裸眼3d技術-論文外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　New Glasses-Free 3-D Approach Could Work on Thin, Flexible Displays</p><p>　　3D television was heralded as the breakthrough technology of the 2010 Consu

2、mer Electronics Show. Hot on the heels of James Cameron’s eye-opening Avatar, 3D HDTVs were everywhere on the show floor.</p><p>　　One year later, at CES 2011, 3D was back again — this time iterating. We saw

3、 bigger 3D HDTVs, 3D displays that didn’t require special glasses, and camcorders that captured 3D content.</p><p>　　But where is 3D now? It’s certainly not showing up big on our CES 2012 radar, and now look

4、s like over-hyped technology in hindsight — especially to those of us who always thought 3D’s natural home was in the movie theater, not the living room.</p><p>　　Indeed, a variety of obstacles — high prices

5、, a lack of 3D content, and uncomfortable viewing experiences — have kept 3D TV adoption in the single digits nationwide. Manufacturers and content providers are working to address these issues, but one has to wonder if

6、3D was nothing but a flash in the CES pan — a technology story rather than anything consumers actually wanted.</p><p>　　In 2010, consumers purchased a paltry 1.1 million 3D TV units, and although sales have

7、grown in the two years since, the widespread 3D fervor that TV manufacturers were anticipating never took root.</p><p>　　According to a January Display Search report, just more than 23 million 3D TVs were sh

8、ipped in 2011 worldwide, with only 3.6 million shipped in the U.S.</p><p>　　Display Search analyst Paul Gagnon says that U.S. household penetration for 3D TVs is at about 3 percent. “To be fair, 3D TVs have

9、only been available for sale in a significant way for about 18 months, so that’s why the penetration is so low,” Gagnon says. “That said, it’s still lower than what many in the industry had hoped for.”</p><p&g

10、t;　　Markets like China and western Europe are seeing far more enthusiasm for 3D TV than in North America, but worldwide adoption is still likely less than 2 percent.</p><p>　　So what’s to blame?</p>&

11、lt;p>　　The content, for one.</p><p>　　“We have disappointed our audience multiple times now, and because of that I think there is genuine distrust — whereas a year and a half ago, there was genuine excite

12、ment, enthusiasm and reward for the first group of 3D films that actually delivered a quality experience,” Dreamworks animation chief Jeffrey Katzenberg said in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter.</p><p&

13、gt;　　After Avatar, a string of unsuccessful, rushed-to-market 3D flicks — we’re looking at you, Clash of the Titans — zoomed to theaters hoping to cash in on the craze. Moviegoers were left with a bad taste in their mout

14、hs (and oftentimes headaches, too, as 3D viewing can cause eyestrain). Since then, better-quality 3D films like Tron: Legacy, and, more recently, Tin Tin and Hugo, have tried to improve 3D’s image. Meanwhile, small-scree

15、n content providers have branched out to provide live and on-dema</p><p>　　Currently, there are 55 3D channels worldwide, including ESPN 3-D. Another 35 channels offer 3D content on-demand.</p><p&

16、gt;　　If content and a disillusioned audience are the biggest problem, that’s bad news for manufacturers: They have zero control over the content side of the equation.</p><p>　　To this end, 3D TV manufacturer

17、s are doing whatever they can to make the 3D viewing experience as pleasing and trouble-free as possible. This includes doing away with uncomfortable, unattractive 3D glasses, which have also been cited in studies as bar

18、riers to consumer adoption. LG, for one, has announced it’s making 3D glasses that arelighter and more stylish.</p><p>　　But even handsome 3D specs can’t mitigate the headaches and fatigue suffered by some v

19、iewers of 3D content, or the high prices of 3D TVs.</p><p>　　So, yes, 3D TVs are expensive. And they can cause headaches. And they aren’t supported by a lot of quality content. All of which begs the question

20、: Who’s buying these things at all?</p><p>　　The existing sales, however paltry, can be attributed to consumer desire to purchase high-end TVs. Consumers don’t really want 3D specifically, but if they want t

