財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯_第1頁(yè)
已閱讀1頁(yè),還剩21頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

1、<p><b>  附錄A </b></p><p>  財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析的杠桿左右以及如何體現(xiàn)盈利性和值比率</p><p><b>  摘 要</b></p><p>  本文提供了區(qū)分金融活動(dòng)和業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)營(yíng)中杠桿作用的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析。這些分析得出了兩個(gè)杠桿作用等式。一個(gè)用于金融業(yè)務(wù)中的借貸,一個(gè)用于運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程的借貸。

2、這些等式描述了兩種杠桿效應(yīng)如何影響股本收益率。實(shí)證分析表明,財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析解釋了當(dāng)前和未來(lái)的回報(bào)率以及股價(jià)與賬面價(jià)值比率具有代表性的差異。因此文章得出如下結(jié)論,資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債定價(jià)不同于融資負(fù)債。因此,財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的分析能夠區(qū)分兩種類型的負(fù)債對(duì)未來(lái)盈利能力和提升適當(dāng)?shù)墓蓛r(jià)與賬面價(jià)值比率的影響。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:財(cái)政杠桿;運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿;股本回報(bào)率;值比率</p><p>  傳

3、統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,杠桿效應(yīng)是從金融活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的:公司通過(guò)借貸來(lái)增加運(yùn)營(yíng)的資金。本文表明,在分析企業(yè)盈利和價(jià)值中,有兩種相關(guān)杠桿起作用,一個(gè)的確是從金融活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的,另一種是是從運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的。本文提供了兩種類型杠桿的財(cái)務(wù)分析報(bào)表來(lái)解釋股東盈利能力和價(jià)格與賬面比率的差異。</p><p>  杠桿作用的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是負(fù)債總額與股東權(quán)益。然而,一些負(fù)債——如銀行貸款和發(fā)行的債券,是由于資金籌措,其他一些負(fù)債——如貿(mào)易應(yīng)付賬款,

4、預(yù)收收入和退休金負(fù)債, 是由于在運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中與供應(yīng)商的貿(mào)易,與顧客和雇傭者在結(jié)算過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的負(fù)債。融資負(fù)債通常交易運(yùn)作良好的資本市場(chǎng)其中的發(fā)行者是隨行就市的商人。與此相反,在運(yùn)營(yíng)中公司能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高增值。因?yàn)闃I(yè)務(wù)涉及的是與資本市場(chǎng)相比,不太完善的貿(mào)易的輸入和輸出的市場(chǎng)。</p><p>  因此,考慮到股票估值,運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債和融資負(fù)債的區(qū)別的產(chǎn)生有一些先驗(yàn)的原因。我們研究在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上,運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債中的一美元是否與融資中的一美

5、元等值這個(gè)問(wèn)題。因?yàn)檫\(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債和融資負(fù)債是股票價(jià)值的組成部分,這個(gè)問(wèn)題就相當(dāng)于問(wèn)是否股價(jià)與賬面價(jià)值比率是否取決于賬面凈值的組成。價(jià)格與賬面比率是由預(yù)期回報(bào)率的賬面價(jià)值決定的。所以,如果部分的賬面價(jià)值要求不同的溢價(jià),他們必須顯示出不同的賬面價(jià)值的預(yù)期回報(bào)率。因此,本文還研究了是否兩類負(fù)債與將來(lái)的賬面收益率的區(qū)別有關(guān)。</p><p>  標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析的能夠區(qū)分股東從運(yùn)營(yíng)中和借貸的融資業(yè)務(wù)中產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)。因此,資產(chǎn)

6、回報(bào)有別于股本回報(bào)率,這種差異是由于杠桿作用。然而,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分析中,經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債不區(qū)別于融資負(fù)債。因此,為了制定用于實(shí)證分析的規(guī)范,本文提出了一份財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的分析來(lái)明確運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)和融資債務(wù)對(duì)賬面價(jià)值回報(bào)率的影響以及價(jià)格與賬面比率,利用方程精確解釋各種類型的債務(wù)中的杠桿作用何時(shí)起到有利作用,何時(shí)起到不利的作用。</p><p>  本文的實(shí)證結(jié)果表明,能夠區(qū)分運(yùn)營(yíng)中的杠桿作用和融資中的杠桿作用的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析也能夠區(qū)分公司當(dāng)

7、前和未來(lái)的盈利情況。運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)與融資債務(wù)相比,通常能在杠桿作用中使企業(yè)獲得更大的利益,并且獲得有利結(jié)果的頻率更高。 因此,在運(yùn)營(yíng)方面杠桿更高的公司有更高的股價(jià)與賬面價(jià)值比率。此外,合同和預(yù)期經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債的區(qū)別進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明不同企業(yè)的盈利能力和他們的價(jià)格賬面價(jià)值的比率。</p><p>  我們的研究結(jié)果是用于愿意分析預(yù)期公司的收益和賬面收益率。這些預(yù)測(cè)和估值依賴于負(fù)債的組成。本文從實(shí)證結(jié)果得出的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析文件顯示,如何利

