重金屬外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Proposal of a simple screening method for a rapid</p><p>　　preliminary evaluation of “heavy metals”</p><p>　　mobility in soils of contaminated sites</p><p>　　Valentina Pi

2、nto & Francesca Chiusolo & Carlo Cremisini</p><p>　　Received: 23 June 2009 / Accepted: 22 February 2010</p><p>　　# Springer-Verlag 2010</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b>&

3、lt;/p><p>　　Purpose Risks associated to “heavy metals” (HM) soi contamination depend not only on their total </p><p>　　content but, mostly, on their mobility. Many extraction procedures have been d

4、eveloped to evaluate HM mobility in contaminated soils, but they are generally time consuming (especially the sequential extraction procedures (SEPs)) and consequently applicable on a limited number of samples. For this

5、reason, a simple screening method, applicable even “in field”, has been proposed in order to obtain a rapid evaluation of HM mobility in polluted soils, mainly focused on the fraction associated to Fe a</p><p&

6、gt;　　對(duì)土壤中的重金屬的污染的遷移性的初步快速的簡單的篩選測(cè)定方法的建議</p><p><b>　?。ㄕ?</b></p><p>　?。▽?duì)“重金屬”在土壤中的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聯(lián)系不只局限于他們的總重量，通常來說，和他的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān)。在污染的土壤中很多萃取方法被又來評(píng)價(jià)重金屬的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化，但他們隨著時(shí)間的而變特別是連續(xù)抽樣，因此適用于有限數(shù)量的樣本。由于這個(gè)原因，已提

7、出建議，以獲得一個(gè)快速的適用工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)"，甚至一個(gè)簡單的篩選方法來重金屬在土壤中的污染遷移轉(zhuǎn)化，主要側(cè)重于相關(guān)聯(lián)的鐵和錳的氫氧化物的分?jǐn)?shù)。）</p><p>　　Materials and methods A buffer solution of trisodium citrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride was used as extractant for a s

8、ingle-step leaching test. The choice of this buffered solution was strictly related to the possibility of directly determining, via titration with dithizone (DZ), the content of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, which are among the mos

9、trepresentative contaminants in highly mineralised soils. Moreover, the extraction solution is similar, aside from for the pH value, which is the one used in</p><p>　　我們是用的材料和方法 A 緩沖溶液的鈉枸櫞酸和羥胺鹽酸作為萃取劑一步浸出試驗(yàn)。此

10、緩沖的解決方案的選擇是密切相關(guān)的直接測(cè)定可能性，滴定法雙硫腙（ DZ），鋅、 銅、 鉛鎘的內(nèi)容通過，當(dāng)中污染的不準(zhǔn)確性是污染物中土壤中很高的礦化原因。此外，在 BCR 體感誘發(fā)電位的第二步中，使用類似提取解決方案時(shí)要出去PH值，從而進(jìn)一步簡化和加速整個(gè)過程被利用二價(jià)離子通過DZ滴定分析</p><p>　　Results and discussion The proposed screening method h

11、as been developed and applied on soil samples collected from rural, urban and mining areas, representing different situation of soil contamination. Results were compared with data obtained from the BCR procedure . Conclu

12、sions The screening method demonstrated to be a reliable tool for a rapid evaluation of metals mobility. Therefore, it could be very useful, even “in field”, both to guide the sampling activity on site and to monitor the

13、 effic</p><p>　　對(duì)于收集來自農(nóng)村、 城市和采礦地區(qū)代表土壤污染的不同情況的土壤樣品結(jié)果及建議的篩選方法探討已開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。然后結(jié)果是與從 BCR 過程中獲得的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)論證明：篩選方法是一個(gè)可靠評(píng)價(jià)金屬轉(zhuǎn)移快慢的工具。因此，在工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)它可能是非常有用"，甚至兩個(gè)站點(diǎn)上指導(dǎo)采樣活動(dòng)和留意后續(xù)修復(fù)操作的效果。</p><p>　　Keywords Dithizo