21、hat priciest, top-of-the-line unit, they’ll receive 3D capability whether they like it or not. “Sometimes consumers are even unaware [that they're getting a 3D set] at the time of purchase,” Futuresource Consulting’s

22、 Fiona Hoy said.</p><p>　　Whatever the reason for purchase, the most recent studies indicate consumers are slowly warming up to 3D. An October report from the Digital Entertainment Group found that the major

23、ity of 3D TV owners say the experience is positive: 88 percent of those surveyed rated 3D picture quality positively, and 85 percent of those 3D TV owners prefer to watch more than half of their programming in 3D.</p&

24、gt;<p>　　As prices come down, more content becomes available, and 3D glasses improve (or are replaced by glasses-free technology), 3D TV adoption will only increase. Whether we reach the near 50 percent adoption r

25、ates that have been projected for 2014 and 2015 is yet to be seen. But whether you like it or not, 3D does not appear to be in its death throes just yet.</p><p>　　Yes, we’ll see new 3D displays and accessori

26、es at CES next week, but you can rest assured the manufacturers’ over-reaching hype campaigns are over.</p><p>　　Three-dimensional television and the like got a major marketing push nearly two years ago from

27、 the consumer electronics and entertainment industries, yet the technology still has major limitations. Whereas glasses-free 3-D on television screens and computer monitors is seen as crucial to generating widespread int

28、erest in new consumer electronics, for the most part, viewers still need to wear glasses to experience stereoscopic 3-D images, although glasses-free TVs are starting to hit in Japan.</p><p>　　The use of 3-D

29、 sans specs has been much more successful in smaller screens such as smartphones and portable gaming devices. But these LCDs must be backlit to work properly—which can be a big battery drain and limits how small the gadg

30、ets can be made.</p><p>　　Now a team of researchers in South Korea is developing an approach to autostereoscopic 3-D using tiny prisms that would enable viewers to see three-dimensional images without glasse

31、s on organic light-emitting-diode (OLED) screens. Because OLEDs do not need to be backlit—they get their lighting from organic compounds that emit light in response to electric current—they can be thinner, lighter and mo

32、re flexible than LCDs. The innovation is detailed in a paper published in the August 30 issue of Na</p><p>　　The researchers—from Seoul National University, Act Company and Minuta Technology—used an array of

33、 microscale prisms placed on a screen to create a filter that guides light directionally. Using such a prism array—which the researchers refer to as a lucius prism after the Latin word meaning "shining and bright&qu

34、ot;—they were able to display an object on the screen that could be seen only when viewed from a particular angle. They were also able to manipulate light intensity such that two distinctly di</p><p>　　The l

35、ucius prism array described in the paper is a four-centimeter square, yet the researchers estimate the size could be enlarged to that of a smartphone screen or even a video monitor. The prism array was made from photocur

36、able polyurethane acrylate (PUA), although any kind of transparent polymer could be used, says Hyunsik Yoon, a professor at Seoul National University's School of Chemical and Biological Engineering in South Korea and

37、 a researcher on the project.</p><p>　　Another approach to glasses-free 3-D has been to generate 3-D holograms. Researchers at the University of Arizona's College of Optical Sciences (OSC) in Tucson, Ari

38、z., last year reported developing technology that can write and rewrite such holograms onto a photorefractive polymer every two seconds using a laser. Whereas fluid motion via such holographic images remains elusive, OSC

39、's pulsed laser can write information into an array of holographic pixels, or hogels, that convey three-dimensional </p><p>　　Yoon notes the distinction between his work and that of OSC: "The work d

40、one by Peyghambarian is about the hologram-type autostereoscopic 3-D display. Although it could be the ultimate goal of 3-D displays, our optical film can be used and is applicable for commercialized LCD and OLED devices

41、 by just putting the film on the display panel." The 3-D display's resolution can be improved by shadow mask technology already developed in the OLED industry to deposit materials on selective areas, Yoon add<