8、用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中的信息進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和估價(jià)。</p><p>  這篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)如下。第一部分概述并指出了了能夠判別兩種杠桿作用類型,連接杠桿作用和盈利的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析第二節(jié)將杠桿作用,股票價(jià)值和價(jià)格與賬面比率聯(lián)系在一起。第三節(jié)中進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析,第四節(jié)進(jìn)行了概述與結(jié)論。</p><p>  1 杠桿作用的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析</p><p>  以下財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析將融資債務(wù)和運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)對(duì)股東

9、權(quán)益的影響區(qū)別開。這個(gè)分析從實(shí)證的詳細(xì)分析中得出了精確的杠桿效應(yīng)等式 </p><p>  普通股產(chǎn)權(quán)資本收益率=綜合所得÷普通股本 ?。?)</p><p>  杠桿影響到這個(gè)盈利等式的分子和分母。適當(dāng)?shù)呢?cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析解析了杠桿作用的影響。以下分析是通過(guò)確定經(jīng)營(yíng)和融資活動(dòng)中的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和損益表的組成開始分析。計(jì)算每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)所獲

10、得的利潤(rùn),然后引入兩種類型的杠桿作用來(lái)解釋運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資的盈利以及股東的總體盈利。</p><p>  1.1 區(qū)分運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資過(guò)程中的盈利</p><p>  普通股權(quán)=經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)+金融負(fù)債-經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債-金融負(fù)債 (2)</p><p>  側(cè)重于普通股(以便優(yōu)先股被視為融資債務(wù)),資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表方程可重申如下:經(jīng)營(yíng)性資產(chǎn)的區(qū)別(如貿(mào)易

11、應(yīng)收款,庫(kù)存和物業(yè),廠房及設(shè)備)和金融資產(chǎn)(存款及可出售證券吸收多余現(xiàn)金)在其他方面。然而,債務(wù)方面,融資負(fù)債也區(qū)別于經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債。不應(yīng)該把所有負(fù)債都當(dāng)作融資負(fù)債來(lái)處理,相反,只有從運(yùn)營(yíng)中得到的現(xiàn)金,就像銀行貸款,短期商業(yè)票據(jù)和債券屬于這種類型。其他負(fù)債,如應(yīng)付賬款,累計(jì)費(fèi)用,預(yù)收收入,重組債務(wù)和養(yǎng)老金負(fù)債,產(chǎn)生于業(yè)務(wù)。這種區(qū)別并不像當(dāng)前與長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)負(fù)債那么簡(jiǎn)單;養(yǎng)老金負(fù)債,例如,通常是長(zhǎng)期,短期的借款是一種當(dāng)前的負(fù)債。</p>&

12、lt;p><b>  等式的重排(2)</b></p><p>  普通股權(quán)=(經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)-經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債)-(金融資產(chǎn)-金融負(fù)債)</p><p><b>  或者,</b></p><p>  普通股權(quán)=凈經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)-凈金融負(fù)債   (3)</p&

13、gt;<p>  這個(gè)等式的重排將資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債納入經(jīng)營(yíng)和融資活動(dòng)。凈經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)等于經(jīng)營(yíng)性資產(chǎn)減去經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債。因此,一個(gè)公司可能在投資清單上的投資,但是投資清單上的投資者可以一定程度上給予信貸,投資清單上的投資就會(huì)減少。</p><p>  企業(yè)支付工資,但在多大程度上工資的支付在退休金負(fù)債中遞延,公司運(yùn)營(yíng)凈投資就會(huì)減少。凈融資債務(wù)是融資債務(wù)(包括優(yōu)先股)減去金融資產(chǎn)。因此,一個(gè)公司可能會(huì)發(fā)行債券,以籌集資

14、金,但也可能購(gòu)買債券超額現(xiàn)金業(yè)務(wù)。事實(shí)上一個(gè)公司的可能是一個(gè)凈債權(quán)者(更多的金融資產(chǎn)與金融負(fù)債比),而不是凈債務(wù)者。損益表可以重新區(qū)分來(lái)自運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資的收入。</p><p>  綜合凈收入=運(yùn)營(yíng)收入-凈額融資費(fèi)用   (4)</p><p>  運(yùn)營(yíng)收入是在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)中產(chǎn)生的,凈額融資費(fèi)用是在融資過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的。金融資產(chǎn)的利息收

15、入是與凈財(cái)政收入中金融負(fù)債(包括優(yōu)先股股息)的利息支出相抵消的。如果利息收入大于利息支出,融資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生凈財(cái)政收入,而不是凈財(cái)務(wù)支出。兩種運(yùn)營(yíng)收入和凈財(cái)務(wù)支出(或收入)是按照稅后計(jì)算的。</p><p>  等式(3)和(4)清楚的計(jì)算了稅后的運(yùn)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)和借貸率</p><p>  凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率=運(yùn)營(yíng)收入÷運(yùn)營(yíng)凈資產(chǎn)

16、 (5)可供營(yíng)運(yùn)的資產(chǎn)凈額=凈資產(chǎn)支出÷凈資產(chǎn)債務(wù)。   (6)</p><p>  凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率顯示出收益必須是在凈資產(chǎn)投資基礎(chǔ)上。因此,公司可以通過(guò)說(shuō)服供應(yīng)商在業(yè)務(wù)過(guò)程中給予或延長(zhǎng)信貸條件提高其經(jīng)營(yíng)盈利,信貸會(huì)減少投資股東本來(lái)要在業(yè)務(wù)上的投資。相應(yīng)地,從分母排除不計(jì)息負(fù)債后,凈借款利率給出了適當(dāng)?shù)娜谫Y活動(dòng)貸款利率。</p><p>

