外文翻譯--史前史到早期文明

1、<p><b>　　室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)史</b></p><p>　　A HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN</p><p>　　學(xué) 部（院）： 建筑與藝術(shù)學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 環(huán)境藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　學(xué) 生 姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　指 導(dǎo) 教 師： </p><p>　　完 成 日 期： </p><p>　　CHAPTER ONE</p><p>　　Prehi

3、story to Early Civilizations</p><p>　　Living in the modern, technologically advanced world, we take it for granted that a major portion of our time is spent inside, or “indoors.” We live in houses or apartme

4、nts, we work in offices, shops, or factories, we study in schools and colleges, we eat in restaurants, we stay in hotels, and we travel inside automobiles, buses, trains, ships, and airplanes. To be outside is most often

5、 a temporary situation while traveling from one inside space to another. Human beings differ from other living </p><p>　　PREHISTORIC INTERIORS</p><p>　　There have been human beings on earth for

6、about 1.7 million years. The detailed record of events and developments that we call “history”stretches back for only about six or seven thousand years. Before the beginning of history we have only myths, legends, and gu

7、esswork to tell us what events occurred and in what order. Thus the questions of when and where people first learned to use shelters, and what the earliest shelters were like, have long been the subject of much speculati

8、on.</p><p>　　Guesswork is aided in some measure by information that comes from two lines of inquiry. These deal with, on the one hand, prehistoric remains of various kinds known to archeologists and, on the

9、other hand, with the current or recent practices of the “primitive” peoples usually studied by anthropologists. Prehistoric materials are physical objects, artifacts, or structures that date from times before the beginni

10、ng of the recorded history of the regions where they exist. The term “primitive,”as us</p><p>　　Archeological Evidence</p><p>　　The First Shelters</p><p>　　It is reasonable to assum

11、e that the first shelters were either found—caves, for example—or were made with materials that were easy to work with bare hands or with very simple tools. Although the term “cave men” is often used to describe early hu

12、man beings, and while there is certainly evidence that ancient people made use of caves, it is unlikely that caves were the most widely used of early human living places. Caves exist only in certain places and their numb

13、er is limited, nor are they particu</p><p>　　Constructed shelters from prehistory have survived only where they were made from durable materials. The most available and easy to work materials—twigs and branc

14、hes, leaves, rushes and similar plant materials, and animal materials such as skins or hides—are all shortlived, subject to decay and disappearance within relatively brief time spans. Inorganic materials such as mud or (

15、in cold climates) snow have limited lasting qualities, while stone, although very durable, is so difficult to work as </p><p>　　1.1 (left) Paintings of Anubis, Tomb of Pa-schedu, Thebes, c. 1500 B.C.E.Images

16、 of Anubis, the jackalheaded god of the dead, stand guard on simulated doors on either side of the passage leading to the inner chamber where the sarcophagus stood. The ceiling is covered with hieroglyphic inscriptions.

17、While the intentions are mystical, the form and color generate spaces with richly decorative character typical of ancient Egyptian art.</p><p>　　1.2 (right) Lion Panel, Chauvet cave, Ardèche, France. 15

18、,000–10,000 B.C.E. Evidence of human occupancy of caves comes from paintings that were made with only fire-light as illumination. The intention of the paintings was probably not to ornament or decorate the natural spaces

19、 of the caves, but rather to provide images that might grant mystical power over hunted animals. To the modern viewer, the paintings have the effect of making the natural caves into spaces under some degree of human cont

20、rol</p><p>　　1.3 Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England, c. 2750–1500 B.C.E. Huge stones were carefully placed to create interior spaces with a strong aesthetic impact, whether they were originally open to the sky (

21、as now) or roofed with materials that have since disappeared. The purpose seems to have been connected with rituals relating to the movements of the sun, moon, and stars. The circular form is characteristic of many ancie

22、nt human constructions.</p><p>　　Dolmens and Barrows</p><p>　　The arrangements of stones called Alignments and the Dolmens of Brittany (France) and other European locations are thoughtfully desi

23、gned structures dating from prehistoric times. Most speculations assume that the larger sites, such as Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain in Britain, were used for ceremonies or rituals connected with observation of astronomi

24、cal movements; dolmens are more often linked to burial rites. The arrangement of a large stone placed on top of two or three upright stones that mak</p><p>　　Estimating dates for prehistoric sites was a matt