42、;/p><p>　　In addition to research done by Yoon and OSC, 3M's Optical Systems Division announced in 2009 that it had developed a 3-D optical film for handheld devices that enabled autostereoscopic 3-D viewin

43、g on mobile phone, gaming and other handheld devices without the need for glasses. Seoul National University's work differs from 3M's in that the 3M film cannot be used for OLED devices, which have no backlight u

44、nit, Yoon says.</p><p>　　Smartphone makers are already bringing 3-D handsets to market worldwide. The HTC EVO 3D and LG Optimus 3D feature 11-centimeter displays that use parallax barrier screens to provide

45、a 3-D effect. Such a screen is made with precision slits that allow each eye to see a different set of pixels. When placed in front of an LCD, the screen creates a sense of depth using the parallax effect (each eye views

46、 an object from a slightly different angle). Unfortunately, this approach requires the viewer to l</p><p>　　Microsoft is developing glasses-free 3D technology that follows viewers’ movements and projects ima

47、ges directly into their eyes.</p><p>　　Existing 3D screens that do not require glasses, including Nintendo’s recently launched 3DS handheld console, can only be viewed from specific angles.</p><p&

48、gt;　　But the new technology from Microsoft’s Applied Sciences Group in California uses cameras to track viewers’ positions and alter the angle of projection. Sending different images to viewers’ right and left eyes creat

49、es the 3D effect.</p><p>　　‘The technology is scalable and applicable to all device sizes from mobile phones to laptops to large walls,’ Stevie Bathiche, the group’s research director, told The Engineer. ‘Th

50、e approach stays low cost even on very big screens.’</p><p>　　The system uses a wedge-shaped lens to steer light from movable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to the viewers’ eyes. Light enters at the thinner, b

51、ottom end of the lens and bounces around until reaching the desired angle and emerging from the front of the lens.</p><p>　　A camera at the bottom of the lens tracks the viewers by collecting light coming th

52、e other way through the lens and the angle of the LEDs changes to correspond to the viewers’ movements.</p><p>　　The system can support two viewers watching 3D images or four viewers watching ordinary video.

53、 As the lens is so thin (between 6mm and 11mm), it could be used to replace the backlight of an LCD TV.</p><p>　　‘We have demonstrated various applications of the technology in the laboratory but have not bu

54、ilt a full product prototype,’ said Bathiche. ‘Simpler applications of the technology could reach the market sooner, but applications offering altogether new levels of functionality will take longer.’</p><p>

55、;　　High-volume production and image quality are the biggest challenges facing the team, he added. ‘The optical components in cameras and DVD players are tiny, while our optics have to be the size of the screen yet cost m

56、uch less than the optics in a screen-sized telescope.</p><p>　　‘It’s not as big a step as it may sound because off-the-shelf transparent plastic sheet already has surprisingly high quality, but getting the s

57、hape just right without losing the transparency is more challenging than the moulding of conventional opaque plastics.’</p><p>　　譯文：新式裸眼3D技術可應用于OLED屏幕</p><p>　　3D電視，曾作為科技上的重大突破技術出現(xiàn)在2010年國際消費電子展（

58、CES）上。當年詹姆斯·卡梅隆的《阿凡達》令人大開眼界，掀起3D熱潮，展廳里處處都能見到3D高清電視。</p><p>　　一年以后的2011CES展上，人們再次領略到最新的3D技術。比如更大尺寸的3D高清電視、無需佩戴特制眼鏡的3D顯示，以及可以拍攝3D影像的便攜式攝像機。</p><p>　　可是3D電視到底在哪呢？至少在CES 2012上，并沒太多亮點。人們似乎開始察覺到，

