazard are proposed and the HEMS technology is formed according to the characteristics of the strata

49、 temperature </p><p>　　field in the Xuzhou mining area and on differences of </p><p>　　mine water inrush[11–15].</p><p>　　6.1 Jiahe model: moderate cold energy</p><p>　

50、　The mining depth of the Jiahe coal mine is down to 1000 m and the heat hazard is very serious, with a working face temperature of about 36 °C. The mine water inrush is from 95 to 135 m3/h. The building heating and

51、bath water are supplied by boilers, which wastes plenty of resources and seriously pollutes the environment. </p><p>　　According to the specific conditions in the Jiahe coal mine, the HEMS is adopted to red

52、uce the temperature in the mine. The source of cold energy is moderate and meets the need of the objective for refrigeration. Cold energy in water is utilized and heat is generated during the process of cooling, which ca

53、n be used for heating buildings and bath water instead of using the boiler.</p><p>　　There are two phases of engineering construction, given the specific conditions in the Jiahe coal mine. Phase one uses min

54、e water inrush as cold energy; its operating principle is shown in Fig. 4a. Phase two uses high-low water level circulation for cold energy. Its operating principle is shown in Fig. 4b. This system has been successfully

55、applied at two working faces and four tunneling faces in the cooling project in this mine. The design and construction of the heat utilization project on the </p><p>　　Fig. 4 Diagram of cooling function of

56、 Jiahe model with mine water inrush and circulation of water levels as sources of cold energy </p><p>　　6.2 Sanhejian model: cold energy shortage and geothermal anomaly</p><p>　　The mining depth

57、 of the Sanhejian coal mine is now 1000 m and heat hazard are very serious. The temperature at the working face is about 38°C. Mine water inrush is 60m3/h and its temperature ranges from 25 to 30°C. Complementa

58、ry dynamic water of the Ordovician system amounts to 1020 m3/h, where the water temperature is 50 °C because of a geothermal anomaly. Heat for the buildings and bath water is supplied by a boiler, which wastes plent

59、y of resources and seriously pollutes the environment. Acco</p><p>　　from the hot mine water inrush for building heating on the ground in the winter. The HEMS replaces the boiler and cold energy is obtained

60、during the process. Cold energy is stored underground and will be used for cooling at the working faces in the summer.</p><p>　　There are two phases of engineering construction, given the present conditions

61、in the Sanhejian coal mine. Phase one uses horizon circulation of water as cold energy, whose function diagram is shown in Fig.5a; phase two is the geothermal utilization project. Its function diagram is shown in Fig. 5b

62、. This system has been successfully applied at two working faces and four tunneling faces in the cooling project of the Sanhejian coal mine. The design and construction of the ground heat energy utiliz</p><p&g

63、t;　　Fig. 5 Diagram of horizontal circulation and geothermal anomalous cooling function of Sanhejian model </p><p>　　6.3 Zhangshuanglou model: rich in cold energy </p><p>　　The mining depth o

64、f the Zhangshuanglou coal mine is down to 1000 m and the heat hazard is very serious. The working face temperature is about 37 °C and mine water inrush ranges from 1000 to 1200 m3/h.Heat for buildings and bath water

65、 is supplied by boilers, which wastes plenty of resources and pollutes the environment seriously. </p><p>　　According to the specific conditions in the Zhangshuanglou coal mine, the HEMS is used to reduce t

66、he temperature in this mine. There is a number of mine water inrush and source of cold energy meets the need of the refrigeration. There is still much mine water left. Given the existing conditions in this mine,the worki

67、ng processes of the HEMS are as follows: first, cold energy is extracted from one part of the mine water to solve the problem of heat hazard in the mine in summer, while at the same </p><p>　　The HEMS is use

68、d ，given the current conditions in the Zhangshuanglou coal mine. The heat energy is circulated to supply heat for buildings and the cold energy to cool the mine. This system has been successfully applied in heating build