25、er of guesswork until the fairly recent development of the technique of radio- carbon dating, in which measurements of the radioactivity of organic materials (such as bones or shells) gives a measure of their age. Stoneh

26、enge (1.3) is now dated with some confidence at about 2750–1500 b.c.e. All such structures date from the era now designated as the stone age in reference to the fact that the most advanced technologies of those times inv

27、olved the w</p><p>　　It is virtually certain that the lack of houses surviving from these times can be explained by the use of less- lasting materials, but that can in turn be explained in part by the realit

28、y that such ancient human life patterns were generally migratory or at least unattached to fixed locations. Early human life depended on water sources, hunting, and food gathering for sustenance and therefore required po

29、pulations to move in pursuit of game and other food supply. Whatever shelter was used needed t</p><p>　　Evidence from Tribal Cultures</p><p>　　The oldest known traces of built human shelter, fou

30、nd in Terra Amata in southern France, are believed to be 400,000 years old. These most minimal remains suggest the form of huts made from tree branches. Although archeological evidence is scarce about the nature of the e

31、arliest built structures, there is evidence to be found by turning to the other source of clues to early human shelter—the practices of “primitive” societies. Although now in retreat as modern societies press in upon the

32、m, “primi</p><p>　　Peoples in tribal Africa, in the islands of the Pacific, in the Arctic, and in the North and South American continents before the coming of Europeans are now, or were recently, living in w

33、ays that had not changed in many generations. Villages in tropical Africa, settlements in the Sahara and Mongolian deserts, Native American (American Indian), Inuit (Eskimo), and Australian Aborigine communities are all

34、“primitive” living systems that provide examples of shelter types that can be assumed to be </p><p>　　In his 1876 book The Habitations of Man in All Ages, the French architectural theorist and historian Eug&

35、#232;ne- Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–79) tried to show how shelter making began. In one illustration he shows us a “primitive” group of people building a structure made up of tree branches tied together at the top, wit

36、h enclosing surfaces being built up by weaving more flexible twigs and branches through the main structure. This is clearly an early form of shelter of the kind that appears in man</p><p>　　available the mak

37、ing of square corners might be difficult and create weak points in a fragile structure. A circle is also the geometric figure that will enclose most area with least perimeter, a concept that might not be understood in th

38、eoretical terms but could still be grasped intuitively in the process of constructing a building.</p><p>　　The tepee (1.4) of the American plains had a frame of long poles tied together at the top. Its outer

39、 walls were skins arranged to permit a flap doorway and a top flap that could be adjusted to control air circulation, allow penetration of daylight, and act as a smoke outlet. The whole tepee was easy to take down, pack,

40、 and transport when the migratory hunting users needed to follow the herds that were their food supply. The Yurt (1.5) or Ger of the Buryar peoples of Mongolia uses a vertical wall</p><p>　　1.4 William Henry

41、 Jackson, photograph of a Bannock family camped near Medice Lodge Creek, Idaho, 1871. The native American tepee was a round, portable structure with a frame of wooden poles and a covering of skin. Its interior was simply

42、 the inside of its structure without added treatment or furniture.</p><p>　　1.5 An engraving of a Mongolian yurt. The yurt is a portable structure with an enclosing wall of lattice strips supporting a roof s

43、tructure of poles. The exterior is covered with skins or mats. Inside, boxes to hold possessions, rugs, and stools create spaces with considerable aesthetic character.</p><p>　　1.6 Drawing of an Inuit igloo.

44、 In this drawing of a typical Inuit igloo or snow house, the interior, shown in partial section, is lined with skins to give insulation, and the bench “furniture” on either side is formed of snow.</p><p>　　1

45、.7 Plan and sectional elevation of a Matakam homestead or tribal village in Cameroon, Africa. The circular form of the mud or stone hut creates a room, and several similar structures are grouped together to make a house

46、complex. The simple interiors hold storage containers and sleeping pads on the dirt floors.</p><p>　　The snow house or igloo of the Inuit people of the Arctic region (1.6) is a circular construction built fr

47、om blocks cut from snow. The blocks are laid up in concentric circles of diminishing size to form a dome. An entrance tunnel of snow blocks is angled to prevent penetration by the prevailing winds, and it includes a spac

48、e to accommodate dogs. Within the house proper, skins are used to line the walls, leaving an air space that helps to insulate the interior while preventing the heat from melt</p><p>　　Other “primitive” house