59、3D技術也許被過分追捧。有些人認為，3D技術源生適合于影院而非客廳，更加不看好3D電視技術。</p><p>　　事實上，諸多因素使得3D電視難以叫座：價格昂貴、內容缺乏、體驗較差等等。雖然廠商和電視制作人正努力解決這些問題，但人們不得不懷疑，3D電視是否是用戶真正的需要，抑或只是科技史上的傳說、CES展廳的曇花一現(xiàn)呢？</p><p>　　2010年，消費者購買僅了110萬3D電視設備，

60、雖然近兩年這個數(shù)目有所增長，但TV開發(fā)商們已然后悔涉水3D電視市場。</p><p>　　根據(jù)全球平面顯示調研機構Display Search一月份的報告，全球總共發(fā)貨2300萬3D電視設備，但只有360萬是發(fā)往美國。</p><p>　　相對于北美市場，中國和西部歐洲對于3D電視更有熱情，但是世界總體采用率，仍然不到2%。Display Search分析師保羅·蓋格農聲稱，美國

61、家庭用戶3D電視市場滲透率大約有3%。“迄今為止，3D電視僅僅正式銷售了18個月而已，所以滲透率還不高，”蓋格農說，“也就是說，仍比業(yè)界期望要低?！?lt;/p><p>　　那么，到底應該怨誰呢？</p><p><b>　　電視內容難辭其咎。</b></p><p>　　如果電視內容和觀眾灰心是最大的問題，那么制造商一定會很頭疼：他們沒法控制電視

62、內容?！拔覀円呀涀層^眾失望很多次了，我覺得他們真的是心灰意冷。反觀一兩年前，3D電影有著絕佳的體驗，那真是觀眾激動、市場狂熱、收獲頗豐，” 杰弗雷·卡森伯格，夢工廠首席動畫設計師接受好萊塢報道采訪時這樣說道。</p><p>　　阿凡達之后，一系列倉促上映、不太成功的3D小制作——就是說你，《諸神之戰(zhàn)》—— 企圖能從影院狂賺一筆，觀影愛好者卻敗興而出（還常伴有頭暈癥狀，3D視角容易導致視覺疲勞）。此后，

63、一些3D電影質量有所提高，試圖改善人們對3D的印象，例如《創(chuàng)：戰(zhàn)紀》和最近的《丁丁歷險記》、《雨果》。與此同時，小屏幕3D電視內容開始出現(xiàn)，提供3D實時和點播視頻服務。</p><p>　　目前，全世界有55個3D電視頻道，包括ESPN-3D。還有35個頻道提供3D節(jié)目點播。</p><p>　　為此，3D電視廠商極盡所能使得3D觀賞體驗能夠輕松愉悅。研究包括如何使3D眼鏡使用更舒適、外形

64、更具吸引力，這些都是阻礙消費者接受的因素。例如LG公司就宣稱，他們的3D眼鏡更輕更有型。</p><p>　　但有型的3D眼鏡仍不能緩解部分人群觀賞3D視頻時的頭疼和眼疲勞癥狀。3D電視高昂的價格也是一種阻礙。</p><p>　　你看，3D電視價格昂貴、能引發(fā)頭疼、還缺乏足夠的內容支持。那么不得不問一聲：到底是誰在購買這些東西呢？</p><p>　　目前的銷售情

65、況，很難歸因于消費者購買高端電視的消費意圖。消費者并不是真正需要3D特性，只是說在選擇高價位、高端產品線時，可以接受附帶的3D功能。“有時候用戶都沒有意識到（自己購買的是一臺3D電視）?！?英國未來咨詢記者費歐娜·霍伊說。</p><p>　　無論購買意圖如何，最近的調查都表明消費者并不太熱衷購買3D設備。十月份的數(shù)字娛樂集團報告發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)購買3D電視的用戶都表示，價格昂貴不是壞事：88%的被調查用戶