69、ings, food handling and for cloth drying. The design of the cooling project is now completed. </p><p>　　7 Operation effect of HEMS</p><p>　　The equipment of the HEMS has obtained a certificate o

70、f qualification in product safety. It has been successfully applied at the 7446 working face at a depth of 1200 m in the Jiahe coal mine in Xuzhou and with obvious effects.</p><p>　　During the working proces

71、s of the system, there is a large amount of monitoring data which represents the running state of the system. Data in Figs. 7 and 8 show that the average air temperature at working faces was 30.5 °C and has declined

72、 to 22.6 °C through the HEMS. The temperature becomes 26.4 °C when wind reaches the working face. The control temperature at point C at the end of the working face was 28.5 °C, which is 6 °C lower tha

73、n in 2006 at the same time of year. This temperature meets t</p><p>　　8 Cooling technologies: a comparison</p><p>　　From Table 2, we concluded that HEMS not only has better effect in cooling tha

74、n other technologies, but its investment and running cost are lower. What’s more, natural mine water is utilized and the power consumption is decreased.</p><p>　　9 Conclusions</p><p>　　From this

75、 investigation and analysis of deep mine heat hazard and further studies of HEMS, the following innovative results were obtained:</p><p>　　1) From our investigation of high temperature mines in four province

76、s and an analysis of ground temperature parameters in several typical mines, the distribution law of ground temperatures was obtained in deep mining operations.</p><p>　　2) Deep mines can be divided into thr

77、ee groups according to working face temperatures: normal temperature mines, middle-high temperature mines and high temperature mines. Countermeasures were proposed for the three kinds of mines.</p><p>　　Tabl

78、e 2 Comparison of cooling technologies in deep mines at home and abroad</p><p>　　3) According to the working principle of HEMS, characteristics of the strata temperature field in the Xuzhou mining area and d

79、ifferences in the amounts of mine water inrush in coal mines, three cooling models were proposed for heat hazard control, i.e., the Jiahe model with a moderate source of cold energy, the Zhangshuanglou model with an ove

80、rabundant source of cold energy and the Sanhejian model with a shortage of source of cold energy and a geothermal anomaly. </p><p>　　4) HEMS has been successfully applied in the Jiahe and Sanhejian coal mine

81、s, with clearly positive effects. At present, HEMS has reached the debugging stage in the Zhangshuanglou coal mine.</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] Xie H P. Resource exploitation under high gro

82、und stress梡resent situation, basic scientific problems and perspective. Foreland and Future of Science, Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002(6): 179–191.(In Chinese)</p><p>　　[2] He M C, Xie H P,

83、 Peng S P. Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering. Chinese Journal of Rock Me chanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(16): 2803-2813. (In Chinese)</p><p>　　[3] Feng X L, Chen R H. Research and developm

84、ent on air-cooling in deep high-temperature mines at home and abroad. Yunnan Metallurgy, 2005, 34(5): 7–10. (In Chinese)</p><p>　　[4] National Security Production Supervision Administrative Bureau. Coal Mine

85、 Safety Regulations. Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 2005. (In Chinese)</p><p>　　[5] He M C, Li C H. China Geothermal Engineering Tech nology of Middle and Low Enthalpy. Beijing: China Science Press, 2004. (In

86、 Chinese)</p><p>　　[6] He M C, Qu X H. Engineering principle and its application of stratum new energy. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2007, 24(4): 91?4. (In Chinese)</p><p>　　[7

87、] He M C, Zhang Y, Qian Z Z. Numerical simulation of stratum storage of cold energy in deep mine control of heat hazard. Journal of Hunan University of Science &Technology, 2006, 21(2): 13?6. (In Chinese)</p>

88、<p>　　[8] He M C, Zhang Y, Guo D M. Storage cold energy system in deep mine heat hazard of new energy administration. China Mining Magazine, 2006, 15(9): 62?4. (In Chinese)</p><p>　　HEMS深井降溫系統(tǒng)研發(fā)及熱害控制對(duì)策&