49、 types are not round. It is probably the use of strip materials, wooden poles, or branches that suggests straight- line walls and so leads to more- or- less rectangular box forms (1.8). The A- frame form of the Dawi cere

50、monial chief’s house, the dwellings of the people of New Guinea, packed- mud houses in Yemen, Pueblo building in the American southwest, some wigwams (known to us from drawings made by early European settlers), and many

51、house types built by South American n</p><p>　　Other types of “primitive” house forms are determined in part by the powerful environmental realities of topography, weather, availability of materials, and par

52、ticularly climate. The snow- built igloo is well-known but the underground houses of the Matmata in the Sahara are less familiar. A Matmata house is made up of a central court, a deep open- topped pit dug into the desert

53、 which gives access to surrounding rooms that are totally underground. A long, sloping entrance tunnel gives access to t</p><p>　　Whether round or rectangular, on the surface of the earth, raised up on posts

54、, or dug into the ground, it is the interior space of such houses that is their reason for existence. Such interiors are not “designed” with the sophistication of concept that we associate with modern interior design; th

55、e interior is simply a hollow space created by the technique of building the outside. Into the inside of all such houses must go the equipment used in daily life—cooking and eating utensils, weapons, sto</p><p

56、>　　Pattern and Design</p><p>　　The technique of weaving is an ancient invention, which has appeared in many locations, making possible baskets, blankets, and rugs (and, of course, clothing) of a manufactu

57、red membrane as an alternative to animal skins. The weaving of fibers of varied colors, either from natural sources or through dyeing, leads to the discovery that patterns too can be woven. Such simple patterns as stripe

58、s and checks lead to the invention of more complex geometric patterns that appear in basketry, pottery, and</p><p>　　The patterns and images that enliven clothing, blankets, baskets, pots, and other objects

59、of the interiors of these shelters allow them to be compared with more modern interiors where rugs, wall treatments, furniture, and other objects are the elements that make an interior space a designed entity. In “primit

60、ive” practice, pattern and imagery are rarely strictly ornamental, however they may appear to modern viewers. There are purposeful meanings in color, pattern, and design that serve to design</p><p>　　1.8 Joh

61、n Webber, engraving of the interior of a house in Nootka Sound, Canada. A structure of wooden logs creates an enclosure in which a fire generates heat. Fish are hung to dry, while blankets and mats serve as both clothing

62、 and minimal furnishings. Totem- like carvings have both mystical and aesthetic value.</p><p>　　1.9 Drawing of a Matmata house. This diagrammatic illustration of an underground house of the North African Mat

63、mata people shows an entrance tunnel (1) leading from the surface (10), with stables for a donkey (2) and a goat (3), leading down into the central courtyard open to the sky. Individual bedrooms (5) and other rooms [(4)

64、granaries and (9) a kitchen] are tunneled into the surrounding ground, with steps (8) leading to some rooms. A cistern (7) in the center of the courtyard collects and sa</p><p>　　1.10 Kente cloth, West Afric

65、a, c. 1975. This African weaving uses bright colors in contrasting bands. The weaving is done in narrow strips that are sewn together to make wider areas for use in robes, blankets, or hangings.</p><p>　　1.1

66、1 Reconstruction of mammoth-bone structure, Mezhirich, Ukraine, c. 15,000 B.C.E The bones of mammoth served as the material for structural frameworks. Wooden poles helped support the roof that was probably made from hide

67、s.</p><p>　　THE FIRST PERMANENT</p><p>　　SETTLEMENTS</p><p>　　The key inventions or discoveries on which civilization is built are the controlled use of fire, the invention of langu

68、age, and the development of agriculture. Of these three it is agriculture, or fixed- base agriculture, as it is often called, that has most directly influenced the design of built shelter. As long as food supply was depe

69、ndent on hunting and gathering, humans were forced to travel to where food was available. The discovery that it was possible to plant crops and harvest a larger </p><p>　　With more people and the development

70、 of more permanent building types, villages and towns were established. The making of the necessities for living (clothing, utensils, weapons) gradually became more specialized with systems of trade emerging to make it p

71、ossible for a farmer, a shepherd, or a fisherman to make exchanges with a weaver, a potter, or a builder to the benefit of both.</p><p>　　It is generally thought that around 10,000 b.c.e. this shift from nom