14、ne . Extraction procedures . In-field test . </p><p>　　雙硫腙關(guān)鍵字。 抽取過程。 在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)</p><p>　　Metals mobility . Screening method </p><p>　　金屬流動(dòng)性。 篩選方法</p><p>　　1 Introduction<

15、/p><p>　　The environmental impact of soil contamination by toxicologically relevant metals depends not only on the total concentration but mostly on the form in which metals occur, their mobility and, consequen

16、tly, bioavailability (Alloway 2005). Risks become relevant in the following </p><p>　　土壤中對(duì)有毒金屬污染的不僅取決于他的總濃度，通常還和金屬的反應(yīng)，流動(dòng)性，生物作用有關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為有關(guān)，以下所示：</p><p><b>　　cases:</b></p><p&g

17、t;　　& medium/high levels of concentration and high mobility,</p><p><b>　　but also</b></p><p>　　& very high levels of concentration and moderate mobility The knowledge of trac

18、e elements mobility in contaminated soils is becoming an important requisite for any further environmental evaluation: In Europe, many countries have already adopted laws used to regulate land contamination and consideri

19、ng pollutant bioavailability risks (Carlon 2007) and even the Soil Thematic Strategy, concerted by the European Commission in view of a future Soil Framework Directive, underlines the need of “improvem</p><p&g

20、t;　　中等濃度或高濃度對(duì)應(yīng)的流動(dòng)性</p><p>　　而且高濃度對(duì)應(yīng)的流動(dòng)性</p><p>　　研究受污染的土壤中痕量元素遷移的知識(shí)成為了將來評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境的要條件。在歐洲，許多國家已經(jīng)采取將土壤污染和污染物的生物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)納入到國家法律中甚至一些歐洲國家機(jī)構(gòu)考慮到對(duì)于將來STS的觀點(diǎn)；重視改善環(huán)境保持和諧環(huán)境的理念和重塑污染物在土壤中的遷移和土壤中和的后續(xù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為了土壤策略主題。</p

21、><p>　　In the last decades, many single and sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) have been developed and proposed as standard methods for the study of metals mobility (Bacon and Davidson 2008; Cappuyns and S

22、wennen 2008; Rao et al. 2008; Pacifico et al. 2007). The most extensively used SEPs are the one developed by Tessier et al. (1979) and the revised BCR standardised three-step sequential extraction procedure (Rauret et al

23、. 2000), but they are time consuming and, in general, applicable on a limited</p><p>　　在近幾十年間，很多單獨(dú)和連續(xù)提取過程已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為作為研究金屬流動(dòng)性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法。中被Tessier et al發(fā)現(xiàn)的SEPs最廣泛的是和經(jīng)修訂的 BCR 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化三步連續(xù)提取工藝是最為被廣泛利用的。但是他的缺點(diǎn)主要是它受時(shí)間的限制和對(duì)樣品有選擇

24、性。</p><p>　　Therefore, considering that contaminated sites to be studied are often quite wide and heterogeneous with the consequential need of a large number of samples to be analysed, there is urgency of ra

25、pid and simple screening tools for a reliable identification of the most significant sampling points, in terms of metal mobility, that can be successively characterised through standard leaching test or SEPs (Fig. 1) (Br

26、unori et al. 2005; Pacifico et al. 2007). In fact, screening methods have some of the</p><p>　　因此，考慮到待研究污染的場(chǎng)地往往相當(dāng)廣泛和大量連續(xù)的樣品的分析，人們迫切的需要一種快速和簡單的篩選工具來確定重要的取樣點(diǎn)的一個(gè)可靠的指標(biāo)。就金屬流動(dòng)性而言，這可以通過SEPs或試驗(yàn)先后特點(diǎn)浸出。實(shí)際上，有以下特征篩選方法：&

27、lt;/p><p>　　它們的重點(diǎn)往往是定性分析而不是定量：他們通常涉及很少或沒有樣品的處理；它們快速反應(yīng)和快速的反應(yīng)結(jié)果，結(jié)果通常需要確認(rèn)有常規(guī)的替代?；谏鲜龅目紤]建議一種簡單的板塊篩選方法。為了獲得在污染土壤中金屬流動(dòng)性的快速評(píng)價(jià)，所以在這的工作單步執(zhí)行浸出試驗(yàn)，主要側(cè)重于相關(guān)聯(lián)的Fe和Mn氧化物或氫氧化物的分?jǐn)?shù)在土壤中和土壤環(huán)境的PH值及氧化性的多樣和金屬流動(dòng)性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來決定是定性還是定量。</p>

