外文翻譯旅游貿(mào)易的國際競爭力羅馬尼亞的案例

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目： 旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國際競爭力：</p><p><b>　　羅馬尼亞的案例 </b></p><p>　　系部名稱： 經(jīng)濟管理系 專業(yè)

2、班級： 國貿(mào)092 </p><p>　　學生姓名： 夏勁夫 學 號： 200904114225 </p><p>　　指導教師： 羅家勝 教師職稱： 副教授 </p><p>　　2013年01月04日</p><p>　　旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國際競爭力：羅馬尼

3、亞的案例</p><p>　　安娜 ﹒博比爾克，克瑞斯緹娜﹒克瑞斯瑞圖</p><p>　　——2009年旅游經(jīng)濟的進步，第三部分，第189-192頁</p><p><b>　　引 言</b></p><p>　　旅游業(yè)是唯一的可以為任何發(fā)展水平的國家提供貿(mào)易機會的服務(wù)活動。然而，它也是一個很大程度因為國家的能力和在全

4、球經(jīng)濟中的表現(xiàn)而又有明確的利益分配不均行業(yè)，而這又需要提高自己的競爭力。</p><p>　　自20世紀90年代初，羅馬尼亞旅游業(yè)經(jīng)歷了出口量，生長速率和結(jié)構(gòu)的重大變化。這些不同的波動都影響了羅馬尼亞在國際旅游市場上相對的競爭地位并引起了其旅游貿(mào)易平衡的變化。同時，新的和更多的錯雜的歐式建筑，引起了羅馬尼亞的區(qū)域旅游競爭力的顯著變化。</p><p>　　在此背景下，本文試圖提出一個框架，

5、以競爭力和旅游貿(mào)易表現(xiàn)之間的關(guān)系為重點，來評估羅馬尼亞的旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國際競爭力。</p><p>　　一、國際競爭力視角：國際競爭力之與國際旅游業(yè)的相關(guān)性</p><p>　　國際競爭力的概念，盡管有爭議，難以捉摸，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)得到認可，并繼續(xù)吸引世界各地的學者和決策者的關(guān)注。</p><p>　　到目前為止，為提高國際競爭力已采取措施，都被認為是在經(jīng)濟層面進行的(

6、加瑞利，2003)通常是指一個國家生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)，以滿足國際市場的考驗，并同時保持和增加公民的收入的能力(歐洲委員會，2007)。</p><p>　　由于競爭力最終取決于一國企業(yè)在國內(nèi)和國際的市場成功，所以對競爭力的注意力都集中在企業(yè)層面的競爭力上(波特，1990)，對于此的普遍理解是指“……該公司保持，并更好的是，擴大其全球市場份額，增加和擴大利潤的能力” (克拉克和蓋，1998, 經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織，19

7、93)。</p><p>　　因此，雖然廣泛流傳但是國際競爭力作為與國家經(jīng)濟和其國際貿(mào)易相關(guān)的理論基礎(chǔ)已經(jīng)不太在學術(shù)文獻進行分析。因此，一個國家國際競爭力的性質(zhì)，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科爾德威爾，2000,克魯格曼，1994, 1996)。</p><p>　　國際競爭力，是指一個國家在貨物和服務(wù)貿(mào)易方面鞏固和保持貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢相對于世界其他地區(qū)的貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢。</p><p

8、>　　每當一個國家的經(jīng)濟福利通過貿(mào)易流量的增加，或通過從初始平衡狀態(tài)的貿(mào)易條件的改變而增加，他的國際競爭力都會得到提高(科爾德威爾，2000)。</p><p>　　貿(mào)易理論表示，經(jīng)濟福利依賴于一個國家有比較優(yōu)勢的貨物和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。這實際上意味著當生產(chǎn)符合一國的比較優(yōu)勢的情況時國際競爭力能得到保障。如果一國能在國際上表現(xiàn)良好并在出口市場競爭成功，這可能就是他們健全的國際競爭力的標志。</p>