72、adic hunting and gathering cultures to those centered on agriculture began to gain impetus (particularly in regions like the Near East), and there was a connected shift to more permanent dwellings. The most obviously des

73、irable non-portable material for wall construction would have been stone, but stone was not always easily available. As a result, a substitute was invented: the Mud brick—made by compacting mud in a mold and dry</p>

74、;<p>　　Among the earliest known excavated structures are the frames made from mammoth bones found at Mezhirich (Ukranian Republic), and dating to c. 15,000 b.c.e. (1.11). Over these circular frames would have been

75、 stretched animal hides, and they may indicate a stage in the transition from a highly portable wooden-framed structure to something more stable and lasting. This round shape continued to be popular with the transition t

76、o stone and mud brick, as demonstrated by the round houses dating from the</p><p><b>　　室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)史</b></p><p>　　第一部分: 史前史到早期文明</p><p>　　John Pile & Judith Gura</p>

77、<p>　　生活在現(xiàn)代的、 先進(jìn)的世界，我們把它當(dāng)做是理所當(dāng)然的事情。我們的時(shí)間的很大一部分都花在里面，或"室內(nèi)"。我們住在房子、公寓、辦公室、 商店、 或者在工廠工作、 我們?cè)趯W(xué)校和大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)、 我們?cè)诓蛷d吃東西，我們呆在酒店里，我們坐汽車(chē)、 巴士、 火車(chē)、 船舶和飛機(jī)旅行。戶外活動(dòng)也只是在暫時(shí)的情況下從一個(gè)空間內(nèi)旅行到另一個(gè)空間。人類(lèi)不同于其他生物在于把這種類(lèi)型的空間作為日常生活中最常用的空間環(huán)境。<

78、;/p><p><b>　　史前的室內(nèi)</b></p><p>　　自有人類(lèi)在地球上大約經(jīng)歷了 170 萬(wàn)多年。詳細(xì)記錄的事件和事態(tài)發(fā)展被我們稱(chēng)之為"歷史"的過(guò)程大約只有六個(gè)或七個(gè)一千年。在歷史的開(kāi)端之前我們只有通過(guò)神話、 傳奇和猜測(cè)來(lái)告訴我們發(fā)生了什么事件及以何種順序發(fā)生展開(kāi)。因此在出現(xiàn)這些問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，在哪里人們首先學(xué)會(huì)使用庇護(hù)所，和最早的庇護(hù)所是什

79、么樣子，成為了人們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直揣測(cè)的主題。</p><p>　　在這些程度上猜測(cè)的信息是通過(guò)兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行查詢和處理的。一方面來(lái)自于史前遺跡中考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種已知和考察，另一方面來(lái)自于人類(lèi)學(xué)家通過(guò)與"原始的"人民的當(dāng)前或最近做法進(jìn)行的研究成果。史前的材料是歷史的物理對(duì)象、通過(guò)從他們所在的地區(qū)記載的日期或工作來(lái)了解前時(shí)代的結(jié)構(gòu)。"原始的"一詞用在這里，并不意味著簡(jiǎn)單、 粗糙的

80、或低級(jí)，而是指民族、 文化或它已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了幾千年，我們有詳細(xì)的歷史過(guò)程中不受現(xiàn)代科技世界文明的。</p><p><b>　　考古證據(jù)</b></p><p><b>　　第一庇護(hù)站</b></p><p>　　至今所發(fā)現(xiàn)的庇護(hù)所洞穴就是第一個(gè)合理的假設(shè)，舉個(gè)例子比如這里有用赤裸的雙手，或用很簡(jiǎn)單的工具和工作的材料進(jìn)行活動(dòng)。

81、雖然"穴居人"一詞通常用于描述早期的人類(lèi)，而當(dāng)然還有證據(jù)表明，古代人所制作和使用的洞穴，不太可能是被早期人類(lèi)最廣泛使用和生活的地方。洞穴只存在于某些地方，他們的數(shù)量是有限的而且也不是特別舒適和有吸引力的地方。同時(shí)在肖 （1.2） 的著名洞穴繪畫(huà)，拉斯科和阿爾塔米拉清楚地證明早期人民使用這些洞穴的原因，還有不能肯定是他們所居住的地方?；蛟S他們是緊急的避難所，用來(lái)舉行地方特別的儀式或典禮，或許我們可能對(duì)他們感到欽佩，因?yàn)?/p>