17、;  值得注意的是,凈資產(chǎn)收益率不同于較常見(jiàn)的資產(chǎn)收益率(資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率),通常被定義為總資產(chǎn)在稅后利息前的收入。資產(chǎn)收益率沒(méi)有很好的區(qū)分運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資過(guò)程。不像資產(chǎn)收益率,凈資產(chǎn)收益率不包括分母中的金融資產(chǎn),并且減去了運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債。尼薩姆和彭曼(2001)報(bào)告中指出紐約證券交易所和美國(guó)證券交易公司在1963-1999年間的平均資產(chǎn)收益率只有6.8%,但平均凈資產(chǎn)收益率是10.0%,后者更接近人們?cè)谏虡I(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)中所期望的回報(bào)值。</p>

18、<p>  1.2 財(cái)務(wù)杠桿作用和其對(duì)股東盈利的影響</p><p>  從式(3)到式(6)可以推算出來(lái)運(yùn)用資本報(bào)酬率是凈資產(chǎn)收益率和凈借貸率平均值。</p><p>  資本收益率=[凈經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)÷普通股權(quán)×凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率]-[凈金融負(fù)債÷普通股權(quán)×</p><p>  凈借款利率]

19、   (7)</p><p>  另外代數(shù)方程式可以得出下列杠桿:</p><p>  資本收益率=凈資產(chǎn)收益率+[財(cái)務(wù)杠桿×(凈資產(chǎn)收益率-境借款利率)] (8)</p><p>  從金融活動(dòng)出發(fā)計(jì)算財(cái)務(wù)杠桿如下:</p><p>  財(cái)務(wù)杠桿=凈金融負(fù)債÷普通股

20、權(quán) ?。?)</p><p>  財(cái)務(wù)杠桿作用排除了運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債,但是包括(作為凈反對(duì)融資的債務(wù))金融資產(chǎn)。如果金融資產(chǎn)大于融資負(fù)債,財(cái)務(wù)杠桿作用是負(fù)的。杠桿等式(8)是在財(cái)務(wù)杠桿為負(fù)的情況下使用的(在這種情況下,凈借貸率是凈金融資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率)。這個(gè)分析將股東收益分成運(yùn)營(yíng)獲益和融資獲益。財(cái)務(wù)杠桿凌駕于運(yùn)用資本報(bào)酬率和凈資產(chǎn)收益率之上,其中杠桿效應(yīng)

21、由財(cái)務(wù)杠桿決定,由凈資產(chǎn)收益率和借貸率調(diào)節(jié)。這個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)可以是正向的,也可以是負(fù)向的。1.3 運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿作用和它對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)收益的影響</p><p>  資金債務(wù)控制已動(dòng)用資本回報(bào)率,運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)控制運(yùn)營(yíng)中的收益,凈資產(chǎn)收益。所以,一個(gè)公司的運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債與運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)相關(guān)性越大,在運(yùn)營(yíng)收入一定的情況下,它的凈資產(chǎn)收益越高。在投資中,運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債的應(yīng)用頻率就是運(yùn)營(yíng)杠桿作用。</p><p>  利用運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債來(lái)衡

22、量運(yùn)營(yíng)中的收益率可能不太準(zhǔn)確,但是,有一個(gè)分子對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)收入有影響。供應(yīng)商提供名義上可免息貸款,但向用戶收費(fèi) 但最終對(duì)于該信貸提供價(jià)格較高的商品和服務(wù)。這是為什么運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債是運(yùn)營(yíng)方面不可分割的一部分而不是融資的一部分。供應(yīng)商對(duì)信貸的收費(fèi)很難量化,但是市場(chǎng)借貸率是可以觀察到的。在這個(gè)借貸率下,供應(yīng)商對(duì)信貸的隱性收費(fèi)是可以估計(jì)的。</p><p>  運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債的市場(chǎng)利率=運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債×市場(chǎng)借貸率

23、 ?。?0)</p><p>  市場(chǎng)借貸率,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)是短期信貸,可以看作近似的稅后短期借貸利率。這個(gè)隱性成本是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因?yàn)樗沟霉┴浬淘谔峁┬刨J時(shí)保持中立,供貨商如果以借貸率提供信貸,或者公司買賣貨物過(guò)程中的貿(mào)易借貸和資金購(gòu)買中以借貸率成交的話,供貨商將承擔(dān)全部損失。</p><p>  為了分析運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)盈利的影響,定義如下:</p>

24、;<p>  經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率=(經(jīng)營(yíng)收入+經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債的市場(chǎng)利率)÷經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn) ?。?1)</p><p>  經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率的計(jì)算因子是隨著所有貿(mào)易信貸的隱性成本帶來(lái)的經(jīng)營(yíng)收入變動(dòng)的。如果供應(yīng)商完全承擔(dān)信用的隱性成本,經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率是將要獲得的經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的回報(bào)率沒(méi)有經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿。供應(yīng)商不完全承擔(dān)信用,經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率將權(quán)衡包括從供應(yīng)商取得的有利的隱性信用條款的經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債。</p

