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1、<p><b>  畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告</b></p><p><b>  英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>  Stylistic and thematic ananlysis of O,Henry’sA Double-dyed Deceiver</p><p>  一、選題的背景、意義(所選課題的歷史背景、國(guó)內(nèi)外研

2、究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì))</p><p>  歷史背景:19世紀(jì)80年代至20世紀(jì)初的美國(guó),隨著資本主義逐漸向壟斷發(fā)展,各種社會(huì)矛盾日益顯露突出。歐·亨利長(zhǎng)期生活在下層,形形色色的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象使他對(duì)這些矛盾心感身受。曲折的人生、豐富的經(jīng)歷、獨(dú)特的視角和敏銳的觀察,使他情不自禁地把社會(huì)的各種現(xiàn)象形象地概括在自己的作品中,如下層勞動(dòng)群眾生活的貧窮艱辛,道貌岸然的上流騙子,巧取豪奪的金融寡頭,肆無(wú)忌憚的買賣官爵,小偷、

3、強(qiáng)盜、流浪漢的生活,以及失業(yè)、犯罪等等。對(duì)貧民他充滿了同情,對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)剝削者從不同角度予以批判與揭露,道出了下層勞動(dòng)群眾對(duì)剝削、壓迫的憤怒反抗與心聲。</p><p>  研究現(xiàn)狀及評(píng)述:古往今來(lái),眾多研究歐.亨利小說(shuō)的人對(duì)他筆下的人物都有各自不同的見(jiàn)解。</p><p>  胡鐵生認(rèn)為人性應(yīng)該是與他所處的社會(huì)有關(guān),存在決定意志。人所處的社會(huì)在很大程度上決定了一個(gè)人的命運(yùn)。雙料騙子中,小利

4、亞普因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的不良風(fēng)氣,標(biāo)榜殺人為時(shí)髦,在賭場(chǎng)因意氣用事而殺人后,不得不踏上逃亡之路。而在遇到撒克后,也輕易得答應(yīng)與他合謀騙取財(cái)產(chǎn)。此前的他,毫無(wú)道德感可言。卻最終在烏里蓋太太親情的感召下,走上正途。“我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有跟女人多說(shuō)過(guò)話,也沒(méi)有母親可談,但是對(duì)于這位太太,我們卻不得不繼續(xù)瞞下去。她已經(jīng)忍受了一次痛苦;第二次她可受不了?!庇纱丝梢?jiàn),小利亞普懂得了體諒他人的悲苦,有了正確的觀念,人會(huì)由他所處的環(huán)境而改變。</p>&

5、lt;p>  秦燕,張明洋認(rèn)為歐.亨利還對(duì)潛在的人性本質(zhì)做了更深層次的探索。讓人性在某種力量的感召下,會(huì)有愛(ài)的覺(jué)醒和良心發(fā)現(xiàn)。小利亞普在此前的行為甚至可說(shuō)是冷血到麻木不仁,殺人時(shí)毫無(wú)罪惡感,騙人也無(wú)背德感。卻會(huì)因?yàn)闉趵锷w太太的溫情對(duì)待使他決定假冒她兒子的身份永遠(yuǎn)“騙”下去。甚至就連唾手可得的財(cái)富也能舍棄。</p><p>  樊林認(rèn)為歐.亨利筆下的人物有著不可抵擋的人格魅力。因?yàn)樗步蝗诘娘L(fēng)格,美丑映襯的

6、筆法,使人性的光輝更加奪目。在雙料騙子中,小利亞普一開始能和撒克一拍即合,毫無(wú)罪惡感得進(jìn)行行騙,卻在短短的四周內(nèi),與撒克分道揚(yáng)鑣。撒克始終念念不忘他人的財(cái)富,一門心思據(jù)為己有。而小利亞普卻在體會(huì)了親情的溫暖后,徹底地與撒克決裂,從此走上一條截然不同的路。人都該有向善的追求,而往往缺少的只是一種情感的召喚。如能給予溫暖,人性還是會(huì)選擇向陽(yáng)的。盡管過(guò)往并不光彩,但只要有向善的心,寬容的理解,前路可以走下去的。</p><