82、他們是保護(hù)人們免受天氣影響的藝術(shù)作品。</p><p>　　從史前幸存下來(lái)所建造的避難所，只有他們是由耐用材料制成的。用最有效的和容易的工作材料如樹(shù)枝，樹(shù)葉，燈心草和類(lèi)似的植物材料和動(dòng)物材料，如皮毛或其他隱性材料都是短暫的，衰減的，在相對(duì)短暫的時(shí)間內(nèi)就會(huì)消失。無(wú)機(jī)材料如泥漿或（在寒冷的氣候下）雪都擁有一定的持久品質(zhì)，而石頭，雖然很耐用，但是很難的進(jìn)行工作，在住房建筑方面具有非常有限的可能性。這些現(xiàn)實(shí)意味著材料從史

83、前時(shí)代幸存的石頭如箭頭和矛頭主要是小物件，或通過(guò)大石頭所排列建立的模式或組裝成的結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　1.1（左）畫(huà)的阿努比斯，PA計(jì)劃，底比斯陵墓，公元1500的頭像阿努比斯的豺頭，死亡之神，保衛(wèi)模擬門(mén)通向內(nèi)室的石棺站在通道兩側(cè)。天花板上滿是象形文字。意圖是神秘的，形式和色彩豐富的裝飾性產(chǎn)生典型的古埃及藝術(shù)空間。</p><p>　　1.2（右）獅子面板,肖維洞穴，古車(chē)，法國(guó)。15

84、000公元前10000年的證據(jù)–洞穴人入住來(lái)自畫(huà)了只有消防照明光源。作品的意圖或許不是裝飾品或裝飾的洞穴的自然空間，而是提供的圖像可能會(huì)給予過(guò)度捕獵的動(dòng)物擁有神秘的力量。對(duì)現(xiàn)代的觀眾，畫(huà)面制作成空間自然洞穴人的某種控制作用下。</p><p>　　1.3巨車(chē)陣，威爾特郡，英格蘭，公元2750公元前1500巨大的石塊小心地放在創(chuàng)造一個(gè)強(qiáng)烈的審美影響的室內(nèi)空間，無(wú)論他們最初開(kāi)放天空（現(xiàn)在）或屋頂材料都失蹤了。目的似乎

85、已與有關(guān)的太陽(yáng)，月亮和星星的運(yùn)動(dòng)儀式。圓形是許多古人類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。</p><p><b>　　石墓和手推車(chē)</b></p><p>　　的石頭稱(chēng)為路線和布列塔尼的石墓安排（法國(guó)）和歐洲其他地方都是精心設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)可以追溯到史前時(shí)代。大多數(shù)的推測(cè)認(rèn)為較大的網(wǎng)站，如位于索爾茲伯里平原上的巨車(chē)陣，在英國(guó)，用于儀式與天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的觀測(cè)；石墓往往與喪葬儀式。放在兩個(gè)或三個(gè)直立的石塊

86、，構(gòu)成了許多石墓的一塊大石頭排列似乎形成了一個(gè)墳?zāi)?，把假山的形成?nèi)腔。在地球上已經(jīng)消失，石棚遺存。在地球仍在的地方，它形成的墳?zāi)狗Q(chēng)為英國(guó)的巴羅?？梢匀ヒ恍┬掖娴哪故覂?nèi)室。他們是黑暗的，神秘的，往往令人印象深刻的，如果僅僅是他們難以想象的古老召喚。在這些結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以看到雕刻或切割圖案切割成圖案美麗的石頭，雖然他們的意義是未知的。</p><p>　　估計(jì)日期的史前遺址是一種猜測(cè)到無(wú)線電技術(shù)最近的發(fā)展碳定年法，其中有

87、機(jī)材料的放射性測(cè)量（如骨骼或貝殼）是衡量他們的年齡。巨車(chē)陣（1.3）現(xiàn)在有信心在2750左右–公元前1500這種結(jié)構(gòu)的日期從現(xiàn)在的時(shí)代定為參照的事實(shí)，那個(gè)時(shí)代最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)工作的石頭是最好的，最持久的石器時(shí)代的日期，和最有效的可用的材料。在古代世界的許多地區(qū)，石器時(shí)代延伸到公元4000年，后金屬的工作成為確定許多人類(lèi)文明的特征。然而，在諸如歐洲北部，刻在石頭上的石頭仍然是主要的方面，文明直到公元1000年。</p><