25、><p>  類似于資本收益率的平衡方程(8),凈經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率用可表示為:</p><p>  凈資產(chǎn)收益率=經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率+[經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿×(經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率-市場(chǎng)借貸率)] (12)</p><p>  借貸率是稅后短期利率。已知經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率,杠桿對(duì)盈利的影響就由運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿的水平,來(lái)決定,而擴(kuò)展是

26、在經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率和短期的稅后利率之間。像財(cái)務(wù)杠桿,影響可能是有利的或者是不利的:如果它的經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率小于市場(chǎng)借款利率,企業(yè)可以通過(guò)經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿減少經(jīng)營(yíng)收益。然而,經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)收益率也可能被經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債率不同于市場(chǎng)貸款利率的隱性借貸成本影響。</p><p>  1.4 杠桿作用和對(duì)股東收益的影響</p><p>  經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債和凈財(cái)務(wù)負(fù)債結(jié)合進(jìn)總杠桿的辦法:</p><p>

27、;  總杠桿=(凈金融負(fù)債+經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債)÷普通股權(quán)</p><p>  總負(fù)債的借款利率是:</p><p>  總借款利息率=(經(jīng)財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用+經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債的市場(chǎng)利率)÷(凈金融負(fù)債+經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債)</p><p>  資本收益率等于加權(quán)平均的凈資產(chǎn)收益率與貸款利率之和,權(quán)重是與所有金融資產(chǎn)、凈金融負(fù)債之和以及經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債(負(fù)的)的總額分別成比例的。所以,類似的

28、平衡方程(8)和(12):</p><p>  資本收益率=凈資產(chǎn)收益率+[總杠桿×(凈資產(chǎn)收益率-總借款利率)] (13)</p><p>  總之,運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析有三個(gè)等式,(8),(12)和(13),這些等式是基于固定的結(jié)算關(guān)系,因此具有確定性:他們必須應(yīng)用于某個(gè)公司的某個(gè)時(shí)間段。區(qū)分盈利來(lái)源的唯一要素是在財(cái)務(wù)分析上,運(yùn)營(yíng)和融資組成上有一個(gè)明確的區(qū)分。&l

29、t;/p><p>  2 杠桿、股權(quán)價(jià)值和值比率</p><p>  上述的杠桿效應(yīng)是被描述為對(duì)股東收益率的影響。我們感興趣的不僅是對(duì)股東收益率、資本收益率的影響,也是對(duì)在剩余價(jià)值模型方法上的與資本收益率有聯(lián)系的凈資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的影響。作為一個(gè)對(duì)股利折現(xiàn)模型的補(bǔ)充,剩余收入模型表示在日期0 (P0)的價(jià)值:</p><p>  B是普通股的面值,X 是普通股的綜合收益,r是投

30、資資本所要求的回報(bào)。溢價(jià)取決于預(yù)算剩余收入,剩余收入部分取決于與面值有關(guān)的相關(guān)收入,也就是預(yù)算的資本收益率。因此,對(duì)預(yù)算的資本收益率的杠桿作用(對(duì)股本回報(bào)的凈影響)影響與面值有關(guān)的股權(quán)價(jià)值:所付的面值價(jià)格取決于預(yù)期面值收益率,即杠桿影響收益率。</p><p>  所以我們的實(shí)證分析,探討了杠桿對(duì)收益率和之比率的影響?;蛘邠Q句話說(shuō),金融負(fù)債和經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債是賬面價(jià)值的不同組成部分,所以問(wèn)題是是否賬面價(jià)值的定價(jià)取決與賬面

31、價(jià)值的組成。在這種情況下,賬面價(jià)值的不同組成可能導(dǎo)致不同的收益率。事實(shí)上,這兩種分析(對(duì)收益率和值比率)是互補(bǔ)的。</p><p>  金融負(fù)債是貸款償還的合同義務(wù)。經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債(像應(yīng)付賬款)包括合同義務(wù),也包括應(yīng)計(jì)負(fù)債(例如遞延收入和應(yīng)計(jì)費(fèi)用)。應(yīng)計(jì)債務(wù)可能基于合同條款,但通常包括估計(jì)我們考慮了實(shí)際效果的影響的收縮和會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)。附錄A合同實(shí)例和估計(jì)負(fù)債以及他們?cè)诳赡苄院蛢r(jià)值方面的影響。</p><

32、p>  2.1合同負(fù)債的影響</p><p>  “事后”的效果,融資和經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債的流動(dòng)性是遠(yuǎn)離平衡方程(8),(12)和(13)。這些現(xiàn)象一直持續(xù)到事后,所以沒(méi)有對(duì)于事后效果的問(wèn)題。但是估價(jià)問(wèn)題涉及到事后效果。以財(cái)政杠桿為出發(fā)點(diǎn),對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)杠桿影響進(jìn)行的廣泛性研究,莫迪里亞尼和米勒召開了主題為完美資本市場(chǎng),無(wú)稅以及信息不對(duì)稱對(duì)債務(wù)融資并無(wú)影響的會(huì)議。</p><p>  在剩余收入的價(jià)值