7、p>  阮溫凌認(rèn)為人性美在于堅(jiān)持,互相諒解和人與人之間的善意。小利亞普說(shuō):“我到上校家的第一晚,他們領(lǐng)我到一間臥室里。不是在地板上鋪一張床墊----而是一間真正的臥室,有床有家具。我入睡前,我那位假母親走了進(jìn)來(lái),替我掖好被子。‘小寶貝,”說(shuō),‘我的走失的小寶貝,天主把你送了回來(lái)。我永遠(yuǎn)贊美化的名?!f(shuō)了一些諸如此類的廢話。接著落了幾點(diǎn)雨,滴在我的鼻子上。這情形我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了,撒克先生?!睘趵锷w太太所給予小利亞普是對(duì)于兒子的疼愛(ài),對(duì)

8、于親人的愛(ài),卻輕易使小利亞普感動(dòng)不已。小利亞普懂得烏里蓋太太的悲傷,所以不忍欺騙她,讓她再受喪子之痛。烏里蓋太太對(duì)于他的疼愛(ài)他同樣回以自己所能表達(dá)的最大善意。所以即使騙到錢對(duì)于他而言輕而易舉,他也從未興起這個(gè)念頭。小利亞普此后的一生都將只能是堂·弗朗西斯科·馬里蓋,卻也可以馬里蓋太太兒子的身份過(guò)完余生。名正言順的擁有來(lái)著她疼愛(ài),享受親情。</p><p>  魏春芝認(rèn)為歐.亨利用他那支神奇的筆

9、為我們帶來(lái)了“善良的騙子”,而這是他對(duì)人性主題的新表現(xiàn),寄托了善戰(zhàn)惡的人性理想,顯示了歐.亨利創(chuàng)作的新奇與卓特。</p><p>  騙子作為歐.亨利筆下的千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的人物之一,所代表的卻不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的騙子所有的狡詐,冷血,滅絕人性。他的騙子有著不同的性格。他沒(méi)有鐵石心腸,人性中還有善良的一面。他并非冥頑不靈,還有被感化的缺口。</p><p>  “我現(xiàn)在不妨告訴你,伙計(jì),”小利亞普舒適

10、地坐在帆布椅子里說(shuō),“事情就按照目前的樣子維持下去。目前很不壞?!彼罱K拒絕了和撒克的合作,威脅撒克也只能和他一起按照目前的樣子維持下去。證明代表小利亞普戰(zhàn)勝了代表邪惡的撒克。</p><p>  “媽媽,我來(lái)啦。”年輕的堂·弗朗西斯科·馬里蓋答道.最終他決定“騙”馬里蓋太太一輩子,放棄不義之財(cái),說(shuō)明人性的善念占了上風(fēng)。</p><p>  根據(jù)馬斯洛的需求理論,人的一

11、系列復(fù)雜的需要,按其優(yōu)先次序可以排成梯式的層次,有生理需求,安全需求,社交需求,尊重需求和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需求。而小利亞普在經(jīng)歷了逃亡,之后又感受了烏里蓋太太對(duì)于他的疼愛(ài),最后終于決定以烏里蓋太太兒子的身份立于世,其需求已發(fā)生了改變。</p><p>  者興隆認(rèn)為歐亨利筆下的人物性格具有其矛盾性。因歐亨利本人具有浪漫主義氣質(zhì),所以在他的文章中能有所體現(xiàn)。在雙料騙子中,作者即給予了小利亞普在賭場(chǎng)時(shí)殺人不眨眼的冷血,可又有

12、體恤慈母的柔暖的心。作者始終不放棄的是相信人性總該是向善的。</p><p>  范月紅認(rèn)為歐亨利所關(guān)注的人性,往往是從小人物著手,他幾乎不寫大英雄??稍谏鐣?huì)底層的人身上所折射出來(lái)的人性之光只會(huì)更迷人。在雙料騙子中,小利亞普甚至算不上真的意義上的善人??伤瑯訐碛幸活w懂得慈悲的心,渴望人性溫暖的心愿。</p><p>  二、研究的基本內(nèi)容與擬解決的主要問(wèn)題</p><