89、lt;/p><p><b>　　何滿潮1,2</b></p><p>　　1中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)力學(xué)與建筑工程學(xué)院,北京100083;</p><p>　　2深部巖土力學(xué)與地下工程國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100083</p><p>　　摘要： 本文主要探討了深井下降溫的現(xiàn)狀、特點(diǎn)和措施。針對(duì)煤礦存在的熱害問題，HEMS降溫技術(shù)

90、已經(jīng)成功應(yīng)用于某些礦井。由于長期的開采，淺層煤炭資源已經(jīng)接近枯竭，大部分煤礦已經(jīng)開始開采深部煤炭，隨著礦井深度的增加，井下圍巖溫度也不斷上升，導(dǎo)致井下工作環(huán)境的熱害威脅空前增加。目前，根據(jù)對(duì)四省市的高溫礦井的調(diào)查和對(duì)幾個(gè)典型礦井的研究，國內(nèi)礦井主要可以劃分為三類：常溫礦井、中高溫礦井、高溫礦井。HEMS的原理是從礦井涌水中提取冷能。根據(jù)徐州礦區(qū)的地溫特點(diǎn)和涌水量的不同，提出了控制礦井熱害的三種模型:一是夾河礦普通冷源模型；二是三河尖煤礦

91、冷源短缺和地溫異常模型；和張雙樓煤礦冷源充足模型。深井下HEMS技術(shù)的降溫過程是：首先從井下涌水中吸收冷能來使工作面降溫，然后，將從系統(tǒng)中吸收的熱量應(yīng)用與建筑物和洗澡用水，這樣可以代替鍋爐供熱，節(jié)約了能源，保護(hù)了環(huán)境。HEMS技術(shù)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用到徐州的夾河煤礦和三河尖煤礦，并使工作面的溫度和濕度得到了有效的控制。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 深井熱害；礦井分類；礦井涌水；熱害控制模型</p><p

92、><b>　　1 緒論</b></p><p>　　長期以來，煤炭一直是我國主要的能源，在不可再生資源中占據(jù)著不可替代的地位。由于長期的開采，淺部資源已經(jīng)幾近枯竭，因此大部分礦井已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向深部開采。另外，深井下復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)環(huán)境增大了事故的危險(xiǎn)，造成這種復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)環(huán)境的原因是“三高一動(dòng)”：即高地壓，高地溫，高滲壓和開采的強(qiáng)烈震動(dòng)【1】。深井下有許多災(zāi)害，如瓦斯爆炸，沖擊地壓，巷道底水，礦山壓

93、力嚴(yán)重，嚴(yán)重變形和圍巖流變等。然而，我們必須應(yīng)付目前的是深部高溫礦井熱害。在礦山深部高溫?zé)嵛：Σ粌H影響周圍巖石的力學(xué)性能，而且影響煤礦安全生產(chǎn)【2】。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國有33個(gè)礦井開采深度超過1000米，且工作面達(dá)到30-40 ° C的溫度。深部礦井熱害問題已嚴(yán)重影響了我國能源資源的發(fā)展，需要迫切解決。</p><p>　　隨著開采深度的增加，圍巖溫度不斷上升，熱害嚴(yán)重性不斷影響開采和掘進(jìn)工作面。在20

94、世紀(jì)50年代和60年代，熱害發(fā)生在國內(nèi)外的一些深層的礦井。在20世紀(jì)70年代，這一問題變得更加普遍，有從少數(shù)礦井發(fā)展到所有煤礦的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)外國一些礦山初步統(tǒng)計(jì)【3】，南非西部礦山在3300米的深度氣溫已上升了到50°C。由于地?zé)崴拇嬖?，在日本豐雨鉛鋅礦，深度為500米時(shí)溫度高達(dá)80°C，因此深井熱害問題需要立即解決。</p><p>　　到2000年，在中國國有煤礦的平均開采深度約650米，生