33、模型中,財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的增長(zhǎng)取決于負(fù)債替代權(quán)益根據(jù)表達(dá)式(8)可能會(huì)提高預(yù)期資本收益率,但是,在估價(jià)增加抵消(14)以降低賬面價(jià)值的股票,獲得更高的流動(dòng)性和增加超過(guò)所需的股本回報(bào),總資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值(例如,股票和債券)未受影響。所需的股權(quán)回報(bào)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,因?yàn)樵黾恿素?cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):杠桿可能有利,但是較高的杠桿作用,更大的損失,對(duì)于股東來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)利用RNOA少于借款利率來(lái)把杠桿轉(zhuǎn)為事后不利。</p><p>  在M&M主題的表

34、面,對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的價(jià)值影響的研究已經(jīng)開始緩和主題所提出的狀況。莫迪里亞尼和米勒(1963)假設(shè)債務(wù)增長(zhǎng)的稅收優(yōu)惠和稅后收益,增加股權(quán)價(jià)值。最近的實(shí)證研究提供支持這個(gè)假設(shè)(例如,Kemsley和Nissim,2002年),但這個(gè)問(wèn)題仍存在爭(zhēng)議。在任何情況下,經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債的隱含成本,像金融負(fù)債的利息,是稅務(wù)抵減額,杠桿組成不涉及稅務(wù)。</p><p>  債務(wù)在許多研究中被描繪為影響降低交易成本價(jià)值。當(dāng)債務(wù)增加預(yù)期的破產(chǎn)費(fèi)

35、用和投資人和債權(quán)人的代理成本時(shí),減少了股東在必須承擔(dān)的主要管理的成本和降低股票的發(fā)行成本。我們預(yù)期這些考慮到適用于操作債務(wù)以及金融負(fù)債,與之不同的只有程度。事實(shí)上本文已經(jīng)闡述了交易成本使用經(jīng)營(yíng)債務(wù)而非金融債務(wù)(Ferris, 1981),財(cái)務(wù)上供應(yīng)商和客戶使用不同的方法(Schwartz,1974),信息有事和比較成本控制。</p><p>  彼德生和拉詹(1997)為這些解釋提供一些測(cè)試。除了稅,交易成本和代

36、理成本對(duì)杠桿的解釋,文章也研究了信息因素。羅斯(1977年),他們和派爾(1977)認(rèn)定財(cái)務(wù)選擇作為區(qū)分成因和價(jià)值的標(biāo)志,下文(例如, Myers and Majluf, 1984)將深入研究。其他研究的參考作用歸咎于經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債。例如,Biais和Gollier (1997年)和彼得森和拉詹(1997年)認(rèn)為對(duì)比銀行和債券市場(chǎng)中供應(yīng)商有更多關(guān)于公司的信息, 使更多的經(jīng)營(yíng)債務(wù)可能表明更高的價(jià)值。</p><p&

37、gt;  另外,高貿(mào)易應(yīng)付可能暗示支付供應(yīng)商的困難和下降的財(cái)富。更多的來(lái)自于進(jìn)一步放寬資本的完美無(wú)摩擦市場(chǎng)假設(shè)原來(lái)的M機(jī)電融資無(wú)關(guān)化。當(dāng)涉及到業(yè)務(wù),產(chǎn)品和投入市場(chǎng)的公司在其中貿(mào)易通常是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不及資本市場(chǎng)。事實(shí)上,企業(yè)被視為主要是在增值業(yè)務(wù),而不是融資活動(dòng)因?yàn)楸炔贿^(guò)純粹的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)品和投入市場(chǎng)。所以,難以賺錢的債券持有者,公司可以被看作是以貿(mào)易債權(quán)人賺錢。在行動(dòng)上,企業(yè)可以施加壟斷權(quán)力,從供應(yīng)商和員工提取價(jià)值。供應(yīng)商可能會(huì)提供廉價(jià)的隱性融

38、資來(lái)交換產(chǎn)品信息和該公司在市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)作情況。他們也可能受益于效率的公司的供應(yīng)和分配鏈, 并可以給予信貸捕捉未來(lái)的業(yè)務(wù)。</p><p>  2.2權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制會(huì)計(jì)的影響估計(jì)</p><p>  應(yīng)計(jì)負(fù)債可根據(jù)合同條款,但通常涉及估計(jì)。例如 養(yǎng)老金債務(wù),也是根據(jù)雇傭合約,但涉及精算估計(jì)。遞延收入可能涉及到的義務(wù),為客戶提供服務(wù), 而且還涉及估計(jì),以及收入分配時(shí)期。雖

39、然合同負(fù)債通常是進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上作為一個(gè)不偏不倚的說(shuō)明現(xiàn)金支付,應(yīng)計(jì)制會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)不一定是公正的。例如,保守的會(huì)計(jì),可能夸大養(yǎng)老金負(fù)債或推遲收入更多者而不是合同要求客戶。這種偏見(jiàn)大概不影響價(jià)值,但它們的影響分賬返回和定價(jià)的負(fù)債相對(duì)于其賬面價(jià)值(價(jià)格到賬面價(jià)值比)。會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)責(zé)任杠桿的影響很明確:高等教育賬面值為經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債導(dǎo)致更高的杠桿一定水平的經(jīng)營(yíng)性資產(chǎn)。但是,對(duì)盈利能力的影響也很清楚從方程(12)來(lái)看:雖然保守經(jīng)營(yíng)性使資產(chǎn)增加了凈資產(chǎn)收