28、<p>　　比其他如被Jozic et al 提出的起初快速檢測(cè)涉及創(chuàng)建安全問題時(shí)用于板塊中分析的試劑現(xiàn)有的字段篩選系統(tǒng)，他提出的方法是不太復(fù)雜和更具體的土壤分?jǐn)?shù)分析。</p><p>　　In the present study, a buffer solution of trisodium citrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride at pH9.3 was

29、used as extractant for a single-step leaching test. The choice of this buffered solution was strictly related to the possibility of directly determining, via titration with dithizone (DZ), the content of Zn, Cu, Pb and C

30、d, which are among the most representative contaminants in highly mineralised soils. Moreover, the extraction solution is similar, aside from the pH value, which is the one u</p><p>　　最近研究，鈉的檸檬酸和羥胺鹽酸的緩沖溶液在ph

31、=9.3時(shí)作為萃取劑用于單步執(zhí)行浸出試驗(yàn)。此緩沖的解決方案的選擇是密切相關(guān)的直接決定它的可能性，通過用雙硫腙來滴定Zn,CuP,b,Cd,其中高礦化重金屬污染的土壤最具有代表。此外，提取解決方案是于pH 值在其中使用 SEP BCR的第二部類似。從而通過通過 DZ 滴定分析二價(jià)離子進(jìn)一步簡化和快速整個(gè)過程。</p><p>　　Diphenylthiocarbazone, or DZ, is an organic

32、 compound widely used, especially in the past, for the colorimetric determination of various heavy metals (Sandell 1959). DZ dissolves in most organic solvents to a greater or less extent and exists in two tautomeric for

33、ms: </p><p>　　二苯基硫卡巴腙或雙硫腙對(duì)各種重金屬含量的比色測(cè)定是一種使用廣泛的一種有機(jī)化合物。DZ 在某種程度上是機(jī)溶劑中的溶解與存在于兩個(gè)異構(gòu)體窗體</p><p>　　When a solution of DZ in an immiscible organic liquid is shaken with an aqueous solution of a reacting

34、 heavy metal, an internal complex dithizonate is formed, which is soluble in the organic solvent and to which it imparts a colour depending upon the metal involved. Many heavy metals can be extracted as dithizonates, but

35、 the extraction efficiency and selectivity depend on the nature of the metal and on the pH of aqueous solution. Considering that DZ is a dibasic acid: </p><p>　　對(duì)DZ 的不相容的液體中解決方案時(shí)，是將金屬與混合充分震蕩，于是就形成了一個(gè)內(nèi)部復(fù)雜的DZ

36、,于是就可溶在溶液中，溶液的顏色一般和金屬有關(guān)。很多金屬可以和DZ產(chǎn)生沉淀而被分離出來，但沉淀的程度取決于金屬本身的性質(zhì)和溶液的PH值。其中DZ是一種二元酸。</p><p>　　H2DZ<=> Ht t HDZ_</p><p>　　HDZ<=> Ht t DZ2_</p><p>　　since the secondary ionisat

37、ion constant of DZ is estimated to be less than 10?15, at pH9, most of the excess of DZ will be present in the aqueous phase (w) as HDZ? and will form, with metal ions, a primary metal dithizonate soluble in the immiscib

38、le organic solvent (o):</p><p>　　由于在ph=9時(shí)第二電離常數(shù)小于10-15是一個(gè)很小的數(shù)，溶液中主要以HDZ一價(jià)存在和金屬反應(yīng)生成沉淀。</p><p>　　M++(W) +2HDZ_—<=>MeHDZT2 e0T</p><p>　　In the past, the colorimetric determinatio