9、<p>　　因此，在國際上，競爭力定義為一個經(jīng)濟體能夠吸引其出口需求和投資供給需求的能力和在所有社會規(guī)范內(nèi)提升公民生活水平的能力。這反過來又取決于宏觀和微觀經(jīng)濟政策，影響生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)率要素和經(jīng)營成本的法規(guī)和制度。</p><p>　　一個可用的文獻回顧和實證證據(jù)支持國際競爭力可以解釋為在一定程度上，一個國家的出口能力這一觀點(道樂和沃爾夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。還有就是，事實上，是出口表

10、現(xiàn)和國際競爭力之間的循環(huán)關(guān)系。出口是國際競爭力的第一衡量指標。出口情況的改善會導致了一個國家的競爭力提升。這種效果是一個企業(yè)的技能，知識，創(chuàng)新和運用新技術(shù)并能夠在一個成功的商業(yè)方式中利用技術(shù)機會等的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　另一方面，為了在競爭激烈的全球市場努力成功實現(xiàn)出口，一個國家被迫提高競爭力。更具競爭力的國家，它的經(jīng)濟更強大。因此，它更有能力在全球市場競爭，以吸引具有較高的知識，技能，水平人們?nèi)ベ徺I新技術(shù)

11、等，并改善其出口業(yè)績，以及達到更好的出口業(yè)績。反過來，這可能有利于更多的創(chuàng)新，引起其競爭力的提高。</p><p>　　因此，出口業(yè)績和競爭力不應(yīng)該被視為孤立的，因為它們是相互依存的。</p><p>　　然而，競爭力不應(yīng)該只等同于一個國家的出口能力。其中，出口市場份額的演變也是貿(mào)易競爭力的重要元素, 而后者僅僅是一個國家的競爭力組成部分由歐洲里斯本宣言定義為通過提供更多和更高質(zhì)量的就業(yè)，

12、改善和提高其居住生活水平和產(chǎn)生更大的社會凝聚力。個別國家收益或損失的世界市場份額往往被視為他們的貿(mào)易競爭力指數(shù)。然而，市場份額的增長也取決于結(jié)構(gòu)性因素。由于需求的變化，在一個時期的開始一個國家的地域和行業(yè)專業(yè)化的一個重要因素是塑造未來的市場份額的增長。同樣，國家適應(yīng)這種出口變化的能力，也會影響最終結(jié)果。</p><p>　　二、羅馬尼亞國際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的概述</p><p>　　目前，羅馬

13、尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)在早年經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型時期的負的成績之后，顯示了正回報，并且未來十年的增長前景樂觀，遠強于歐盟。</p><p>　　羅馬尼亞的旅游業(yè)對GDP的貢獻率為4.8%，在174個旅游密集的國家地區(qū)中以及世界上，排第162名。然而，羅馬尼亞旅游部門的增長前景在區(qū)域和世界上的排名比其鄰國和競爭對手更好，即在未來10年里對GDP的貢獻率為6.7%和排名為12（世界旅行和旅游發(fā)展委員會，2007）。</p>

14、;<p>　　羅馬尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)在2006年對GDP的貢獻率為1.9%，2016年將上升到2.5%，而在歐盟，2006年旅行和旅游業(yè)對GDP的貢獻率為3.9%（世界旅行及旅游發(fā)展委員會，2007）。</p><p>　　全球旅行和旅游業(yè)就業(yè)人數(shù)占全球就業(yè)人數(shù)的8.7%，2006年羅馬尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)就業(yè)估計為485000人，占總就業(yè)人數(shù)的5.8%，或每17.4份工作中有一份是旅游方面工作。相比

15、歐洲4.2%的就業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)（860個就業(yè)人數(shù)），當前265000份旅行和旅游業(yè)工作占總就業(yè)的3.1%（世界旅行和旅游發(fā)展委員會，2007）。</p><p>　　在羅馬尼亞國際游客絕大多數(shù)都來自歐洲。自2000年，約有95％的游客每年都是這個區(qū)域內(nèi)的。除了這些，越來越多—75%根據(jù)2004年的數(shù)據(jù)—是從與羅馬尼亞接壤的五國來的游客：烏克蘭，摩爾多瓦，保加利亞，匈牙利，塞爾維亞和黑山。</p><