66、認為3D影像質量不錯，85%用戶表示希望以3D形式觀賞大部分電視節(jié)目。</p><p>　　隨著價格的下降，3D電視節(jié)目的增多、3D眼睛性能提升（或者被無需眼鏡技術取代），3D電視會越來越普及。預計到2014和2015年，3D電視的普及率將達50%，至于能否實現(xiàn)，讓我們拭目以待。無論你是否看好，3D顯示技術還沒到彌留的時候。</p><p>　　下周的CES展上，我們仍將領略最新的3D顯示

67、器和各種周邊設備，不過你大可放心，3D制造商們胡吹亂嗙的炒作活動是不會再有了。 </p><p>　　近兩年來，主要在消費類電子產品和娛樂產業(yè)市場的推動下，三維電視及相關產品獲得了長足發(fā)展，但其技術仍然有很大的局限性。盡管3D電視屏幕和電腦顯示器等新興消費類電子產品能否做到無需佩戴專門眼鏡對能否引起人們普遍興趣至關重要，盡管裸眼3D電視已經在日本落戶，然而對大部分觀眾來說，他們仍然需要佩戴眼鏡才能體驗到

68、3D立體圖像。</p><p>　　無需佩戴眼鏡的裸眼3D技術已經成功應用在了如智能手機和便攜式游戲設備的小屏幕上。但是，這些液晶顯示器必須要背光照明才能正常工作，這就帶來了更大的電池消耗，以及限制了它們體積的進一步小型化。</p><p>　　韓國的研究人員如今正在開發(fā)一種自動立體3D顯示技術，利用微型棱鏡，使觀眾能在有機發(fā)光二極管（OLED）屏幕上欣賞到三維圖像。由于有機發(fā)光二極管本身

69、能通過電流使有機化合物發(fā)光，不需要背光照明，因此可以做得比液晶顯示器更輕、更薄，更有柔韌性。（《科學美國人》是自然出版集團的一部分。）</p><p>　　首爾國立大學、Act Company 和 Minuta Technology的研究人員利用安置在屏幕上的一個微型棱鏡陣列，作為過濾器來定向引導光線。利用這種棱鏡陣列（研究人員把它稱之為“盧修斯”棱鏡，在拉丁語中意思是“閃耀和明亮”），就能夠在屏幕上顯示一個只有

70、從特定角度才能看得到的物體。他們還能夠控制光的強度，這樣兩個明顯不同的圖像能夠在同一屏幕上顯示出來，一個顯示在觀眾的左眼，另一個顯示在右眼。左右眼同時看見這兩個圖像時，就會產生一種大腦認為的立體層次感，而無需佩戴專門眼鏡。（點擊這里查看美國紐約大學計算機科學教授肯·培林制作的自動立體顯示原理交互式圖形說明。）</p><p>　　文件中所描述的“盧修斯”棱鏡陣列是一個4厘米的正方形，但研究人員估計它可擴

71、大到智能手機屏幕甚至視頻監(jiān)視器那么大。這種棱鏡陣列由固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯（PUA）制成，當然任何一種透明聚合物都可用于制作這種棱鏡陣列，韓國首爾國立大學化學與生物工程學院教授兼該項目研究員Hyunsik Yoon說道。</p><p>　　另一種不用佩戴眼鏡產生3D效果的途徑是利用生成的3D全息圖像。去年曾有報道稱在亞利桑那州圖森的亞利桑那大學光學科學學院（OSC）的研究人員正在研發(fā)一種新技術，利用一束激光把上述的

72、全息圖像每隔兩秒寫入和復寫到一種光致折變聚合物上。光學科學學院利用脈沖激光把信息寫入到一組全息像素里，觀眾對全息圖像的觀察角度不同，物體所呈現(xiàn)出的各個側面也就不同，這樣就能表現(xiàn)出物體的三維立體層次感，但這種全息圖像還無法表現(xiàn)流體運動。按照光學科學學院光子學和激光系主任Nasser Peyghambarian的說法，這種技術可用于提供全視差圖像，觀眾不僅可以從一側移動到另一側，還能上下移動不同的觀察角度。</p><p

