財務(wù)報表文獻翻譯--財務(wù)報表分析方法水平分析 縱向分析

1、<p>　　財務(wù)報表分析方法：水平分析 縱向分析</p><p>　　財務(wù)報表信息被外部和內(nèi)部用戶同時使用，包括投資者，債權(quán)人，管理者和行政人員。這些用戶必須分析這些資料，以作出商業(yè)決定，因此理解財務(wù)報表是非常重要的。執(zhí)行財務(wù)報表分析存在幾種方法。本文討論其中的兩個方法：水平分析和縱向分析。</p><p><b>　　水平分析</b></p>

2、<p>　　財務(wù)報表分析的方法通常涉及比較某些信息。水平分析比較了若干會計期間的具體項目。例如，應(yīng)付帳款，可以是在一個會計年度內(nèi)月與月之間相比，或在一個會計年度外年與年之間相比。這些比較是同一種方法的兩種不同的實現(xiàn)形式。</p><p><b>　　絕對美元</b></p><p>　　其中一個展示水平比較財務(wù)報表分析方法的當(dāng)然屬在一段時間內(nèi)某些項目的絕對

3、美元數(shù)額。例如，這個方法會比較多的涉及到幾個會計期間內(nèi)營運開支的實際金額。這種方法是有價值的，當(dāng)試圖確定是否是保守的公司或在某些項目的開支過高。這種方法還有助于確定對公司的影響，如增加天然氣價格或降低材料成本。</p><p><b>　　百分比</b></p><p>　　另一個展示水平財務(wù)報表分析方法可以比較一段時間在某些項目的百分比差異。這項改變金額轉(zhuǎn)換為百分比

4、變化。例如，在經(jīng)營期間的費用從一個周期的1000美元至兩個周期的1,050美元的變化將被報告為5％的增長。這種方對比較小公司到大公司特別有用。</p><p><b>　　縱向分析</b></p><p>　　縱向分析對財務(wù)報表中的具體數(shù)字進行單獨的分析比較。比較報告為百分比。這種方法比較幾個項目中，在同一會計期間的一個特定項目。用戶經(jīng)常通過比較后的幾個時期的分析來展

5、開縱向分析。這可以揭示趨勢，可能對決策有幫助。一個對損益表和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的縱向分析說明如下。</p><p><b>　　損益表</b></p><p>　　展示損益表的縱向分析可以比較損益表中每個涉及到銷售收入的項目。然后涉及到的每個項目，被報告為占銷售額的百分比。例如，如果銷售等于10,000美元以及營運開支相當(dāng)于1000美元，然后將作為營業(yè)費用10％的銷售額報告。

6、 </p><p><b>　　資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表</b></p><p>　　展示資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的垂直分析可以比較涉及資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中每個項目的總資產(chǎn)。每個項目，然后報以總資產(chǎn)的百分比。例如，如果現(xiàn)金等于5000美元，總資產(chǎn)等于25,000美元，那么將被視為現(xiàn)金總額的20％的資產(chǎn)報告。</p><p>　　Financial Statement Analys

7、is Methods：Horizontal Vs. Vertical Analysis</p><p>　　Financial statement information is used by both external and internal users, including investors, creditors, managers, and executives. These users must an

8、alyze the information in order to make business decisions, so understanding financial statements is of great importance. Several methods of performing financial statement analysis exist. This article discusses two of the

9、se methods: horizontal analysis and vertical analysis.</p><p>　　Horizontal Analysis</p><p>　　Methods of financial statement analysis generally involve comparing certain information. The horizont

10、al analysis compares specific items over a number of accounting periods. For example, accounts payable may be compared over a period of months within a fiscal year, or revenue may be compared over a period of several yea

11、rs. These comparisons are performed in one of two different ways.</p><p>　　Absolute Dollars</p><p>　　One method of performing a horizontal financial statement analysis compares the absolute doll

12、ar amounts of certain items over a period of time. For example, this method would compare the actual dollar amount of operating expenses over a period of several accounting periods. This method is valuable when trying to

13、 determine whether a company is conservative or excessive in spending on certain items. This method also aids in determining the effects of outside influences on the company, such as incr</p><p>　　Percentage