40、益率,就如弗爾森和奧爾森(1995年)和張(2000年),較高的賬面價(jià)值的經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿高達(dá)RNOA超過(guò)凈資產(chǎn)收益率 。 事實(shí)上,保守派占經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債數(shù)額為杠桿書的回報(bào)率。通過(guò)利用方程(13),即杠桿效應(yīng)流經(jīng)到股東盈利能力和回報(bào)。較高的預(yù)期回報(bào)意味著高價(jià)格與賬面價(jià)值比。</p><p>  預(yù)計(jì)的運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)的潛在偏見(jiàn)對(duì)現(xiàn)在及長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益有想法效應(yīng)。例如一家企業(yè)賬面有高的拖延的收入,增加的消費(fèi)或者運(yùn)營(yíng)的債務(wù)都會(huì)增加運(yùn)

41、行債務(wù)的水平,而降低他現(xiàn)在的利益。現(xiàn)在的收入低一點(diǎn),否則成本升高。如果報(bào)道降低了運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn),增加了運(yùn)營(yíng)杠桿,也會(huì)降低現(xiàn)實(shí)利益:現(xiàn)在的花費(fèi)必須高點(diǎn)。但是增長(zhǎng)賬目的應(yīng)用會(huì)影響將來(lái)的運(yùn)營(yíng)收入。所有其他仍會(huì)不斷,低現(xiàn)實(shí)收入意味著高將來(lái)收入。更重要的是,高的運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)和低的運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)意味著低的值比率的公平性。低的值比率是將來(lái)高收入的基礎(chǔ)。所以運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)潛在被認(rèn)為是潛在倒轉(zhuǎn)現(xiàn)象,能給影響杠桿,預(yù)示利益和賬面價(jià)格的比例。</p><p&g

42、t;  3 以實(shí)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)的分析</p><p>  這個(gè)分析基于1963到2001年,符合下列要求(1)公司被列舉NYSE 或者AMEX(2)公司為非財(cái)政組織,在那里大部分資產(chǎn)和債務(wù)用作運(yùn)營(yíng)。(3)書面價(jià)值只是1千億美元。運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的開始和結(jié)果的平衡平均水平,網(wǎng)式運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)和普通的平衡是積極的。這項(xiàng)原則導(dǎo)致63527觀察的樣本。</p><p>  附件B顯示方差是怎樣被應(yīng)用在分析中的。一種值

43、得討論的測(cè)量觀點(diǎn)是運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)的借用消費(fèi)。因?yàn)榇蟛糠诌\(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)是短期的,我們通過(guò)一年的利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)估算借用比率。這種方法可能低估借用消費(fèi)因?yàn)榕c運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不小。這種測(cè)量誤差效應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致凈資產(chǎn)收益率和經(jīng)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿的負(fù)相關(guān)。向我們展示的,這種負(fù)相關(guān)即使存在,也可以證明其正相關(guān)。</p><p><b>  4 結(jié)論</b></p><p>  資產(chǎn)運(yùn)營(yíng),借貸,創(chuàng)作了杠桿。

44、在運(yùn)營(yíng)中也借款,但是是從顧客,雇傭者和供應(yīng)商借,創(chuàng)造了運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿。因?yàn)樗麄儼ㄔ谑袌?chǎng)不同種類的交易,兩種杠桿可能有不同的價(jià)值暗示。尤其是,運(yùn)營(yíng)資本可能縮水,因此價(jià)格不同。運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)也包括增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)算。這暗示了利益和平衡的杠桿。本文列舉了外在杠桿平衡展示了股東利益和資產(chǎn)杠桿是相關(guān)的對(duì)于運(yùn)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)。</p><p>  對(duì)于運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿,杠桿平衡包括真實(shí)的契約效應(yīng)和賬目效應(yīng)。值比率依賴于與其利益,這個(gè)分析解釋了值比率是受

45、兩類杠桿影響的。實(shí)際的分析證明了運(yùn)營(yíng)和債務(wù)預(yù)示了不同的利益在市場(chǎng)上價(jià)格也是不同的。</p><p>  更多分析表明運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債杠桿不僅能解釋在盈利中的差別,還能夠從當(dāng)前的盈利情況預(yù)測(cè)到未來(lái)的盈利情況。運(yùn)營(yíng)債務(wù)杠桿作用和變化可以作為當(dāng)今盈利和以后盈利的風(fēng)向標(biāo)。我們的分析將合同上的運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債和預(yù)測(cè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債分開,但是進(jìn)一步的研究可以在細(xì)節(jié)上,如更多的關(guān)注預(yù)支費(fèi)用和遞延收入方面更好的了解運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債。進(jìn)一步的研究也可以在不同的