16、p>　　三、評價旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易競爭力的方法</p><p><b>　　（一）研究方法</b></p><p>　　作為旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易國際競爭力的具體評估方法，在這項研究中采取的基本方法是建立在一個改善旅游競爭力的經(jīng)濟是一個能夠提高其一定旅游服務(wù)出口規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟這個想法基礎(chǔ)上的。同樣，經(jīng)濟的競爭力下降，是一個國家提高其來自其他國家的旅游服務(wù)進口規(guī)模。一個國家（或部門）

17、或大或小的競爭力顯示了該國參與的性質(zhì)和程度—通過其出口—進行的進口市場分析，即一個國家利用其它國家從本國增加進口的方法來提高其競爭力（曼德，1991）。</p><p>　　此外，一個國家在插入國際經(jīng)濟的過程中不僅關(guān)系到其出口的進展，還關(guān)系到其他競爭對手的行為和行動。該模型是改編自德拉瓜迪亞，莫萊羅，和瓦拉德斯（德拉瓜迪亞等，2004）介紹的市場的動態(tài)性質(zhì)，并通過他們工作實施事后評估服務(wù)競爭力，通過提供一個在國際

18、貿(mào)易中的競爭力水平和專業(yè)化程度生產(chǎn)中的變化作為描述性的參考。</p><p>　　商業(yè)優(yōu)勢通過旅游出口的演變顯露—這反映競爭力的改善，并通過旅游進口的改革，反映了日益惡化的商業(yè)優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　　基于上述，國際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易競爭力變化通過分析不同變量進行測量：</p><p>　　第一個變量是市場份額或在市場參與，和測量一個國家或該國旅游部門提供的市場份額；&

19、lt;/p><p>　　第二個變量是所分析國家的出口結(jié)構(gòu)。這變量反映了旅游部門在該國出口總額中的相對重量；</p><p>　　最后，通過市場的進口結(jié)構(gòu)，旅游部門在所分析的進口市場的推動力程度就可以確定了。我們定義這種旅游服務(wù)的格局為這種經(jīng)濟撤退活動，除了會失去市場份額，其在國際貿(mào)易中的影響力也會下降。</p><p>　　結(jié)合這兩個變量，旅游業(yè)作為服務(wù)出口部門可以列為

20、執(zhí)行、錯過機遇，下降和撤退，等價于之前提到的意義。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┭芯拷Y(jié)果</b></p><p><b>　　1. 指標</b></p><p>　　市場份額的演變表明了旅游業(yè)作為國際經(jīng)濟中每個國家的服務(wù)出口部門的穿透能力。</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在分析期間，歐盟25國

21、經(jīng)濟體屬于世界主要的旅游服務(wù)提供商，因為他們整體在世界旅游出口提供中占45%。</p><p>　　總之，由這些國家組成的這個團體稍微減少了旅游服務(wù)的全球配額的持有比例（-0.68%的增長率）。</p><p>　　從個別國家的角度來看，在世界市場上其旅游服務(wù)配額增加的經(jīng)濟體，按秩序來是波蘭、愛沙尼亞、立陶宛、英國、盧森堡。</p><p>　　在分析期間，大多數(shù)國

22、家在他們通過旅游服務(wù)出口進行貨幣進入過程中有輕微的損失。反映出這種趨勢的國家是波蘭、愛沙尼亞、德國、英國。</p><p><b>　　2．旅游競爭力矩陣</b></p><p>　　因為它已經(jīng)表明，一個國家的旅游服務(wù)競爭力的第一次評估程序包括同步分析一個國家持有的關(guān)于旅游服務(wù)出口的市場份額和整個世界旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易（出口）發(fā)生的變化。</p><p&