14、</p><p>　　The other method of performing horizontal financial statement analysis compares the percentage difference in certain items over a period of time. The dollar amount of the change is converted to a p

15、ercentage change. For example, a change in operating expenses from $1,000 in period one to $1,050 in period two would be reported as a 5% increase. This method is particularly useful when comparing small companies to lar

16、ge companies.</p><p>　　Vertical Analysis</p><p>　　The vertical analysis compares each separate figure to one specific figure in the financial statement. The comparison is reported as a percentag

17、e. This method compares several items to one certain item in the same accounting period. Users often expand upon vertical analysis by comparing the analyses of several periods to one another. This can reveal trends that

18、may be helpful in decision making. An explanation of Vertical analysis of the income statement and vertical analysis of the balance shee</p><p>　　Income Statement</p><p>　　Performing vertical an

19、alysis of the income statement involves comparing each income statement item to sales. Each item is then reported as a percentage of sales. For example, if sales equals $10,000 and operating expenses equals $1,000, then

20、operating expenses would be reported as 10% of sales.</p><p>　　Balance Sheet</p><p>　　Performing vertical analysis of the balance sheet involves comparing each balance sheet item to total assets

21、. Each item is then reported as a percentage of total assets. For example, if cash equals $5,000 and total assets equals $25,000, then cash would be reported as 20% of total assets.</p><p><b>　　財務(wù)報表分析的

22、類型</b></p><p>　　財務(wù)報表分析的類型有很多，會計師們通常會根據(jù)他們自己的需要和方便程度去選擇這些財務(wù)報表分析的類型。下面介紹一些財務(wù)報表分析的類型：</p><p>　　內(nèi)部分析：內(nèi)部財務(wù)報表分析通常指被那些可以接觸到公司所有內(nèi)部財務(wù)信息的公司內(nèi)部人員所做的分析。例如：由高層管理人員，財務(wù)經(jīng)理，員工所做的分析等可以被稱為內(nèi)部財務(wù)報表分析。</p>

23、<p>　　外部分析：外部分析通常指被公司外部的商行所做的分析。這些當(dāng)事方獲得有限的財務(wù)資料通常這些資料已被公司對外公布或是向分析師透露過的。</p><p>　　水平分析：在水平分析財務(wù)報表這種情況下財務(wù)報表是被水平的進行分析的。水平分析，例如比較報表分析和趨勢報表分析。在水平分析比較同一項目的情況中，通常將這一年和前一年進行比較。在這種情況下，一年多的公司的財務(wù)報表是必不可少的。</p>

24、<p>　　縱向分析：在縱向分析的情況下，往往只需一年的財務(wù)報表即可。在這種情況下財務(wù)報表是被縱向的進行分析的。一個特定的項目，在利潤表和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中的可用資金總額/凈銷售額，可以同其他的所有項目進行比較。</p><p>　　動態(tài)分析：在動態(tài)分析的情況下超過一年的財務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)是必不可少的。動態(tài)分析，例如為一年以上的比率計算，比較報表分析，趨勢分析等，這種分析具有更廣泛的范圍，因為它有利于在一段時間內(nèi)比

25、較，即年與年之間的比較。</p><p>　　靜態(tài)分析：在靜態(tài)分析的情況下，只有一年的財務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)可以被利用。它的范圍有限，因為它不要進行一年一年的比較。靜態(tài)分析，例如只需計算一年的比率，常見的共同比分析等。</p><p>　　長期分析：在這種情況下，往往根據(jù)長期償債能力的穩(wěn)定和盈利能力的位置來判斷。它是為長期資金提供幫助的。它通常根據(jù)超過一個周期的時間來判斷公司的地位，而不僅僅只是根據(jù)一年

26、或比一年更少的時間來判斷。</p><p>　　短期分析：它是為短期資金提供幫助的。短期資金的流動負(fù)債。主要是貿(mào)易債權(quán)人和銀行以提供銀行透支及短期貸款而使用短期分析。這主要是與該公司營運資金管理有關(guān)的分析。</p><p>　　企業(yè)內(nèi)部分析：企業(yè)內(nèi)部分析被使用于比較超過一個周期的同業(yè)公司財務(wù)業(yè)績表現(xiàn)。過去幾年的業(yè)績表現(xiàn)被用來與本年度的業(yè)績表現(xiàn)進行比較，這比較用來說明商行正在往哪個方向在移動