46、環(huán)境下調(diào)查運(yùn)營(yíng)負(fù)債,如公司在哪些地方的市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力超過(guò)供應(yīng)商。</p><p><b>  附錄B </b></p><p>  Financial Statement Analysis of Leverage and How It Informs About Protability and Price-to-Book Ratios</p><p>

47、;  DORON NISSIM, STEPHEN H. PENMAN</p><p><b>  ABSTRACT</b></p><p>  This paper presents a ?nancial statement analysis that distinguishes leverage that arises in ?nancing activities

48、from leverage that arises in operations. The analysis yields two leveraging equations, one for borrowing to ?nance operations and one for borrowing in the course of operations. These leveraging equations describe how the

49、 two types of leverage affect book rates of return on equity. An empirical analysis shows that the ?nancial statement analysis explains cross-sectional differences in </p><p>  Keywords: financing leverage;

50、operating liability leverage; rate of return on equity; price-to-book ratio</p><p>  Leverage is traditionally viewed as arising from ?nancing activities: Firms borrow to raise cash for operations. This pape

51、r shows that, for the purposes of analyzing pro?tability and valuing ?rms, two types of leverage are relevant, one indeed arising from ?nancing activities but another from operating activities. The paper supplies a ?nanc

52、ial statement analysis of the two types of leverage that explains differences in shareholder pro?tability and price-to-book ratios.</p><p>  The standard measure of leverage is total liabilities to equity. H

53、owever, while some liabilities—like bank loans and bonds issued—are due to ?nancing, other liabilities—like trade payables, deferred revenues, and pension liabilities—result from transactions with suppliers, customers an

54、d employees in conducting operations. Financing liabilities are typically traded in well-functioning capital markets where issuers are price takers. In contrast, ?rms are able to add value in operations because ope</p

55、><p>  Our research asks whether a dollar of operating liabilities on the balance sheet is priced differently from a dollar of ?nancing liabilities. As operating and ?nancing liabilities are components of the b

56、ook value of equity, the question is equivalent to asking whether price-to-book ratios depend on the composition of book values. The price-to-book ratio is determined by the expected rate of return on the book value so,

57、if components of book value command different price premiums, they must imply</p><p>  Standard ?nancial statement analysis distinguishes shareholder pro?tability that arises from operations from that which

58、arises from borrowing to ?nance operations. So, return on assets is distinguished from return on equity, with the difference attributed to leverage. However, in the standard analysis, operating liabilities are not distin

59、guished from ?nancing liabilities. Therefore, to develop the speci?cations for the empirical analysis, the paper presents a ?nancial statement analysis that ide</p><p>  The empirical results in the paper sh

60、ow that ?nancial statement analysis that distinguishes leverage in operations from leverage in ?nancing also distinguishes differences in contemporaneous and future pro?tability among ?rms. Leverage from operating liabil

61、ities typically levers pro?tability more than ?nancing leverage and has a higher frequency of favorable effects.Accordingly, for a given total leverage from both sources, ?rms with higher leverage from operations have hi

62、gher price-to-book rati</p><p>  Our results are of consequence to an analyst who wishes to forecast earnings and book rates of return to value ?rms. Those forecasts—and valuations derived from them—depend,

63、we show, on the composition of liabilities. The ?nancial statement analysis of the paper, supported by the empirical results, shows how to exploit information in the balance sheet for forecasting and valuation.</p>

64、<p>  The paper proceeds as follows. Section 1 outlines the ?nancial statements analysis that identi?es the two types of leverage and lays out expressions that tie leverage measures to pro?tability. Section 2 link

65、s leverage to equity value and price-to-book ratios. The empirical analysis is in Section 3, with conclusions summarized in Section 4.</p><p>  1 Financial Statement Analysis of Leverage</p><p>

66、  The following ?nancial statement analysis separates the effects of ?nancing liabilities and operating liabilities on the pro?tability of shareholders’ equity. The analysis yields explicit leveraging equations from whic

67、h the speci?cations for the empirical analysis are developed. Shareholder pro?tability, return on common equity, is measured as</p><p>  Return on common equity (ROCE) = comprehensive net income ÷common

68、 equity (1)</p><p>  Leverage affects both the numerator and denominator of this pro?tability measure. Appropriate ?nancial statement analysis disentangles the effects of leverage. The analysis belo

69、w, which elaborates on parts of Nissim and Penman (2001), begins by identifying components of the balance sheet and income statement that involve operating and ?nancing activities. The pro?tability due to each activity i

70、s then calculated and two types of leverage are introduced to explain both operating and ?nancing pro?t</p><p>  1.1 Distinguishing the Protability of Operations from the Protability of Financing Activities&

71、lt;/p><p>  With a focus on common equity (so that preferred equity is viewed as a ?nancial liability), the balance sheet equation can be restated as follows:</p><p>  Common equity =operating asse

72、ts+financial assets-operating liabilities-Financial liabilities (2)

73、 The distinction here between operating assets (like trade receivables, inventory and property, plant and equipment) and ?nancial assets (the deposits and marketable securities that absorb excess cash) is made in other

74、contexts. However, on the liabi</p><p>  Rearranging terms in equation (2),</p><p>  Common equity = (operating assets-operating liabilities)-(financial liabilities-financial assets)</p>

75、<p><b>  Or,</b></p><p>  Common equity = net operating assets-net financing debt (3)</p><p>  This equation regroups assets and liabilities into operatin

76、g and ?nancing activities. Net operating assets are operating assets less operating liabilities. So a ?rm might invest in inventories, but to the extent to which the suppliers of those inventories grant credit, the net i

77、nvestment in inventories is reduced. Firms pay wages, but to the extent to which the payment of wages is deferred in pension liabilities, the net investment required to run the business is reduced. Net ?nancing debt is ?