23、gt;　　分析的結(jié)果反映在表12.2，其中國家根據(jù)這些標準檢測已經(jīng)決定了。</p><p>　　第二個旅游競爭力評估過程包括同步分析整體經(jīng)濟出口結(jié)構(gòu)的行為和國家貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生的變化，尤其是旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易（見表12.3）。</p><p>　　第三個也是最復雜的旅游競爭力評估過程包括同步分析其經(jīng)濟的商業(yè)專業(yè)化行為和整個國際貿(mào)易所表現(xiàn)的路徑（見表12.4）。</p><p>

24、;　　反過來，一個國家的商業(yè)專業(yè)化程度和國際貿(mào)易在同方向或反方向發(fā)展。因此，旅游業(yè)作為一個國家的出口部門在專業(yè)化分工中可以贏得或失去重量，同時，旅游服務(wù)在國際貿(mào)易中的規(guī)?？梢詳U大或減少。</p><p>　　四、結(jié)束語：羅馬尼亞在歐洲旅游市場上的競爭地位</p><p>　　當世界旅游業(yè)的進口增長時（20%），歐盟25個國家正失去市場份額（-0.68%的市場份額增長率），羅馬尼亞也是（-4

25、.65%市場份額增長率）。羅馬尼亞在歐盟25國市場上市場份額的嚴重下降（-20.86%的市場份額增長率），這相比于世界說明了一個事實，盡管歐洲旅游進口增長了，但羅馬尼亞在世界市場市區(qū)市場份額的速度快于在歐洲市場失去市場份額的速度。值得一提的是，這種新增長比世界旅游進口的增長緩慢（6.12%相比20%）。這可能意味著，雖然來自歐盟25國的游客數(shù)量比來自世界其他地區(qū)的游客數(shù)量要高，但是收入結(jié)構(gòu)卻不同。</p><p>

26、;　　事實上，羅馬尼亞的旅游服務(wù)正在失去市場份額，而國際旅游服務(wù)的提高正在加強，這允許其錯過分類的機遇。</p><p>　　盡管旅游業(yè)對世界服務(wù)進口的貢獻增長了（2.31%），但是其對歐盟25國服務(wù)出口的貢獻減少了（0.38%）。在羅馬尼亞，旅游業(yè)對出口的貢獻減少的更多（6.14%）。至于歐盟25個國家，他們的旅游服務(wù)對進口貢獻率為0.98%（比世界水平低），而旅游服務(wù)對羅馬尼亞出口貢獻的減少更為嚴重（27.8

27、5%）。這表明羅馬尼亞來自向歐盟25國的旅游出口正在減少，并且比向世界的旅游出口減少的更多，在這個背景下旅游服務(wù)的市場份額正在增加。</p><p>　　這導致的結(jié)果是不一樣的，因為如果羅馬尼亞的一個來自國際活動的重要外匯收入部分早擴張或收縮，那推導出的結(jié)果不一樣的。</p><p>　　旅游部門的虧損，在羅馬尼亞的出口結(jié)構(gòu)中反映出較小的貨幣通過這些出口進入，從而影響了經(jīng)濟的外部平衡，因此

28、，其經(jīng)濟未來的可能性是增長。</p><p>　　因此，這種綜合方法導致的結(jié)論是羅馬尼亞國際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易，無論是在歐盟25個國家（一個更大的程度上）還是世界上正在經(jīng)歷市場份額的下跌，在國際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易擴大的背景下，對出口和專業(yè)化程度都有貢獻。</p><p>　　宏觀經(jīng)濟影響來自于一個國家減少保持在世界市場上的配額，或者它的出口結(jié)構(gòu)被修改或降低其專業(yè)化程度是不同的取決于國際經(jīng)濟自身的行為和

29、發(fā)生這種變化的部門。</p><p>　　在宏觀經(jīng)濟方面，來自旅游服務(wù)出口的前向聯(lián)系和后向聯(lián)想是不同的，這取決于他們的結(jié)構(gòu)和質(zhì)量。換句話說，對經(jīng)濟的影響有很大的不同取決于旅游服務(wù)出口的結(jié)構(gòu)。適用于本文用于研究旅游服務(wù)國際競爭的方法，缺少了研究競爭力的方法，至少從統(tǒng)計立場上，似乎不夠具體或執(zhí)行力不夠，即服務(wù)的質(zhì)量和結(jié)構(gòu)。當分析競爭力時該方法非常的重要，但統(tǒng)計的方法是復雜的。盡管國際機構(gòu)為了旅游服務(wù)部門的只是進步所作

