金融學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯------個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模型

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： A Reference Model for Personal Financial Planning </p><p>　　出 處： International Handbooks Information Syste

2、m </p><p>　　作 者： Oliver Braun, Günter Schmidt </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p>

3、<p>　　We understand personal financial planning as the process of meeting life goals through the management of finances . Our reference model fulfils two kinds of purposes: first, the analysis model is a conceptua

4、l model that can serve financial planners as a decision support tool. Second, system developers can map the analysis model to the system architecture at the design stage of system development. Furthermore, the reference

5、model serves as a capture of existing knowledge in the field of IT210 Oli</p><p>　　Personal Financial Planning</p><p>　　The field of personal financial planning is well supplied with a lot of te

6、xtbooks, Most books can be used as guides to handle personal financial problems .e. g. maximize wealth, achieve various financial goals, determine emergency savings, maximize retirement plan contributions,etc. There are

7、also papers in journals ranging from the popular press to academic journals. We will start our discussion with some definitions related to the world of personal financial planning. Certified Financial Plann</p>&l

8、t;p>　　Definition (CFP Board of Standards 2005)</p><p>　　Financial planning is the process of meeting your life goals through the proper management of your finances. Life goals can include buying a home,

9、saving for your child’s education or planning for retirement. Financial planning provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. It allows you to understand how each financial decision you make affects other

10、areas of your finances. For example, buying a particular investment product might help you pay off your mortgage faster or it might d</p><p>　　Definition (ISO/TC 222 2004)</p><p>　　Personal fin

11、ancial planning is an interactive process designed to enable a consumer/ client to achieve their personal financial goals.</p><p>　　In the same draft, Personal Financial Planner, consumer, client and financi

12、al goals are defined as follows:</p><p>　　Definition (ISO/TC 222 2004)</p><p>　　A Personal Financial Planner is an individual practitioner who provides financial planning services to clients an

13、d meets all competence, ethics and experience requirements contained in this standard. A consumer is an individual or a group of individuals, such as a family, who have shared financial interests. A client of a Personal

14、Financial Planner is an individual who has accepted the terms of engagement by entering into a contract of services. A financial goal is a quantifiable outcome aimed t</p><p>　　Definition (CFP Board of Stan

15、dards 2005; ISO/TC 222 2004)</p><p>　　The personal financial planning process shall include, but is not limited to, six steps that can be repeated throughout the client and financial planner relationship.The

16、 client can decide to end the process before having passed all the steps. The process involves gathering relevant financial information, setting life goals, examining your current financial status and coming up with a st

17、rategy or plan for how you can meet your goals given your current situation and future plans. The financial pla</p><p>　　1. Establishing and defining the client-planner relationship. The financial planner sh

18、ould clearly explain or document the services to be provided to the client and define both his and his client’s responsibilities. The planner should explain fully how he will be paid and by whom. The client and the plann

19、er should agree on how long the professional relationship should last and on how decisions will be made.</p><p>　　2. Gathering client data and determining goals and expectations. The financial planner should

20、 ask for information about the client’s financial situation. The client and the planner should mutually define the client’s personal and financial goals, understand the client’s time frame for results and discuss, if rel

21、evant, how the client feel about risk. The financial planner should gather all the necessary documents before giving advice the client needs.</p><p>　　3. Analyzing and evaluating the client’s financial statu

22、s. The financial planner should analyze the client’s information to assess the client’s current situation and determine what the client must do to meet his goals. Depending on what services the client has asked for, this

23、 could include analyzing the client’s assets, liabilities and cash flow, current insurance coverage, investments or tax strategies.</p><p>　　4. Developing and presenting financial planning recommendations an

24、d/or alternatives. The financial planner should offer financial planning recommendations that address the client’s goals, based on the information the client provides. The planner should go over the recommendations with

25、the client to help the client understand them so that the client can make informed decisions. The planner should also listen to the client’s concerns and revise the recommendations as appropriate。</p><p>　　5

26、. Implementing the financial planning recommendations. The client and the planner should agree on how the recommendations will be carried out. The planner may carry out the recommendations or serve as the client’s “coach

27、,” coordinating the whole process with the client and other professionals such as attorneys or stockbrokers.</p><p>　　6Monitoring the financial planning recommendations. The client and the planner should agr

28、ee on who will monitor the client’s progress towards his goals. If the planner is in charge of the process, he should report to the client periodically to review his situation and adjust the recommendations, if needed, a