95、產(chǎn)水平的原巖平均氣溫介于35.9和36.8°C。對(duì)于超過1000米深度的礦井，原巖溫度高達(dá)40至45 °C，而在工作面溫度介于34和36℃之間，導(dǎo)致大部分礦井，成為一或二級(jí)熱害危險(xiǎn)區(qū)。這種炎熱的環(huán)境嚴(yán)重危害工人的健康，是降低體能的原因所在，如工作效率低，中暑和頭暈，上述問題對(duì)工人的影響，降低了工人的自我保護(hù)能力，并且會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響安全生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　為了進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)和對(duì)我國礦井高溫的環(huán)

96、境的控制，中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)（北京）和煤礦安監(jiān)局對(duì)我國高溫礦井進(jìn)行了細(xì)致深入的調(diào)查。該調(diào)查在4個(gè)省市的國有重點(diǎn)和地方國有煤礦中展開，即山東，江蘇，安徽和河南。對(duì)各個(gè)地區(qū)調(diào)查的礦井是：新汶礦業(yè)公司孫村煤礦，淄博礦業(yè)公司唐口煤礦，兗州礦業(yè)公司濟(jì)寧3號(hào)井和大同礦業(yè)公司在山東省的星村煤礦；在江蘇，有徐州礦業(yè)公司的夾河煤礦和三河尖煤礦，大屯煤電公司的姚橋煤礦，連云港礦業(yè)公司的白吉礦和和國投新集公司的劉莊礦，以及在安徽省調(diào)查的淮南礦業(yè)公司潘一煤礦，河南省

97、平煤公司4號(hào)井，6號(hào)井，11號(hào)井和神華集團(tuán)梁北煤礦。目前根據(jù)對(duì)國內(nèi)外高溫礦井的調(diào)查和個(gè)別礦井應(yīng)用的降溫措施的研究，國內(nèi)煤礦可以劃分為三類。</p><p><b>　　2地溫分布規(guī)律</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)這些調(diào)查提供的資料，山東省有13個(gè)煤礦工作面的溫度超過26℃，其中6個(gè)煤礦工作面的氣溫介于26和30°C之間，7個(gè)礦井氣溫超過30°C

98、。在江蘇有5個(gè)煤礦工作面超過26℃，其中3個(gè)工作面溫度介于26至30°C，兩個(gè)煤礦工作面溫度 30°C。安徽有10個(gè)煤礦的工作面超過26℃的溫度，7個(gè)煤礦溫度介于從26至30°C之間，7個(gè)煤礦溫度超過30°C。河南省有12個(gè)煤礦工作面溫度超過26℃，兩個(gè)煤礦介于26至30 °C之間，10個(gè)煤礦溫度超過30°C。國內(nèi)的地溫分布規(guī)律就是根據(jù)幾個(gè)典型礦井的地溫分析得出的。</p

99、><p>　　圖1顯示了新泰孫村煤礦地面溫度，工作面溫度和礦井深之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)所示的兩組數(shù)據(jù)，地面和工作面溫度增加與開采深度的增加而大幅增加。工作面高溫?zé)岷Φ奈ｋU(xiǎn)是我們必須面對(duì)的問題。</p><p>　　圖1孫村煤礦地溫、風(fēng)溫與開采深度關(guān)系圖</p><p>　　圖 2顯示了在徐州夾河煤礦地面溫度分布。從圖中可以看到，溫度隨著深度的增加越來越高。開采深度在-700至

100、-1200米時(shí)，增加變成了非線性的，尤其是當(dāng)深度為-1000米，這種地面溫度非線性的分布顯示了熱害危害的嚴(yán)重性。</p><p><b>　　3礦井分類和特征</b></p><p>　　《煤礦安全規(guī)程》第102條規(guī)定：在礦山掘進(jìn)工作面的空氣溫度不得超過26℃，如果溫度超過了26℃，應(yīng)縮短工作時(shí)間，并提供給工人的保護(hù)措施。在工作面空氣溫度超過30℃時(shí)，工人應(yīng)停止工作。