39、n of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb with DZ in chloroform (CHCl3) at pH9.3 was extensively used in our laboratory for in-field preconcentration of metals and preliminary analysis of fresh waters (Brondi et al. 1986). Anyway, the use

40、of toxic CHCl3 has discouraged this procedure, and at the beginning of our work, different experimental conditions have been evaluated in order to obtain a rapid and relatively non-toxic method for heavy metals determina

41、tion through DZ ti</p><p>　　在以前在 pH9.3 CHCl3的三氯甲烷用比色法測(cè)量，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中廣泛用于板塊中富集金屬及淡水的初步分析。無論如何，通過重金屬測(cè)定方法我們不提倡用有毒CHCl3，我們工作的開始，所以在不同試驗(yàn)條件得一快速和相對(duì)不含毒性 的方法是DZ滴定 。</p><p>　　Initially, in order to avoid a sol

42、vent-extraction step and, in particular, the use of toxic CHCl3, many studies have been carried out on DZ dissolution in homogeneous phase: a method using inexpensive anionic micellar systems, such as sodium dodecyl sulp

43、hate, has recently been applied for spectrophotometric determination of trace level mercury (Khan et al. 2005), but our trials revealed that it could not be used for titration with visual appreciation of the colour chang

44、e.。</p><p>　　起初，為了避免萃取溶劑-步驟地，特別是有毒的 CHCl3，我們使用一種廉價(jià)陰離子的膠束系統(tǒng)方法，使用非極性DZ 來滴定分離：，如鈉十二烷基硫酸，最近已經(jīng)應(yīng)用的分光光度法測(cè)定痕量級(jí)別汞汗 （et al.，2005）但我們的試驗(yàn)顯示可見顏色變化的不能用它來進(jìn)行滴定。</p><p>　　For this reason, successively, the DZ di

45、ssolution and behaviour in relatively non-toxic organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, hexane, ciclohexane, toluene and a mixture of toluene/ciclohexane have been investigated. Anyway, only DZ in toluene showed to be a

46、valid alternative of DZ in CHCl3 and, at pH 9.3, it can be used for a selective, sensitive, rapid and simple titrimetric determination of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb: The proposed method generically measures, in few minutes, the

47、concentration of tot</p><p>　　因如此，一系列的用DZ 滴定分離用到相比較無毒性如乙酸乙酯、 己烷、環(huán)己烷、 甲苯和苯的混合有機(jī)溶劑中的行為進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，但是，在ph值=9.3 是溶劑是CHCl3甲苯的DZ中的較其它顯示，，它有更高的選擇性的、 敏感的、 快速的、 簡易性來滴定法測(cè)定鋅、鎘、銅、鉛。通常建議的，在幾分鐘的時(shí)間，以 mol L?1為單位， 元素之間總濃度沒有區(qū)別的： 1

48、毫升的雙硫腙 ≈2 nmol M （鋅、鎘、銅和 Pb）</p><p>　　The proposed screening method has been applied on soil samples collected from rural, urban and mining areas and representing different situation of soil contamination. R

49、esults were compared with data obtained from the BCR procedure。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用了建議的篩選方法從農(nóng)村、 城市和采礦地區(qū)收集和所代表的不同情況下的土壤污染的土壤樣品上取樣。然后從 BCR 過程中獲得的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較得出結(jié)果。</p><p>　　2、Materials and methods</p><

50、;p>　　Materials Sixty-nine percent HNO3, Aristar® (BDH), 40% HF Aristar® (BDH), 70% HClO4 RPE (FLUKA) and ultrapure water (18.2 MΩcm?1 at 25°C) obtained from a MilliQ Element System (Millipore, F

51、rance) were used for samples and calibrating solution preparation and dilution. For leaching experiments, a buffer solution was prepared with 141g of trisodium citrate Na3C6H5O .2HO RPE (CARLO ERBA REAGENTI) and 19 g of

52、hydroxylamm- monium hydrochloride NH2OH.HCl RPE (CARLO ERBA REAGENTI) dissolved in </p><p><b>　　材料和方法；</b></p><p>　　材料:69%的HNO3，Aristar ® BDH，40 高頻 Aristar ® BDH、 70 HClO4