27、。對于企業(yè)內(nèi)部分析技術(shù)如比率分析，常見的共同比分析，比較分析和趨勢分析技術(shù)都可以被使用。</p><p>　　企業(yè)間分析：企業(yè)間分析被使用于同一時期同一行業(yè)的兩家公司的財務(wù)指標(biāo)。它有助于幫助了解哪家公司有一個相對較好的業(yè)績表現(xiàn)。對于企業(yè)間分析技術(shù)如比率分析，常見的共同比分析，比較分析都可以被使用。</p><p>　　這些財務(wù)報表分析類型被很多公司所采用，用來知道他們在市場上的立場，同時也

28、幫助他們知道他們的競爭對手的立場在哪里。財務(wù)報表分析是非常重要的，因為它提供有關(guān)本公司的財務(wù)信息。</p><p>　　Types of Financial Statement Analysis</p><p>　　There are many types of financial statement analysis and accountants use these types of

29、financial statement analysis as per their requirement and comfort. To name some of the types of financial statement analysis are as  follows:</p><p>　　Internal Analysis: an internal financial statement

30、analysis is done by insiders of the firm who have access to all the financial information. E.g. Analysis done by the top management, finance manager, employees, etc. can be termed as internal financial statement analysis

31、.</p><p>　　External Analysis: External analysis is an analysis done by outsiders to the business firm. Such parties have access to limited financial information which are published or revealed to the analyst

32、s by the firm.</p><p>　　Horizontal Analysis: In case of horizontal analysis the financial statements are analyzed horizontally. Examples of horizontal analysis are comparative statement analysis and trend st

33、atement analysis. In the case of a horizontal analysis the same item is compared of one year with the preceding year. In this case more than one year's companies financial statements are essential.</p><p&g

34、t;　　Vertical Analysis: In case of vertical analysis only one year's financial statement is required. The analysis is done vertically in this case. A particular item, i.e. net sales in income statement and in Balance

35、sheet total capital available/employed, is compared with all other items.</p><p>　　Dynamic Analysis: In case of dynamic analysis more than one year's financial data is essential. Examples of dynamic anal

36、ysis are ratios calculated for more than one year, comparative statement analysis, trend analysis, etc. such an analysis has broader scope since it facilitates comparison over a period of time i.e. year-to-year compariso

37、n.</p><p>　　Static Analysis: in case of static analysis only one year's financial data can be utilized. It has limited scope since year-to-year comparison cannot be done. Examples of static analysis are

38、ratios calculated of only one year, common size analysis, etc.</p><p>　　Long Term Analysis: In this case the long tem solvency, stability and profitability positions are judged. It is helpful for long term p

39、roviders of funds. It judges the company's position over a period of time and not just for one year or less than that.</p><p>　　Short Term Analysis: it is helpful for short term providers of funds. Short

40、 term funds are current liabilities. Mainly trade creditors and banks in order to provide Bank overdraft and short term loans use short term analysis. It is mainly concerned with analysis of the firm working capital mana

41、gement.</p><p>　　Intra Firm Analysis: Intra firm analysis is used for comparing the financial performance of the same business firm over a period of time. Past years performance is compared with the current

42、year's performance which indicates that in which direction the business firm is moving. For intra firm analysis techniques like ratio analysis, common size analysis, comparative analysis and trend analysis are used.&

43、lt;/p><p>　　Inter Firm Analysis: Inter-Firm analysis is used to compare the financial figures of two firms from the same industry for the same period. It helps to know which firm is having a comparatively bette

44、r performance. Techniques like ratio analysis, common size analysis, and comparative analysis are used for inter-firm analysis.</p><p>　　These are types of financial statement analysis that are used by compa

45、nies to know where they stand in the market and it also helps them to know where their competitors stand. Financial Statement analysis is very important as it give information about financial satiability of the company.&