13、p>  歐.亨利作為杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家,在他筆下有著平凡人悲歡離合,關(guān)注小人物的人生際遇。通過(guò)他們,揭露當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)社會(huì)的詬病,唯以金錢至上的扭曲道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí)也不乏褒揚(yáng)人性中的美好。歐亨利在他的一部分作品中都以騙子作為文學(xué)世界的主演者。他采用說(shuō)書人的形式,用嘲笑諷刺、憤世嫉俗的調(diào)侃語(yǔ)氣來(lái)敘說(shuō)故事,旨在說(shuō)明整個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)無(wú)非是一個(gè)爾虞我詐、黑吃黑的騙子社會(huì),所以騙子才是社會(huì)的典范者,而恰恰令人驚詫的是,歐亨利筆下的騙子是善良的,

14、他們是詐騙世界里的善良的騙子。本文主要是通過(guò)對(duì)小說(shuō)《雙料騙子》中小利亞普的描寫,發(fā)現(xiàn)平凡人物身上不平凡的人性魅力。通過(guò)環(huán)境社會(huì)對(duì)人的影響,善與惡,美與丑的對(duì)比,論證人性向善這一論點(diǎn)。</p><p>  三、研究的方法于技術(shù)路線</p><p>  本文將以批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義這一文學(xué)評(píng)論方式,借其以小見(jiàn)大等特點(diǎn)對(duì)于歐亨利的短篇小說(shuō)《雙料騙子》進(jìn)行評(píng)論。</p><p> 

15、 在熟讀原著和了解作者的創(chuàng)作背景的前提下,將借助于網(wǎng)絡(luò),圖書館所搜集的資料進(jìn)行人物分析,論證論文的論點(diǎn)。</p><p>  四、研究的總體安排與進(jìn)度</p><p>  第一階段: 2010年11月15日前確定并上交論文題目。 第二階段: 2010年11月中旬-2010年12月底,根據(jù)任務(wù)書向指導(dǎo)老師提交文獻(xiàn)綜述和開題報(bào)告。 第三階段: 2011年1月底

16、前,撰寫提交論文初稿。 第四階段: 2011年4月底前,在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行論文的寫  作和修改,提交二稿、三稿。 第五階段:20011年5月上旬,打印符合格式的終稿。</p><p><b>  五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  朱偉之,趙澧.外國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)編(歐美部分)[M].中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社,1980.</p

17、><p>  2.胡鐵生.人的本質(zhì)與其所處的社會(huì)----歐.亨利與莫泊桑的兩篇短文小說(shuō)對(duì)比評(píng)論[J]. 學(xué)術(shù)交流 Feb,2004,Vol1191, No2</p><p>  3. 秦燕. 歐.亨利筆下的人性世界[J]. 科教導(dǎo)報(bào) 2009,No9</p><p>  4.張明洋 歐亨利短篇小說(shuō)的主題思想和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn) </p><p>  5.樊

18、林.人性的光輝永恒的魅力---歐.亨利短篇小說(shuō)人性主題探索[J]. 鹽城師范學(xué)院報(bào)(人文社科版)June2006,Vol26,No3</p><p>  6. 阮溫凌.高揚(yáng)人性美的主旋律--歐.亨利愛(ài)情小說(shuō)藝術(shù)論[J]. 惋惜學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002,No2</p><p>  7.魏春芝.歐.亨利小說(shuō)人性面面觀[J]. 丹東師專學(xué)報(bào),2003,No.3</p><p>

19、  8.賈小明,趙曙明 對(duì)馬斯洛需求理論的科學(xué)再反思[J]. 名家觀察,2004,No.6</p><p>  9.者興隆 青海師范大學(xué) The Artistic Characteristics in Works of O. Henry</p><p>  10.范月紅 An Analysis of Hunanity Reflected in O.Henry’s Works[J].Read

20、 and Writer Periodical, 2008 ,Vol.5 No.6</p><p><b>  畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b>  英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>  小說(shuō)《雙料騙子》的反轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)局及人性啟示</p><p><b>  一、前言部分</b&

21、gt;</p><p>  寫作目的:歐.亨利出身于美國(guó)北卡羅來(lái)納州格林斯波羅鎮(zhèn)一個(gè)醫(yī)師家庭,他那夢(mèng)幻般的童年,充滿求知欲的少年時(shí)代以及坎坷的人性經(jīng)歷,給予了他作為一位杰出作家的素質(zhì)。歐.亨利在其小說(shuō)中創(chuàng)造了貧窮艱辛的下層勞動(dòng)人民、道貌岸然的上流騙子,善良的雙料騙子以及榨人不見(jiàn)血的金融巨頭等,從社會(huì)的各層面來(lái)展現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)作家的生活社會(huì)背景,從此達(dá)到了批判與揭露資產(chǎn)階級(jí)剝削的目的,道出一切反對(duì)剝削、壓迫的心聲。本文主要