29、s the client’s life changes.</p><p>　　Definition (Rumbaugh et al. 2005)</p><p>　　A system is a collection of connected units organized to accomplish a purpose. A system can be described by one

30、or more models, possibly from different viewpoints. The complete model describes the whole system. The personal financial planning process can be supported by financial Decision Support Systems (DSS). </p><p&g

31、t;　　give a survey on the use of knowledge based DSS in financial management. The basic characteristic of such systems is the integration of expert systems technology with models and methods used in the decision support f

32、ramework. They survey some systems applied to financial analysis, portfolio management, loan analysis, credit granting, assessment of credit risk, and assessment of corporate performance and viability. These systems prov

33、ide the following features:</p><p>　　? support all stages of the decision making process, i. e. structuring the problem, selecting alternative solutions and implementing the decision;</p><p>　　?

34、 respond to the needs and the cognitive style of different decision makers based on individual preferences;</p><p>　　? incorporate a knowledge base to help the decision maker to understand the results of the

35、 mathematical models;</p><p>　　? ensure objectiveness and completeness of the results by comparing expert estimations and results from mathematical models;</p><p>　　? time and costs of the decis

36、ion making process is significantly reduced, while the quality of the decisions is increased.</p><p>　　A reference model describes a standard decomposition of a known problem domain into a collection of inte

37、rrelated parts, or components, that cooperatively solve the problem. It also describes the manner in which the components interact in order to provide the required functions. A reference model is a conceptual framework f

38、or describing system architectures, thus providing a high-level specification for a class of systems</p><p>　　Reference model ling can be divided into two groups (Fettke and Loos 2003): investigation of meth

39、odological aspects (e. g. Lang et al. 1996; Marshall 1999;Remme 1997; Schütte 1998), and construction of concrete reference models (e. g. Becker and Schütte 2004; Fowler 1997; Hay 1996; Scheer 1994). To the bes

40、t of</p><p>　　our knowledge, there is no reference model for personal financial planning. Our reference model for personal financial planning consists of an analysis model for the system analysis of a person

41、al financial planning system and of corresponding system architecture of an information system for personal financial planning.</p><p>　　Requirements for a Reference Model for Personal Financial Planning<

42、/p><p>　　Our reference model for personal financial planning should fulfill the following requirements concerning the input, data processing, and output: the input has to be collected in a complete, I.e. adequa

43、te to the purpose, way. The input data have to be collected from the client and/or from institutions that are involved in this process. Such institutions may be Saving Banks, Mortgage Banks, Life Insurances, Car Insuranc

44、es, Provider of Stock Marked quotations, Pension Funds, etc. This stage is time</p><p>　　Analysis Model</p><p>　　Main task of an analysis model for personal financial planning is to help financi

45、al planners to consult individuals to properly manage their personal finances. Proper personal financial planning is so important because many individuals lack a working knowledge of financial concepts and do not have th

46、e tools they need to make decisions most advantageous to their economic well-being. For example, the Federal Reserve Board’s Division of Consumer and Community Affairs (2002) stated that “financial l</p><p>

47、　　Our reference model for personal financial planning consists of two parts </p><p>　　1. Analysis model which can help financial planners to do personal financial planning.</p><p>　　2. System ar

48、chitecture which can help system developers to develop logical models at the design stage of system development.</p><p>　　The analysis model of our reference model for personal financial planning consists<

49、;/p><p>　　of the following parts: Use Cases build the dynamic view of the system. Class diagrams build the structural view of the system. Both are combined in the behavioural view of the system with activity di

50、agrams and sequence diagrams.</p><p>　　Determining the client’s financial status</p><p>　　1. Data gathering. The Financial Planner asks the client for information about the client’s financial si

51、tuation. This includes information about assets, liabilities, income and expenses.</p><p>　　2. Data evaluation. The Financial Planner uses two financial statements: balance sheet and income statement.</p&

52、gt;<p>　　3. Data analysis. The Financial Planner analyses the results from balance sheet and income statement. He can investigate for example the state of the provisions and pension plan, risk management, tax char

53、ges, return on investments and other financial ratios.</p><p>　　In the following, the scenario is described in more detail.</p><p>　　The first category of assets is cash which refers to money in

54、 accounts such as checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, money market mutual funds, and certificates of deposit with a maturity of less than one year. The second category of assets are fixed assets,

55、fixed-principal assets, fixed-return assets, or debt instruments. This category includes investments that represent a loan made by the client to someone else. Fixed-return assets are primarily corporate and government b&