53、視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮 FLUKA 和純水 182 MΩcm?1，從法國專家 MilliQ 元系統(tǒng)微孔，獲得的 25 ° c 條件下將樣品用和校準(zhǔn)溶液制備及稀釋。 浸出實(shí)驗(yàn)，緩沖溶液準(zhǔn)備以 141 g 鈉枸櫞酸鹽 Na3C6H5O.2HO 視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮卡羅和 19 g NH2OH.HCl 視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮卡羅 鹽酸中的溶解 1 L 水中和 ph 值調(diào)整為 9.3 NH3 Aristar ® BDH。 醋酸 CH3COOH J

54、.T.貝克，hydroxylammmonium 鹽酸 NH2OH.HCl 視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮卡羅 ERBA REAGENTI，30 過氧化氫 H2O2"suprapure"默克和銨醋酸 CH3COONH4 RUDI 蓬當(dāng)時(shí)準(zhǔn)備根據(jù) BCR 過程 Rauret et al.，2000年。 滴定分析 ≈2.10?5 M 雙硫腙為 1，5-diphenylthiocarbazone C13H12N4S FLUKA 份由每天適當(dāng)

55、數(shù)額的甲苯 J.T 貝克在相應(yīng)的化學(xué)溶解。 電感</p><p>　　Instrumentation A microwave system (Milestone 1200 Mega, Italy) was used for sample digestion. All the measurements of trace elements concentrations were made using a Pe

56、rkin Elmer ICP-MS Elan 6100 equipped with a cross-flow nebuliser and a Perkin Elmer ICP-OES 2000 DV equipped with Scott-type spray chamber.。 </p><p>　　使用配備橫流 nebuliser 的珀金埃爾默電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜大 6100 和斯科特ICP OES 2000

57、 DV型噴水室配備的珀金埃爾默來測(cè)量所有微量元素濃度的所有測(cè)量都了，從而用儀器儀表微波系統(tǒng)里程碑來消解。</p><p>　　Sample description and preparation The proposed screen- ing method has been developed and applied on soil samples collected from rural, urban and

58、 mining areas, representing different situation of contamination: LIS samples were collected in a rural area 200 km South-East from Rome (Italy); CAR 36 and PIN31 urban samples were collected in traffic areas of Rome, an

59、d BL0102 sample was collected from horizons of selected soil profiles in the Baccu Locci stream catchment near Muravera (Southeastern S</p><p>　　樣品說明和建議的屏幕方法已開發(fā)和應(yīng)用于從農(nóng)村、 城市和采礦領(lǐng)域代表不同的污染情況收集的土壤樣品的制備：LIS 樣本是從羅馬農(nóng)

60、村地區(qū)東南 200公里收集來的；在收集了CAR 36及 PIN31樣本在羅馬的交通區(qū)收集，并BL0102 示例所選的土壤剖面中是在附近 Muravera Baccu Locci 的視野流流域收集來的以自古以來的硫化物礦床特征的土壤，而EP3 和 P5C19 的的樣品是來自一個(gè)被遺棄的銻礦山地區(qū)豐富硫化礦熱液活動(dòng)而引致的。 土壤樣品在 40 ° C會(huì)風(fēng)干，而且在試驗(yàn)之前應(yīng)篩選出直徑2mm之內(nèi)。 </p><p

61、>　　Determination of total content The elemental composition of the soil samples was determined by analyzing several samples after digestion in microwave system with HNO3, HClO4 and HF (as determined by Brunori et al.