73、>　　Yoon這樣評價他的研究成果與和OSC之間的區(qū)別：“Peyghambarian研制的是一種全息圖像型的自動立體3D顯示器。盡管那可能是3D顯示器的終極目標，但我們的光學薄膜能運用而且適合運用在商業(yè)化的LCD和OLED設備上，僅僅只需在顯示面板上裝上薄膜。Yoon補充說道，可以通過OLED產業(yè)成熟的蔭罩技術，在特定區(qū)域用沉積法鍍上一層特殊材料，來提高3D顯示器的分辨率。然而，蔭罩蒸鍍讓人詬病的一點是它不能很好的擴展到大尺寸屏幕

74、，不利于大批量生產，不過這對于Yoon和他的同事來說問題不大。</p><p>　　除了Yoon和OSC完成的研究成果之外，3M公司的光學系統(tǒng)部在2009年宣布它開發(fā)了一種用于手持設備的3D光學薄膜，無需眼鏡就可以在手機、游戲和其他手持設備上實現(xiàn)自動3D立體視覺效果。Yoon稱與首爾國立大學的研究成果不同的是，3M的薄膜不能用于OLE設備，因為它沒有背光單元。</p><p>　　智能手機

75、廠商已經在全球市場上推出了3D手機。宏達的EVO 3D和LG的Optimus 3D 11厘米顯示器的特點是利用視差格柵屏幕來實現(xiàn)3D效果。這種屏幕由許多精密的夾縫構成，能讓每只眼睛都能看到不同的像素組合。如果在液晶顯示器前面安置這種屏幕，由于視差效果（每只眼睛從稍微不同的角度看物體）的緣故，就會產生一種立體層次感。不幸的是，這種方法需要觀看者從某個特定的角度去看屏幕，才能體驗到3D效果。</p><p>　　微軟

76、正在開發(fā)一項裸眼3D技術，該技術能追蹤不斷移動的觀眾，將影像直接映入他們眼里。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)有的裸眼3D技術，如Nitendo最近發(fā)布的一款3DS手持設備，所放映出來的影像要求觀眾必須從特定角度觀看。</p><p>　　位于加利福尼亞州的微軟應用科學小組開發(fā)的新技術能利用攝像頭定位觀眾的位置并即時調整影像的投射角度，向觀眾的雙眼投射不同的影像以制造出3D效果。</p>

77、;<p>　　“這項技術可廣泛應用于手機，筆記本電腦和壁掛型顯示器各類大小設備，”該小組研究主任Stevie Bathiche告訴The Engineer說，“即使應用在大尺寸屏幕上，成本也很低。”</p><p>　　該技術的原理是，可移動的發(fā)光二極管（LED）發(fā)出光線，穿過楔形透鏡到達觀眾眼中。光線在確定合適角度以后，經透鏡底部較薄處折射后從透鏡前端發(fā)出。</p><p>

78、;　　透鏡底部的攝像頭通過收集反射回來的光線定位觀眾的位置，同時發(fā)光二極管的角度根據(jù)觀眾的移動發(fā)生改變。</p><p>　　研制成的設備可使兩名觀眾同時觀看3D影像，或使四名觀眾同時觀看普通視頻影像。因透鏡十分薄（6到11毫米），它可取代LCD電視機的背光。</p><p>　　“我們已經在實驗室演示了各種應用方法，但目前還未制造出完整的原型機，”Bathiche說，“這項技術的基本應用

79、能較快面世，但其綜合應用仍需要時間?！?lt;/p><p>　　他還說，實現(xiàn)大量生產、保證影像質量是他們面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)?！皵z像機和DVD播放機中的光學組件是很小的，但我們的光學設備不僅尺寸要達到顯示器屏幕的大小，成本也還要比屏幕大小的望遠鏡低廉許多才行。</p><p>　　“也許聽起來不是那么大一回事，因為如今透明塑料板的質量已經相當好，但塑形要比傳統(tǒng)不透明的塑料板難度更大，因為要防止它們在