56、lt;/p><p>　　Data analysis</p><p>　　The net worth number is significant in and of itself, since the larger the net worth, the better off a person is financially, but balance sheet and income stateme

57、nt contain even more useful information a financial planner should consider. The traditional approach for analyzing financial statements is using of financial ratios. Financial ratios combine numbers from the financial s

58、tatements to measure a specific aspect of the personal financial situation of a client. Financial ratios are used</p><p>　　1. to measure changes in the quality of the financial situation over time,</p>

59、<p>　　2. to measure the absolute quality of the current financial situation, </p><p>　　3. as guidelines for how to improve the financial situation.</p><p>　　We will group the ratios into

60、the following eight categories: liquidity, solvency, savings, asset allocation, inflation protection, tax burden, housing expenses, and insolvency/credit</p><p>　　Conclusion and Future Trends</p><

61、p>　　We have presented a reference model for personal financial planning consisting of an analysis model and a corresponding system architecture. An intrinsic part of our reference model at the architecture level is th

62、e usage of web technologies. Our reference model for personal financial planning fulfils two kinds of purposes: first, the analysis model is a conceptual model that can serve financial planners as a decision support tool

63、. Second, at the design stage of system development, system develop</p><p>　　譯 文： 個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模型</p><p>　　我們知道個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃是通過財(cái)政管理達(dá)到人生目標(biāo)的方式。我們的參考模型要符合兩種用途：第一，分析模型作為一種概念模型，它為理財(cái)師提供支持決策的工具；第二，系統(tǒng)開發(fā)人員能

64、夠利用模型設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)框架。此外，模型通過使用個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃的工具來(lái)解決操作性評(píng)估中的問題。</p><p>　　有很多的教科書可以提供關(guān)于個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃的知識(shí)，大多數(shù)圖書可以作為指南，以處理個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)問題，例如財(cái)富的最大化，實(shí)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)，確定應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)蓄，最大限度地提高退休計(jì)劃供款等。我們將會(huì)討論一些與個(gè)人理財(cái)有關(guān)的定義。注冊(cè)財(cái)務(wù)策劃師（CFP資格）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)定義的（個(gè)人）理財(cái)規(guī)劃：理財(cái)規(guī)劃是符合人生目標(biāo)通過適當(dāng)?shù)墓芾碡?cái)

65、務(wù)狀況的過程。人生目標(biāo)可以包括買房，為您孩子的教育或退休計(jì)劃儲(chǔ)蓄。財(cái)務(wù)決策可以提供財(cái)務(wù)策劃方向和意義，可以讓你了解每個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)決策對(duì)你的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和其他領(lǐng)域的影響。例如，購(gòu)買特定投資產(chǎn)品可以幫助你較快還清房貸，也可能延誤您的退休時(shí)間。通過查看每個(gè)財(cái)政年度階段的決定，來(lái)考慮其時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短，還可以適應(yīng)生活的變化和使目標(biāo)更安全的走上正軌。</p><p>　　(ISO/TC 222 2004年)定義：個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃是一個(gè)互動(dòng)的過

66、程，旨在使消費(fèi)者/客戶，實(shí)現(xiàn)其個(gè)人理財(cái)目標(biāo)。在同一草案中，個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)策劃人員，消費(fèi)者，客戶和財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)的定義如下：</p><p>　　個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)策劃人員是向客戶提供服務(wù)和財(cái)政規(guī)劃，并滿足能力，職業(yè)道德和經(jīng)驗(yàn)等所有要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)個(gè)體從業(yè)者。消費(fèi)者是個(gè)人或團(tuán)體，如一個(gè)家庭或成員，擁有共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益?？蛻羰且押炗嗀?cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃合同，接受條款的個(gè)體。經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)，是一個(gè)量化的結(jié)果，旨是在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p>

67、<p>　　定義（CFP資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)2005年國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織）：個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃過程應(yīng)包括在整個(gè)客戶關(guān)系和金融策劃師重復(fù)的六個(gè)步驟但不限于此?？蛻艨梢詻Q定年底前通過的過程。該過程包括收集有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)資料，設(shè)定人生目標(biāo)，審查您目前的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和制定一些滿足自己現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)的戰(zhàn)略或計(jì)劃。金融規(guī)劃的過程包括以下六個(gè)步驟：</p><p>　　1．建立和界定客戶規(guī)劃師的關(guān)系。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)明確解釋文件的服務(wù)內(nèi)容，讓客戶了