78、n</p><p>  The income statement can be reformulated to distinguish income that comes from operating and ?nancing activities:</p><p>  Comprehensive net income = operating income- net financing e

79、xpense (4)</p><p>  Operating income is produced in operations and net ?nancial expense is incurred in the ?nancing of operations. Interest income on ?nancial assets is netted against interest ex

80、pense on ?nancial liabilities (including preferred dividends) in net ?nancial expense. If interest income is greater than interest expense, ?nancing activities produce net ?nancial income rather than net ?nancial expense

81、. Both operating income and net ?nancial expense (or income) are after tax.3 Equations (3) and (4) produc</p><p>  Return on net operating assets (RNOA) = operating income ÷net operating assets (5)

82、</p><p><b>  and</b></p><p>  Net borrowing rate (NBR) = net financing expense ÷net financing debt (6)</p><p>  RNOA recognizes that pro?tability must

83、be based on the net assets invested in operations. So ?rms can increase their operating pro?tability by convincing suppliers, in the course of business, to grant or extend credit terms; credit reduces the investment that

84、 shareholders would otherwise have to put in the business. Correspondingly, the net borrowing rate, by excluding non-interest bearing liabilities from the denominator, gives the appropriate borrowing rate for the ?nancin

85、g activities.</p><p>  Note that RNOA differs from the more common return on assets (ROA), usually de?ned as income before after-tax interest expense to total assets. ROA does not distinguish operating and ?

86、nancing activities appropriately. Unlike ROA, RNOA excludes ?nancial assets in the denominator and subtracts operating liabilities. Nissim and Penman (2001) report a median ROA for NYSE and AMEX ?rms from 1963–1999 of on

87、ly 6.8%, but a median RNOA of 10.0%—much closer to what one would expect as a return to business</p><p>  1.2 Financial Leverage and its Effect on Shareholder Protability </p><p>  From expressi

88、ons (3) through (6), it is straightforward to demonstrate that ROCE is a weighted average of RNOA and the net borrowing rate, with weights derived from equation (3):</p><p>  ROCE= [net operating assets 

89、7;common equity× RNOA]-[net financing debt÷</p><p>  common equity ×net borrowing rate] (7)</p><p>  Additional algebra leads to the following lev

90、eraging equation:</p><p>  ROCE = RNOA+[FLEV× ( RNOA-net borrowing rate )] (8)</p><p>  where FLEV, the measure of leverage from ?nancing activities, is</p>&l

91、t;p>  Financing leverage (FLEV) =net financing debt ÷common equity (9)</p><p>  The FLEV measure excludes operating liabilities but includes (as a net against ?nancing debt) ?nancia

92、l assets. If ?nancial assets are greater than ?nancial liabilities, FLEV is negative. The leveraging equation (8) works for negative FLEV (in which case the net borrowing rate is the return on net ?nancial assets).</p

93、><p>  This analysis breaks shareholder pro?tability, ROCE, down into that which is due to operations and that which is due to ?nancing. Financial leverage levers the ROCE over RNOA, with the leverage effect de

94、termined by the amount of ?nancial leverage (FLEV) and the spread between RNOA and the borrowing rate. The spread can be positive (favorable) or negative (unfavorable).</p><p>  1.3 Operating Liability Lever

95、age and its Effect on Operating Protability</p><p>  While ?nancing debt levers ROCE, operating liabilities lever the pro?tability of operations, RNOA. RNOA is operating income relative to net operating asse

96、ts, and net operating assets are operating assets minus operating liabilities. So, the more operating liabilities a ?rm has relative to operating assets, the higher its RNOA, assuming no effect on operating income in the

97、 numerator. The intensity of the use of operating liabilities in the investment base is operating liability leverage:</p><p>  Operating liability leverage (OLLEV) =operating liabilities ÷net operating

98、assets (10)</p><p>  Using operating liabilities to lever the rate of return from operations may not come for free, however; there may be a numerator effect on operating income. Suppliers provide what no

99、minally may be interest-free credit, but presumably charge for that credit with higher prices for the goods and services supplied. This is the reason why operating liabilities are inextricably a part of operations rather

100、 than the ?nancing of operations. The amount that suppliers actually charge for this credit is dif</p><p>  Market interest on operating liabilities= operating liabilities×market borrowing rate</p>

101、;<p>  where the market borrowing rate, given that most credit is short term, can be approximated by the after-tax short-term borrowing rate. This implicit cost is benchmark, for it is the cost that makes supplier

102、s indifferent in supplying cred suppliers are fully compensated if they charge implicit interest at the cost borrowing to supply the credit. Or, alternatively, the ?rm buying the goods or services is indifferent between

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 眾賞文庫(kù)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論