22、通過(guò)歐亨利的一部短篇小說(shuō)雙料騙子,從主人公小利亞普逃亡的經(jīng)歷和他最終的選擇入手,分析歐亨利筆下小人物的善良天性。以小見(jiàn)大,以微觀反映宏觀的手法來(lái)表現(xiàn)和批判當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。他主要還是批判資本主義世界的詬病。同情底層社會(huì)小人物的不幸遭遇,歌頌他們天性中的美德。他的小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作的人性主體在此有深刻的揭示——歌頌人性美,抨擊人性丑。</p><p>  概念:批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作為一種文學(xué)思潮,指忠實(shí)地,客觀地反映現(xiàn)實(shí)和揭露,批判

23、社會(huì)黑暗為主要特點(diǎn)的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。他興起于19世紀(jì)3年代,在40-50年代達(dá)到高峰。究其產(chǎn)生的原因,首先,尖銳的社會(huì)矛盾是其社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。在資本主義進(jìn)入繁榮發(fā)展時(shí)期后,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)劇變,人們的道德觀念和文化價(jià)值也有深刻的改變,金錢沉了衡量人的主要的或唯一的尺度。由此,一種寫實(shí)與批判性很強(qiáng)大現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)思潮就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。其次,當(dāng)時(shí)的自然科學(xué),哲學(xué)和空想社會(huì)主義學(xué)說(shuō)對(duì)于批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的形成也起到了很大的推動(dòng)作用。最后,批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是在批判過(guò)去文學(xué)

24、傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。</p><p>  作為一種重要的文學(xué)流派,尤其特有的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)。第一,批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)比較客觀地,現(xiàn)實(shí)地反映現(xiàn)實(shí)?;旧鲜且晕ㄎ镏髁x的反映觀作為它的哲學(xué)依據(jù)。第二,批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)進(jìn)行深刻的揭露和批判。第三,批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)注重細(xì)節(jié)的真實(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)描寫典型環(huán)境中的典型性格。第四,批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家一般都具有人道主義思想。(二十世紀(jì)西方文學(xué)論 北京大學(xué)出版社)</p><p

25、>  歐亨利作為杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家,在他的小說(shuō)中往往能從小人物身上窺見(jiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)大時(shí)代的影子。他善于由小見(jiàn)大,從平凡人物的境遇中狠狠揭露現(xiàn)實(shí)的丑陋。雙料騙子以一個(gè)騙子的身份入手,代表當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)一個(gè)特殊的職業(yè),作為當(dāng)時(shí)某一階級(jí)的典型人物,向我們展示了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)利欲熏心,金錢至上的社會(huì)丑態(tài)。他關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié),能讓讀者有身臨其境的效果。他的結(jié)尾往往是意料之外而有情理之中??此齐x奇,細(xì)細(xì)琢磨,卻又合乎情理。而他又有著人道主義思想,對(duì)于苦苦掙扎在社

26、會(huì)底層的人們有著深切的同情,對(duì)于他們美好的人性有不吝贊賞與褒揚(yáng)。在雙料騙子中,小利亞普最終拒絕與撒克合作,而將以堂·弗朗西斯科·馬里蓋這個(gè)身份度過(guò)一生,他說(shuō),我像是一條卑賤的野狼,送我走上這條路的可能不是上帝,而是魔鬼,但是我要走到頭。因?yàn)椴蝗瘫吹哪赣H在有生之年再失愛(ài)子,他拒絕了金錢的誘惑,卻向我們展示了人性中溫情向陽(yáng)的一面。</p><p>  主題焦點(diǎn):歐.亨利最為杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家

27、,在他筆下有著平凡人悲歡離合,關(guān)注小人物的人生際遇。通過(guò)他們,揭露當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)社會(huì)的詬病,唯以金錢至上的扭曲道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí)也不乏褒揚(yáng)人性中的美好。歐亨利在他的一部分作品中都以騙子作為文學(xué)世界的主演者。他采用說(shuō)書人的形式,用嘲笑諷刺、憤世嫉俗的調(diào)侃語(yǔ)氣來(lái)敘說(shuō)故事,旨在說(shuō)明整個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)無(wú)非是一個(gè)爾虞我詐、黑吃黑的騙子社會(huì),所以騙子才是社會(huì)的典范者,而恰恰令人驚詫的是,歐亨利筆下的騙子是善良的,他們是詐騙世界里的善良的騙子。《雙料騙子》中小利