68、解自己的責(zé)任?？蛻艉鸵?guī)劃師應(yīng)商議職業(yè)關(guān)系維持時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短并作出相應(yīng)的決定。</p><p>　　2．收集客戶資料，確定其目標(biāo)與期望。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)要求客戶提供有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的資料。客戶和規(guī)劃者應(yīng)該各自定義客戶的個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)，了解客戶對(duì)時(shí)間框架和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)知度。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)該在收集所有必要的文件之前先給出了解客戶需求的建議。</p><p>　　3．分析和評(píng)估客戶的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)分析客戶的信

69、息，以評(píng)估客戶當(dāng)前的局勢(shì)，并確定客戶必須做什么來(lái)滿足自己的目標(biāo)。根據(jù)所服務(wù)的客戶要求，這可能包括分析客戶的資產(chǎn)，負(fù)債和現(xiàn)金流量，及保險(xiǎn)，投資或稅務(wù)策略。</p><p>　　4．制定和提供財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃建議和/或替代方案。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)提供財(cái)務(wù)策劃建議，根據(jù)客戶提供的信息完成客戶的目標(biāo)。規(guī)劃師應(yīng)該根據(jù)客戶的建議，以幫助客戶了解自身理財(cái)需求，讓客戶能作出明智的決定。規(guī)劃師還應(yīng)該聽取客戶的意見，做出適當(dāng)?shù)男抻喗ㄗh。</

70、p><p>　　5．實(shí)施理財(cái)規(guī)劃建議。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃應(yīng)該得到客戶同意才能進(jìn)行。規(guī)劃師為客戶提供各項(xiàng)建議，類似于客戶的“教練”，包括協(xié)調(diào)客戶與律師、股票經(jīng)紀(jì)等專業(yè)人才關(guān)系的整體過程。</p><p>　　6．監(jiān)測(cè)理財(cái)規(guī)劃建議?？蛻艉鸵?guī)劃師應(yīng)該同意對(duì)將監(jiān)測(cè)客戶實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)的進(jìn)展情況。如果規(guī)劃師負(fù)責(zé)該過程，當(dāng)客戶生活發(fā)生變化時(shí)，他應(yīng)該向客戶定期審查他的情況并提供調(diào)整建議。</p><

71、p>　　系統(tǒng)定義 （魯博等人，2005年）系統(tǒng)是指為達(dá)到某一目的而構(gòu)成的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的集合。從不同的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看一個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以描述為一個(gè)或多個(gè)模型，完整的模型描述了整個(gè)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　在使用知識(shí)決策支持系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行財(cái)務(wù)管理使用情況調(diào)查。這種系統(tǒng)的基本特征是將專家系統(tǒng)技術(shù)、模型和方法用于決策。調(diào)查一些系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于金融分析，投資組合管理，貸款分析，授信，信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估，以及企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)和可行性評(píng)估。這些系統(tǒng)提供以

72、下功能：</p><p>　　1．支持決策過程的所有階段即結(jié)構(gòu)問題，選擇替代解決方案和實(shí)施的決定；</p><p>　　2．反映不同決策者需求和認(rèn)知風(fēng)格；</p><p>　　3．集合知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，幫助決策者了解模型；</p><p>　　4．客觀、完整性的比較專家估計(jì)和數(shù)學(xué)模型；</p><p>　　5．時(shí)間和決策過程的

73、成本大大降低，使決策的質(zhì)量得到提高。</p><p>　　參考模型是描述一些相互關(guān)聯(lián)的集合。目的是為了提供所要求的功能，模型描述了組件的相互作用的方式。參考模型可分為兩組（菲特克和洛斯2003）：方法學(xué)方面和具體的參考模型。據(jù)我們所知，沒有任何個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃的參考模型。我們認(rèn)為個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模型由個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)和個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃信息系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)分析模型所組成。</p><p>　　個(gè)人理財(cái)參考

74、模型要求：我們對(duì)個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模式應(yīng)履行有關(guān)的輸入，數(shù)據(jù)處理和輸出。輸入必須數(shù)據(jù)完整，有目的的收集。輸入數(shù)據(jù)必須從客戶端和/或在這個(gè)過程中涉及的機(jī)構(gòu)收集。這種機(jī)構(gòu)可以是儲(chǔ)蓄銀行，按揭銀行，人壽保險(xiǎn)，汽車保險(xiǎn)，提供股票報(bào)價(jià)標(biāo)記，養(yǎng)老基金等。數(shù)據(jù)處理（即數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估和數(shù)據(jù)分析）通過個(gè)人和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方式輸入正確的數(shù)據(jù)。結(jié)果必須精確無(wú)誤的按照財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃的方式才能接受。個(gè)人規(guī)劃意味著其所有方面的具體情況都必須在規(guī)劃中心，并且輸出要連貫和清晰。</p