88、p>　　這幾乎是一定的，房子從這些時(shí)代幸存的不足可以通過(guò)不耐久的材料的使用說(shuō)明，但這可以部分解釋現(xiàn)實(shí)，這些古人類(lèi)的生活模式一般遷移或至少連接到固定位置。早期人類(lèi)的生活依賴于水源，狩獵和采集食物為生，因此需要的人群在游戲和其他食品供應(yīng)的追求行動(dòng)。避難所是需要便于攜帶，因此輕質(zhì)材料制成的木棍，樹(shù)葉，和蒲草而不是石頭。緩解工作和移動(dòng)合作有利于規(guī)模適度，遮蔽光材料，并易于移動(dòng)。</p><p><b>　

89、　部落文化之實(shí)證研究</b></p><p>　　已知的最古老的痕跡，建立人類(lèi)的庇護(hù)所，在法國(guó)南部泰拉阿馬達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn)，被認(rèn)為是400000歲。這些最起碼的是建議由樹(shù)枝小屋的形式。雖然考古證據(jù)是最早建立結(jié)構(gòu)的自然稀缺，有證據(jù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)線索的其他來(lái)源的早期人類(lèi)棲身的“原始”社會(huì)實(shí)踐。雖然現(xiàn)在撤退為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)壓在他們身上，“原始”的民族生存在許多難以到達(dá)的地區(qū)和許多其他現(xiàn)存的最近的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)世紀(jì)前。“原始的”社會(huì)

90、的特點(diǎn)是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的保守主義，一種投入（傳統(tǒng)的禁忌，阻止改變系統(tǒng)會(huì)加強(qiáng)），和一個(gè)不信任的概念“進(jìn)步”，在現(xiàn)代發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)。由于“原始”的方法可以被視為以更古老的方式可以追溯到石器時(shí)代。最“原始”的社會(huì)，依靠狩獵，捕魚(yú)和采集食物，食物。因此它們通常在一定程度上遷移和必須建立避難所，是很容易的移植。</p><p>　　在非洲的部落民族，在太平洋的島嶼，在北極地區(qū)，在北部和南美洲的歐洲人來(lái)到之前，現(xiàn)在，或是最近，生活方式已

91、經(jīng)不在多代變化。在熱帶的非洲村落，在撒哈拉沙漠和蒙古定居點(diǎn)，美國(guó)原住民（印第安人），因紐特人（愛(ài)斯基摩人），和澳大利亞土著社區(qū)都是“原始”的生活系統(tǒng)，提供的住房類(lèi)型，可以認(rèn)為是證明人類(lèi)的庇護(hù)所可以開(kāi)發(fā)。</p><p>　　在他的1876本書(shū)在所有年齡段的人的住處，法國(guó)建筑理論家和歷史學(xué)家尤金è氖-艾曼紐勒-迪克（1814–79）試圖說(shuō)明住房開(kāi)始。在一個(gè)說(shuō)明他向我們展示了一個(gè)“原始”的群體建筑結(jié)構(gòu)由樹(shù)枝

92、綁在一起的頂部，與封閉面正在建立的編織更靈活的樹(shù)枝通過(guò)主體結(jié)構(gòu)。這顯然是出現(xiàn)在許多“原始”文化棚屋那種庇護(hù)的早期形式，或者用皮覆蓋，一個(gè)帳篷。它可以接收外部抹灰泥或，在北極，一個(gè)類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)可能是建立在圓頂雪塊形式，我們稱(chēng)之為圓頂。在其他地方的樹(shù)木枝葉稀少，類(lèi)似的形式可以建立一頂像帽子稻草或茅草泥磚。許多這樣的“原始”避難所共享某些特性。他們一般都很小，幾乎總是圓的。小的大小反映了材料和需要保護(hù)的精力有限，而圓的形式可以解釋為幾個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，增

93、強(qiáng)彼此的反射。自然的形式是很少直排和方方。樹(shù)木和巖石的觀察，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和昆蟲(chóng)的避難所的建立，建議在材料的循環(huán)形式；可方角，使可能是困難的，在一個(gè)脆弱的結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)建的薄弱點(diǎn)。一圈又是幾何圖形，至少周邊絕大部分地區(qū)，一個(gè)概念，不可能在理論方面的理解但仍然可以直觀地掌握在構(gòu)建建筑的過(guò)程。</p><p>　　支架（1.4）的美國(guó)大平原有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)桿綁在一起，在頂架。它的外墻被配置為允許門(mén)口和頂部皮瓣，皮瓣可控制空氣流通的皮膚，讓滲透