30、的努力，比通常提供的有更多地擴展系列和跟精確的統(tǒng)計是有必要的。旅游服務(wù)方面的信息缺乏尤其嚴重。這方面的缺陷讓任何研究都陷入困難，因為這些部門在部門中具有舉足輕重的地位。處于這個原因，在目前的論文中避免了更多這方面的細節(jié)。</p><p>　　本文構(gòu)建了第一個也是有必要的有助于對羅馬尼亞旅游部門進行評估的更深層次和更復雜的步驟，并且有助于設(shè)計一個政策地圖旨在提高行業(yè)的競爭力。</p><p>

31、;　　成為歐盟的正式成員對克服羅馬尼亞旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易競爭力現(xiàn)有的弱點可能有積極的作用。這一兩年重復上述分析可能將更好的揭示成為歐盟成員后旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易競爭力的后果。</p><p>　　標注：本文摘譯自2009年旅游經(jīng)濟的進步，第三部分，第189-192頁</p><p>　　The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Servi

32、ces: </p><p>　　Evidence from Romania</p><p>　　Ana Bobirca ，Cristiana Cristureanu </p><p>　　——Advances in Tourism Economics 2009, Part 3, 189-192, </p><p>　　Abstract: T

33、ourism is the only service activities that can provide trade opportunities for any level of development of the country. However, it is also a large extent because of the country's capacity and performance in the glob

34、al economy and also has a clear benefit to the uneven distribution of industry, which they need to improve their competitiveness.</p><p>　　Since the early 1990s, Romania's tourism industry has experience

35、d significant changes in export volume, growth rate and structure. These fluctuations affect the relative competitive position of Romania in the international tourism market and cause changes in the balance of its touris

36、m trade. At the same time, new and more jumbled the European construction, caused a significant change in the regional tourism competitiveness in Romania.</p><p>　　In this context, this paper attempts to pro

37、pose a framework to focus on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance, and to assess the international competitiveness of the tourist trade in services in Romania.</p><p>　　Firs

38、t, the international competitiveness of international tourism</p><p>　　The concept of international competitiveness, although controversial, elusive, but has now been recognized, and all over the world conti

39、nue to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.</p><p>　　So far, have been taken to improve the international competitiveness of measures have been considered at the economic level (Jiarui Li, 20

40、03) usually refers to a country's production of goods and services to meet the test of international markets, while maintaining and to increase the ability of the citizen's income (European Commission, 2007).<

41、/p><p>　　Competitiveness ultimately depends on a country's business success in domestic and international markets, the competitive attention focused on enterprise-level competitiveness (Porter, 1990), for t

42、his generally understood to refer to "... the company to maintain and better, to expand its global market share to increase and the ability to expand profit "(Clark and cover, 1998, the Organization of Economic

43、 Cooperation and Development, 1993).</p><p>　　Therefore, although the widespread international competitiveness as with the theoretical basis of the national economy and international trade have been less in

44、the academic literature. Therefore, the nature of a country's international competitiveness, efficiency and limitations are still unclear (Cole Dwyer, 2000, Krugman, 1994, 1996). International competitiveness, consol

45、idate and maintain trade advantage trade advantage relative to the rest of the world refers to a country's trade in goods a</p><p>　　Whenever a country's economic welfare through increased trade flow

46、s, or through the from initial equilibrium terms of trade change and increase international competitiveness will be improved the (Cole Dwyer, 2000). Therefore, the international competitiveness of the definition for an e

47、conomy to attract its export demand and investment supply demand capabilities and the ability to enhance the living standards of citizens in all social norms. This in turn depends on the macro-and micro-economic po</p

48、><p>　　A review of the literature and empirical evidence available to support international competitiveness can be explained to a certain extent, this view of a country's ability to export (Lok and Wolff, 1