62、2005). This analytical procedure was considered reliable, having been widely experienced in the past in the network of several intercomparison exercises on the same types of matrices for other trace elements. The analyti

63、cal performance of the laboratory was evaluated by analysing 10 di</p><p>　　總濃度的測(cè)定：土壤樣品的元素組成的測(cè)定時(shí)通過分析一些被以HNO3、 HClO4 和HF高頻微波系統(tǒng)處理后的出來的。此分析過程被認(rèn)為是可靠的而過去被廣泛的應(yīng)用在通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)用相同方法追蹤其他內(nèi)在有某一定聯(lián)系的元素。該實(shí)驗(yàn)室的性能分析是對(duì)10份不同組分的試樣進(jìn)行分析直到

64、有一份CRM可以確保質(zhì)量保證的土壤。表1是HM研究土壤中的總含量的報(bào)告結(jié)果。</p><p>　　Sequential extraction The BCR three-step sequential procedure (Rauret et al. 2000) was applied to different soils. The residues from step 3 were treated by the

65、 procedure used for determination of the total trace element content of the soil samples. The analytical performance of the laboratory in the sequential extraction procedure was evaluated by analysing BCR 701 (lake sedim

66、ent) CRM. </p><p>　　連續(xù)提取的 BCR 三步序貫過程.被應(yīng)用于不同的土壤。 第 3 步中的剩下來的被用來土壤樣品總微量元素含量的測(cè)定。 通過分析 BCR 701 湖泊沉積物 CRM 評(píng)估順序提取過程中實(shí)驗(yàn)室的分析性能。</p><p>　　The results obtained on CRMs (till 1 and BCR 701) always substant

67、ially overlap the certified values.</p><p>　　在CRM獲得的結(jié)果重現(xiàn)性很大所以認(rèn)證了它的價(jià)值</p><p>　　Leaching test For the kinetic studies, a single-step leaching test was performed: 0.5 g sample (soil) was used with

68、30-mL buffer solution. The tests were performed in triplicate. Polyethylene tubes containing samples and extractant were stirred using an end-over-end shaker at a speed of 30 rpm for a given time, different for each tube

69、. At the end of the chosen mixing time, each tube was removed, and the extract was separated from the solid residue by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min and th</p><p>　　浸出動(dòng)力學(xué)研究的測(cè)試，執(zhí)行單步執(zhí)行浸出測(cè)試：以0.5 g土壤為示例

70、所用 30 毫升緩沖溶液。做三次平行試驗(yàn)。聚乙烯管包含示例和萃取劑是在某一給定時(shí)間內(nèi)每個(gè)管用30 rpm的速度不斷的震蕩做離心分離。 在混合時(shí)間的結(jié)尾時(shí)移下每個(gè)管，在 4000 rpm速度下保持十分鐘后將的固體殘余物提取，然后通過 0.45 微米濾膜過濾。 在分析時(shí)，每個(gè)示例是維持在 4 ° C。</p><p>　　Fig. 2 Calibration curve obtained from the

71、titration of multi-elements standard</p><p><b>　　0.014</b></p><p><b>　　0.012 </b></p><p><b>　　0.01</b></p><p><b>　　0.08</b&

72、gt;</p><p><b>　　0.06</b></p><p><b>　　0.04</b></p><p><b>　　0.02</b></p><p>　　0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

73、0.12 0.14</p><p>　　Dithizone mol</p><p>　　Table 2 Comparison between ICP-OES and DZ titration analysis on the sample PIN 31 extracted after 5 min</p><p>　　mdl “practical” method d

74、etection limit</p><p>　　Dithizone titration The choice of the buffer solution was strictly related to the possibility of directly determining, via titration with DZ, the content of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb. The ext

75、raction conditions were already experimentally studied in our laboratory, and those used in the present work were selected in order to ensure an efficient extraction of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu, while for Cr(VI), Mo, V, Ni and

76、Co the APDC/ CHCl3 (pH3) extraction resulted to be the best choice contribution of other elements</p><p>　　雙硫腙的滴定：在滴定法 DZ，鋅、銅、鎘、鉛時(shí)候，緩沖溶液的選擇是密切相關(guān)的直接測(cè)定的結(jié)果。 提取條件在經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中我們已經(jīng)歸納了所使用所選擇，以確保一個(gè)有效的抽取的鋅、 鎘、鉛和銅，然而 Cr（6價(jià)

77、），鉬，V，鎳和鈷 APDC /CHCl3 /pH3 提取導(dǎo)致的是最佳的選擇還有鋅、銅、鉛、鎘之外的其他元素，以總的滴定，但保留預(yù)期信息的必要。</p><p>　　Nevertheless, we evaluated the behaviour of other trace elements under the same conditions: Ni is not tired, while the releva