94、的日光，和作為一個(gè)煙氣出口。整個(gè)帳篷很容易取下，包裝，運(yùn)輸時(shí)需要遵循的候鳥(niǎo)狩獵用戶，他們的食物供應(yīng)的牛群。蒙古包（1.5）或德國(guó)的蒙古人民用垂直壁架格條崩潰運(yùn)輸?shù)珨U(kuò)展（像現(xiàn)代的電梯門(mén)）和綁成一圈。柳條形成屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)和氈層被施加到形成墻體和屋面圍護(hù)。便攜式帳篷，仍在使用，是一個(gè)有趣的設(shè)計(jì)以適應(yīng)特殊的生活方式在一個(gè)特定的地理位置的例子。</p><p>　　1.4威廉·杰克遜，一個(gè)薄餅家庭照片附近扎營(yíng)，神洛奇

95、河，愛(ài)達(dá)荷州，1871。印第安人的帳篷是一個(gè)圓，用木棍和覆蓋皮膚框架結(jié)構(gòu)輕便。其內(nèi)部只是其結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)不加處理或家具。</p><p>　　1.5雕刻的蒙古包。蒙古包是一個(gè)有圍墻的格條桿支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的便攜式結(jié)構(gòu)屋頂。外部包裹有皮墊。包廂內(nèi)，財(cái)產(chǎn)，地毯，和凳子創(chuàng)建具有相當(dāng)?shù)膶徝捞卣骺臻g。</p><p>　　1.6繪制一個(gè)因紐特人圓頂冰屋。圖中一個(gè)典型的因紐特人圓頂冰屋或雪屋，內(nèi)部，在部分章節(jié)中顯示，

96、內(nèi)襯皮給絕緣，與臺(tái)“家具”的任一側(cè)上形成的雪。</p><p>　　1.7計(jì)劃和一個(gè)喀麥隆部落宅基地或剖面圖，非洲。的泥或石頭小屋創(chuàng)建一個(gè)房間的圓形結(jié)構(gòu)，和幾個(gè)類(lèi)似的組合在一起，使房子復(fù)雜。簡(jiǎn)單的內(nèi)飾保持儲(chǔ)存容器和睡在骯臟的地板墊。</p><p>　　北極地區(qū)的因紐特人的雪屋和雪屋（1.6）是一個(gè)圓形的建筑塊切雪。塊放在大小形成穹頂狀遞減的同心圓。雪塊入口隧道傾斜的盛行風(fēng)，防止?jié)B透，它包

97、括一個(gè)空間來(lái)容納狗。在正確的房子，皮用于線壁，留下一個(gè)空的空間，有助于隔離內(nèi)部同時(shí)防止熱量從融化的雪。凸起的平臺(tái)上提升室內(nèi)地板和家具也作為一種替代方式。圓頂?shù)耐獠啃问绞窃诙景l(fā)生的大風(fēng)強(qiáng)烈抗。雪的房子只有在寒冷的月份是可用的，并且通過(guò)皮膚在夏天錐房子取代或，在一些地區(qū)，由一個(gè)圓頂形狀類(lèi)似冬天的雪屋草房子，用薄木條內(nèi)部框架。圓形，便攜式結(jié)構(gòu)的遷移人民普遍建立獨(dú)立的；每個(gè)房子是一個(gè)單位，通常包裹一個(gè)空間。幾間房屋出現(xiàn)在更復(fù)雜的地方氣候，水村

98、，和食物來(lái)源是不斷搬遷的不必要的足夠的一致。在喀麥隆，在非洲，有多的房子，每個(gè)房間實(shí)際上是一個(gè)具有特殊功能的獨(dú)立的圓形小屋（生活空間，廚房，儲(chǔ)藏室，或穩(wěn)定的，例如），覆蓋門(mén)口鏈接之間的相關(guān)。墻是由泥，用茅草屋頂擱在墻上的帽子（1.7）。</p><p>　　其他的“原始”的住宅類(lèi)型是不是圓的。它可能是條材料，用木棍或樹(shù)枝，表明直行墻，所以導(dǎo)致更多或更少的矩形框的形式（1.8）。看見(jiàn)儀式的首席家的一幀的形式，新幾內(nèi)