75、><p>　　分析模型的主要任務(wù)是幫助個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃師咨詢，妥善管理個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)。適當(dāng)?shù)膫€(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃是十分重要的，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)人缺乏理財(cái)知識(shí)，不具備作出最有利于自己經(jīng)濟(jì)福利的決策。例如，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì)的消費(fèi)者和社區(qū)事務(wù)（2002）表示，“金融知識(shí)缺陷可以影響一個(gè)人或家庭的日常的資金管理能力和長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，如置業(yè)，尋求更高教育，或金融退休。資金管理不當(dāng)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者受到嚴(yán)重的“財(cái)政危機(jī)”?！?lt;/p><p&g

76、t;　　我們認(rèn)為個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模型由兩部分組成：</p><p>　　1．分析模型，幫助個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃師做理財(cái)規(guī)劃。</p><p>　　2．系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)幫助系統(tǒng)開發(fā)人員開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)邏輯模型。</p><p>　　對(duì)于模型由以下幾部分：用例建立了系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)視圖，類圖建立的系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)視圖。系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)圖和時(shí)間圖，兩種觀點(diǎn)的行為相結(jié)合。</p><p>　

77、　確定客戶的財(cái)務(wù)狀況：</p><p>　　1．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)采集。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃者要求客戶提供有關(guān)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。包括資產(chǎn)，負(fù)債，收入和支出的有關(guān)信息。</p><p>　　2．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)的評(píng)估。財(cái)政規(guī)劃者使用兩個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表：資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和利潤(rùn)表。</p><p>　　3．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)分析。財(cái)務(wù)策劃者資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和損益表進(jìn)行分析。例如，調(diào)查國(guó)家規(guī)定和養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，稅務(wù)收費(fèi)，投資及其他財(cái)務(wù)比率。&

78、lt;/p><p>　　第一類資產(chǎn)是現(xiàn)金賬戶，如支票帳戶，儲(chǔ)蓄帳戶，貨幣市場(chǎng)賬戶，貨幣市場(chǎng)共同基金，存款證（到期時(shí)間不到一年）。第二類資產(chǎn)是固定資產(chǎn)，固定的主要資產(chǎn)，固定收益資產(chǎn)或債務(wù)證券。固定收益資產(chǎn)主要是公司和政府債券，也可以是進(jìn)行抵押，投資于債券，固定年金主要是共同基金。第三類資產(chǎn)是股權(quán)資產(chǎn)。股權(quán)投資的主要是普通股，持有多數(shù)普通股，可變年金，共同基金。第四類資產(chǎn)是養(yǎng)老金和其他退休帳戶資產(chǎn)。最后一類資產(chǎn)通常是有形

79、資產(chǎn)，也被稱為實(shí)物資產(chǎn)。這一類包括資產(chǎn)收購(gòu)，主要投資于家庭，汽車，家具，服裝，珠寶首飾，以及任何有轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)值的其他個(gè)人物品。</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)分析，凈值是十分重要的，因?yàn)閮糍Y產(chǎn)越大，個(gè)人財(cái)政就越好，資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和損益表包含更多有用的信息，也包括理財(cái)規(guī)劃師應(yīng)考慮的問題。分析財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的傳統(tǒng)方法是使用財(cái)務(wù)比率。結(jié)合財(cái)務(wù)比率以財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的數(shù)字來(lái)衡量客戶的個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)狀況。使用財(cái)務(wù)比率可以衡量一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況質(zhì)量的變化；

80、衡量目前財(cái)務(wù)狀況的絕對(duì)質(zhì)量；指導(dǎo)如何改善財(cái)政狀況。</p><p>　　我們把比率分為以下八類：流動(dòng)性，償債能力，儲(chǔ)蓄，資產(chǎn)配置，通貨膨脹的保護(hù)，稅收負(fù)擔(dān)，住房費(fèi)用，破產(chǎn)/信用。</p><p>　　我們已經(jīng)提出了個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)分析模型和相應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)參考模型，在體系結(jié)構(gòu)層次參考模型中運(yùn)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)加以分析。個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃參考模型符合二種用途：第一，分析模型作為概念模型，可以作為一個(gè)理財(cái)規(guī)劃師的