28、亞諾因一個(gè)失誤,殺了一個(gè)不是墨西哥的人,便踏上了逃亡的道路。在這個(gè)逃亡的道路中,他不自覺(jué)地進(jìn)入到騙子的角色中。最后,究竟是誰(shuí)成了“雙料騙子”?是小利亞諾,還是撒克?小利亞諾在其中扮演的兩個(gè)騙子角色是有性質(zhì)差別的:作為撒克的合伙者,小利亞諾是罪惡的化身,也使他成為撒克欺騙的工具,一切的計(jì)劃都在撒克的預(yù)謀中實(shí)施著,卻不料作為騙子的小利亞諾竟成了欺騙撒克的人,因?yàn)槿隹送鼌s了騙子永遠(yuǎn)是假的;作為欺騙撒克的小利亞諾則閃現(xiàn)出善良的光芒。小利亞諾人性

29、的復(fù)蘇使他騙子的本質(zhì)發(fā)生了變化,所以小利亞諾才會(huì)發(fā)問(wèn)“這種情況為什么要維持下</p><p><b>  二、主題部分</b></p><p>  歷史背景:19世紀(jì)80年代至20世紀(jì)初的美國(guó),隨著資本主義逐漸向壟斷發(fā)展,各種社會(huì)矛盾日益顯露突出。歐·亨利長(zhǎng)期生活在下層,形形色色的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象使他對(duì)這些矛盾心感身受。曲折的人生、豐富的經(jīng)歷、獨(dú)特的視角和敏銳的觀察

30、,使他情不自禁地把社會(huì)的各種現(xiàn)象形象地概括在自己的作品中,如下層勞動(dòng)群眾生活的貧窮艱辛,道貌岸然的上流騙子,巧取豪奪的金融寡頭,肆無(wú)忌憚的買賣官爵,小偷、強(qiáng)盜、流浪漢的生活,以及失業(yè)、犯罪等等。對(duì)貧民他充滿了同情,對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)剝削者從不同角度予以批判與揭露,道出了下層勞動(dòng)群眾對(duì)剝削、壓迫的憤怒反抗與心聲。</p><p>  研究現(xiàn)狀及評(píng)述:古往今來(lái),眾多研究歐.亨利小說(shuō)的人對(duì)他筆下的人物都有各自不同的見(jiàn)解。<

31、;/p><p>  胡鐵生認(rèn)為人性應(yīng)該是與他所處的社會(huì)有關(guān),存在決定意志。人所處的社會(huì)在很大程度上決定了一個(gè)人的命運(yùn)。雙料騙子中,小利亞普因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的不良風(fēng)氣,標(biāo)榜殺人為時(shí)髦,在賭場(chǎng)因意氣用事而殺人后,不得不踏上逃亡之路。而在遇到撒克后,也輕易得答應(yīng)與他合謀騙取財(cái)產(chǎn)。此前的他,毫無(wú)道德感可言。卻最終在烏里蓋太太親情的感召下,走上正途?!拔?guī)缀鯖](méi)有跟女人多說(shuō)過(guò)話,也沒(méi)有母親可談,但是對(duì)于這位太太,我們卻不得不繼續(xù)瞞下

32、去。她已經(jīng)忍受了一次痛苦;第二次她可受不了?!庇纱丝梢?jiàn),小利亞普懂得了體諒他人的悲苦,有了正確的觀念,人會(huì)由他所處的環(huán)境而改變。</p><p>  秦燕,張明洋認(rèn)為歐.亨利還對(duì)潛在的人性本質(zhì)做了更深層次的探索。讓人性在某種力量的感召下,會(huì)有愛(ài)的覺(jué)醒和良心發(fā)現(xiàn)。小利亞普在此前的行為甚至可說(shuō)是冷血到麻木不仁,殺人時(shí)毫無(wú)罪惡感,騙人也無(wú)背德感。卻會(huì)因?yàn)闉趵锷w太太的溫情對(duì)待使他決定假冒她兒子的身份永遠(yuǎn)“騙”下去。甚至就