78、nce (with respect to the total) of other elements that could be titred (as Co) becomes negligible due to less favorable kinetic of the complexation reaction and the relatively short chosen extraction time (Freiser 1984;

79、McClellan and Freiser 1964). Moreover, the abundance of Co and other not-considered trace elements in the earth’s crust is relatively low (Taylor 1964; Wed</p><p>　　不過，當(dāng)我們?cè)谙嗤瑮l件下評(píng)估其他所跟蹤的元素： 鎳沒有被滴定，同時(shí)相對(duì)于其他可以被滴

80、定的元素的相關(guān)性不太有利的絡(luò)合反應(yīng)及相對(duì)較短時(shí)間動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響可以被忽略所以易于提取。 此外，大量的元素鈷、 在地球的其他沒有被追蹤的痕量元素地殼的含量相對(duì)較低，大部分不超過例 15-20 毫克 kg?1。 所以說，最終土壤中的鋅、 銅、 鉛與鎘的污染肯定是主要來自于認(rèn)為污染源。</p><p>　　In the present work, each soil extract was titred at least

81、 three times, and the first analysis was used to approximately evaluate the metal content (an aliquot of 0.5 mL of sample represents a good compromise) and therefore to choose the adequate sample volume to be titred: 0.1

82、 mL for high level of HM and 2 mL for low level. In a glass tube, 1 mL buffer solution and 0.1 mL NH3 were added to 0.1–</p><p>　　2 mL of sample. The aqueous solution was titred with DZ in toluene [≈2×1

83、0?5M] till the colour of the organic phase changed from pink to grey. The content of Zn, Cu, Cd and curve obtained from the titration of multi-element standard solutions (Fig. 2). Calibration curve was evaluated in the r

84、ange from 0.004 to 0.012 μmol. In this range, the curve showed a correlation coefficient=0.88 that is acceptable for a rapid in-field test: In fact, as Malissa and Riepe (2000) demonstrated, “only if the anal</p>

85、<p>　　在現(xiàn)在的工作中每個(gè)土壤提取，滴定至少三次，第一次滴定主要是粗略的滴定總量，因此選擇樣本足夠多的體積滴定：大于 0.1 毫升和小于別 2 毫升的HM。在燒杯中放1毫升緩沖溶液和 0.1 毫升 NH3 添加到 0.1–2 毫升的樣品中。用DZ滴定到樣品中直到有機(jī)相甲苯的顏色有粉紅色變?yōu)榛疑凵?鋅、銅、鎘、和其他多元元素制作的圖2滴定曲線的內(nèi)容。圖中的刻度是從0.012 μmol 到 0.004。 在這一系列曲線顯示

86、相關(guān)系數(shù) = 0.88 可接受快速的字段中測(cè)試: 事實(shí)上，如 Malissa 和 Riepe 2000年證明，"當(dāng)中在相同的順序下，只有當(dāng)試樣有錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，分析才會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的錯(cuò)誤。 如果我們檢查像土壤和廢物等多樣取樣錯(cuò)誤將很明顯。 建議的篩選過程的分析性能被經(jīng)浸出的試驗(yàn)和測(cè)量污水的滲濾液與 DZ及 ICP OES滴定。 此外，被認(rèn)為是高污染是錳，表2中可證明被全部滴定。</p><p>　　3 Result

87、s and discussion</p><p>　　In order to optimize the leaching step, preliminary studies were carried out on mining soils already characterized (Armiento et al. 2007 and Scarciglia et al. 2007) which have high

88、concentration of heavy metals (see Table 1), but different metal mobility (Fig. 3)</p><p><b>　　25000</b></p><p><b>　　15000</b></p><p><b>　　10000</b&

89、gt;</p><p><b>　　5000</b></p><p>　　EP3 P5C19 BL0102</p><p>　　EP3 BL0102 P5C1</p><p><b>　　4500</b></p&

90、gt;<p><b>　　4000</b></p><p><b>　　3500</b></p><p><b>　　3000</b></p><p><b>　　2500</b></p><p><b>　　2000</b&