49、993, Ge Boge, etc.). There is, in fact, is a circular relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports is a measure of international competitiveness. The improvement in exports will lead

50、 to enhance the competitiveness of a country. This effect is the skills, knowledg</p><p>　　Competitive, however, should not be only equivalent to a country's ability to export. Where the evolution of the

51、 share of the export market is also an important element of the trade competitiveness, while the latter is only part of a country's competitiveness is defined as the Lisbon Declaration by the European through the pro

52、vision of more and higher quality of employment, to improve and enhance the standard of living in and greater social cohesion. The world market share of the gain or loss of</p><p>　　Second, overview of the i

53、nternational trade in tourism services in Romania</p><p>　　Travel and tourism in Romania in the early years of economic transition period after the negative results, showing a positive return, and the next d

54、ecade of growth outlook is much stronger than the EU.The Romanian tourism's contribution to GDP was 4.8%, 174 tourism-intensive countries in the world, ranked 162. However, the prospects for the growth of the tourism

55、 sector in Romania in the regional and world ranking better than its neighbors and competitors in the next 10 years, the contribution to</p><p>　　Romania travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006

56、was 1.9%, will rise to 2.5% in 2016, in the EU, the travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 3.9% (World Travel and Touri Global travel and tourism industry employment accounted for 8.7% of global employm

57、ent, Romania's travel and tourism industry employment in 2006 is estimated at 485,000 people, or 5.8% of total employment, or 17.4 parts have a tourism job. Compared employment, 4.2% of total employment in Europe (86

58、0), 3.1% of</p><p>　　The vast majority of international tourists in Romania from Europe. Since 2000, about 95% of the visitors to this area every year. In addition to these, more and more - 75% based on 2004

59、 data - to tourists from five countries bordering with Romania: Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.</p><p>　　Third, the evaluation of tourism service trade competitivenessresearch met

60、hods</p><p>　　As tourism service trade and international competitiveness assessment methods, the basic approach is taken in this study based on one to improve the competitiveness of the tourism economy is ab

61、le to improve the economic basis of the idea of the scale of certain travel services exports. Similarly, the decline in the competitiveness of the economy, a country to increase its scale of travel services imported from

62、 other countries. Competitiveness of countries (or departments), large or small display</p><p>　　In addition, a country in the process of insertion in the international economy is not only related to the pro

63、gress of its exports, but also related to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from the de la Guardia, Moleiro, and Guevara Fernandez (de la Guardia, etc., 2004) introduced the dynamic natu

64、re of the market, and through their implementation of the ex-post evaluation of service competitiveness by providing a level of competitiveness in international trade and</p><p>　　Commercial advantage throug

65、h the evolution of tourism exports show - this reflects the improvement of the competitiveness and reform through tourism imports, reflecting the deteriorating commercial advantage.</p><p>　　Based on the abo

66、ve, changes in international tourism service trade competitiveness is measured by analyzing the different variables:</p><p>　　The first variable is the market share or to participate in the market, and measu

67、ring the market share of a country or the country's tourism sector;</p><p>　　The second variable is the analysis of the country's export structure. This variable reflects the relative weight of the t

68、ourism sector in the country's total exports;</p><p>　　Finally, through the import structure of the market, the tourism sector is the driving force in the import market analysis can determine.</p>

69、<p>　　The combination of these two variables, the tourism industry as a service export sector as operative, missed opportunities, decline and retreat, equivalent to the previously mentioned significance.</p>

70、<p>　　(B) the results</p><p>　　1. Indicators</p><p>　　The evolution of the market share that the penetrating power of tourism as a service export sector of each country in the internationa

71、l economy.</p><p>　　The data shows that, during the analysis, the EU-25 economies is a major travel service provider in the world, because their overall accounted for 45% of the world tourism exports provide

72、.</p><p>　　From the point of view of the individual countries, the quota increase of travel services in the world market economy, according to the orderly, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Lux

73、embourg.</p><p>　　During the analysis, the majority of countries in the process they enter the currency through the export of tourism services slight loss. Reflects this trend, countries are Poland, Estonia,