91、gt;</p><p><b>　　1500</b></p><p><b>　　1000</b></p><p><b>　　500</b></p><p><b>　　0</b></p><p>　　0 200 400

92、600 800 1000 1200 1400</p><p><b>　　2500</b></p><p><b>　　2000</b></p><p><b>　　1500</b></p><p><b>　　1000</b></p&g

93、t;<p><b>　　500</b></p><p><b>　　0</b></p><p>　　0 20 40 60</p><p>　　EP3 BL0102 P5C19</p><p>　　Fig. 4 Leaching

94、 tests performed on the mining soil samples over 24 h. The extracted metals M++ (sum of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) are expressed as μmol kg?1 </p><p>　　& Soil P5C19 has high concentration of HM (especially Pb an

95、d Zn) and high mobility (50% total). </p><p>　　& Soil EP3 has high concentration of HM (especially Pb and Zn) and moderate/low mobility. </p><p>　　& Soil BL0102 has quite low concentrati

96、on of metals and low mobility.</p><p><b>　　結(jié)果和討論</b></p><p>　　為了優(yōu)化浸出的步驟，初步的研究是在被標(biāo)定為高重金屬污染礦區(qū)土壤，】年具有高濃度重金屬請(qǐng)參見表 1，但不同的金屬流動(dòng)見fig3</p><p>　　土壤 P5C19 有高濃度的 HM 特別是鉛和鋅與高遷移率 50 總

97、。 土壤 EP3 有高濃度的 HM 特別是鉛和鋅和 moderatelow 移動(dòng) 。 土壤 BL0102 相當(dāng)?shù)蜐舛群偷鸵苿?dòng)的金屬。</p><p>　　A kinetical approach was applied: The leaching test was performed for 24 h, and intermediate times were considered (5, 15, 30, 60

98、, 120 and 360). As it can be observed in Fig. 4, the metals in the samples showed a relative order of leacheability in which the P5C19 sample has the highest fraction of “mobile” metals (even if HM total content is lower

99、 than in EP3 sample). These results evidenced a good correlation with those obtained from the three-step BCR procedure, considering the metals extracte</p><p>　　應(yīng)用動(dòng)力學(xué)的方法是：執(zhí)行的浸出的試驗(yàn)的時(shí)間是24小時(shí)，和中間的時(shí)間被定為5, 15, 30,

100、 60, 120 和360。正如圖 4 中觀察到，金屬試樣顯示和滲透關(guān)系，特別是在P5C19樣品中它的遷移性最高。 這些結(jié)果證明一個(gè)好的相關(guān)性與取得三步 BCR 過程從獲得考慮到提取兩個(gè)在步驟 A 和 B。 此外，動(dòng)力學(xué)方法表示它可以是幾乎 30–60 分鐘有一個(gè)有用的初步評(píng)價(jià)，重介質(zhì)流動(dòng)性 ； 因如此連續(xù)滲析實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了 5 和 60 分鐘更容易觀察到金屬的滲透能力。</p><p>　　Considering

101、preliminary results, our studies were extended to soil samples collected from rural and urban areas and representing different situation of soil contamination. In particular, rural soils showed a low level of HM contamin

102、ation, while urban soils were affected by a discrete grade of contamination, especially Pb and Zn, depending on anthropogenic activities (see Table 1).</p><p>　　初步的結(jié)果考慮我們的研究擴(kuò)展到從農(nóng)村和城市地區(qū)和所代表的不同土壤樣品收集污染的情況。 特別是

103、在農(nóng)村土顯示低水平的重介質(zhì)污染，而城市土壤受污染，尤其是鉛和鋅，一個(gè)離散等級(jí)取決于人為活動(dòng)參見表 1。</p><p>　　The screening test was applied on these soils and results (Table 3) compared with results of BCR procedure applied on one urban (CAR 36) and one r

104、ural (LIS 1) sample (Fig. 5). In particular, a fairly constant ratio between μmol extracted during the screening method and μmol extracted during BCR A-B steps [μmol(min)/μmol(A+B)] (Table 4) has been evidenced。</p>