74、 Germany, the United Kingdom.</p><p>　　2. Tourism competitiveness matrix</p><p>　　Because it has been shown that a national tourism service competitiveness assessment procedures, including the f

75、irst simultaneous analysis of the market share held by a country on the export of tourism services tourism service trade (exports) and the whole world changes.</p><p>　　The results of this analysis are refle

76、cted in Table 12.2, which has decided to countries based on these criteria detection.</p><p>　　Second tourism competitive evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the behavior of the export

77、structure of the economy as a whole and the national trade structure changes, especially in the tourism trade in services (see Table 12.3).</p><p>　　The third and most complex tourism competitiveness evaluat

78、ion process including the simultaneous analysis of the path of the commercial specialization behavior of its economy and the international trade performance (see Table 12.4).</p><p>　　In turn, the degree of

79、specialization and international trade of a country's commercial development in the same direction or the opposite direction. Therefore, the tourism industry as a country's export sector specialization can win or

80、 lose weight, and at the same time, expand or reduce the scale of travel services in international trade.</p><p>　　Fourth, the Conclusion: Romania in the European tourism market competitive position</p>

81、;<p>　　When the import growth of world tourism (20%), the EU's 25 countries are losing market share (market share growth rate of -0.68%), Romania is also (-4.65% market share growth rate). Romania serious decl

82、ine in market share in the EU-25 market (-20.86% market share growth), which compared to the world is a fact, despite the European tourism growth in imports, but Romania urban market share in the world market. faster tha

83、n the speed of losing market share in the European market. It is worth mention</p><p>　　In fact, tourism services in Romania is losing market share, is strengthening and improvement of international tourism

84、services, which allow it to miss the opportunities classification.</p><p>　　The contribution of tourism to world services imports growth (2.31%), but reduced its contribution to the EU-25 exports (0.38%). In

85、 Romania, the decrease in the contribution of tourism to export more (6.14%). As for the 25 EU countries, they travel services imports contribution rate of 0.98% (lower than the world level), travel services more severe

86、reduction in the contribution of exports to Romania (27.85%). This indicates that Romania from being reduced travel to the EU-25 exports and reduce t</p><p>　　This result is not the same, because if Romania

87、an important foreign exchange earnings from international the early partial expansion or contraction, that derive the result is not the same.</p><p>　　The loss of the tourism sector, in Romania's export

88、structure reflects the smaller currency entering through these exports, thus affecting the economy's external balance, therefore, the possibility of its economic future growth.</p><p>　　Therefore, this i

89、ntegrated approach led to the conclusion that the the Romania international tourism trade in services, both in the 25 countries of the European Union (a greater extent) or the world is experiencing a decline in market sh

90、are, in the context of the expansion of international trade in tourism services contribution of exports and the degree of specialization.</p><p>　　Macroeconomic impact from a country to reduce the quota rema

91、ins in the world market, or the structure of its exports to modify or reduce the degree of specialization is different depending on the international economic departments of their own behavior and this change.</p>

92、<p>　　On the macroeconomic side, from the front of the travel services exports to contact and after Lenovo is different, depending on their structure and quality. In other words, the impact on the economy is very d

93、ifferent depending on the structure of tourism services exports. Apply to this paper for the study of international competitiveness of the tourism services, the lack of competitive research, at least from a statistical s

94、tance, it seems that is not specific enough or executive power is not en</p><p>　　Despite the efforts made by the international agencies in order to tourism services sector is just progress than usually prov

95、ide more extended family and with accurate statistics are necessary. Travel services, lack of information is particularly serious. Shortcomings in this regard so that any studies are difficult, because the department has

96、 a pivotal position in the department. More details in this regard are avoided in this reason, in the current paper.</p><p>　　We build a first necessary to contribute to the assessment of the tourism sector

97、in Romania deeper and more complex steps, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the industry and help design a policy map.</p><p>　　Become a full member of the EU to overcome the existing weaknesses of t

98、he Romanian tourism service trade competitiveness may have a positive effect. The last couple of years to repeat the above analysis may better reveals the consequences of tourism service trade competitiveness in the EU m