33、連唾手可得的財(cái)富也能舍棄。</p><p>  樊林認(rèn)為歐.亨利筆下的人物有著不可抵擋的人格魅力。因?yàn)樗步蝗诘娘L(fēng)格,美丑映襯的筆法,使人性的光輝更加奪目。在雙料騙子中,小利亞普一開始能和撒克一拍即合,毫無(wú)罪惡感得進(jìn)行行騙,卻在短短的四周內(nèi),與撒克分道揚(yáng)鑣。撒克始終念念不忘他人的財(cái)富,一門心思據(jù)為己有。而小利亞普卻在體會(huì)了親情的溫暖后,徹底地與撒克決裂,從此走上一條截然不同的路。人都該有向善的追求,而往往缺少的

34、只是一種情感的召喚。如能給予溫暖,人性還是會(huì)選擇向陽(yáng)的。盡管過(guò)往并不光彩,但只要有向善的心,寬容的理解,前路可以走下去的。</p><p>  阮溫凌認(rèn)為人性美在于堅(jiān)持,互相諒解和人與人之間的善意。小利亞普說(shuō):“我到上校家的第一晚,他們領(lǐng)我到一間臥室里。不是在地板上鋪一張床墊----而是一間真正的臥室,有床有家具。我入睡前,我那位假母親走了進(jìn)來(lái),替我掖好被子?!氊?,”說(shuō),‘我的走失的小寶貝,天主把你送了回來(lái)。

35、我永遠(yuǎn)贊美化的名?!f(shuō)了一些諸如此類的廢話。接著落了幾點(diǎn)雨,滴在我的鼻子上。這情形我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了,撒克先生?!睘趵锷w太太所給予小利亞普是對(duì)于兒子的疼愛(ài),對(duì)于親人的愛(ài),卻輕易使小利亞普感動(dòng)不已。小利亞普懂得烏里蓋太太的悲傷,所以不忍欺騙她,讓她再受喪子之痛。烏里蓋太太對(duì)于他的疼愛(ài)他同樣回以自己所能表達(dá)的最大善意。所以即使騙到錢對(duì)于他而言輕而易舉,他也從未興起這個(gè)念頭。小利亞普此后的一生都將只能是堂·弗朗西斯科·馬里蓋,

36、卻也可以馬里蓋太太兒子的身份過(guò)完余生。名正言順的擁有來(lái)著她疼愛(ài),享受親情。</p><p>  魏春芝認(rèn)為歐.亨利用他那支神奇的筆為我們帶來(lái)了“善良的騙子”.而這是他對(duì)人性主題的新表現(xiàn),寄托了善戰(zhàn)惡的人性理想,顯示了歐.亨利創(chuàng)作的新奇與卓特。</p><p>  騙子作為歐.亨利筆下的千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的人物之一,所代表的卻不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的騙子所有的狡詐,冷血,滅絕人性。他的騙子有著不同的性格。他沒(méi)

37、有鐵石心腸,人性中還有善良的一面。他并非冥頑不靈,還有被感化的缺口。</p><p>  “我現(xiàn)在不妨告訴你,伙計(jì),”小利亞普舒適地坐在帆布椅子里說(shuō),“事情就按照目前的樣子維持下去。目前很不壞?!彼罱K拒絕了和撒克的合作,威脅撒克也只能和他一起按照目前的樣子維持下去。證明代表小利亞普戰(zhàn)勝了代表邪惡的撒克。</p><p>  “媽媽,我來(lái)啦?!蹦贻p的堂·弗朗西斯科·馬里

38、蓋答道.最終他決定“騙”馬里蓋太太一輩子,放棄不義之財(cái),說(shuō)明人性的善念占了上風(fēng)。</p><p>  根據(jù)馬斯洛的需求理論,人的一系列復(fù)雜的需要,按其優(yōu)先次序可以排成梯式的層次,有生理需求,安全需求,社交需求,尊重需求和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需求。而小利亞普在經(jīng)歷了逃亡,之后又感受了烏里蓋太太對(duì)于他的疼愛(ài),最后終于決定以烏里蓋太太兒子的身份立于世,其需求已發(fā)生了改變。</p><p>  者興隆認(rèn)為歐亨

39、利筆下的人物性格具有其矛盾性。因歐亨利本人具有浪漫主義氣質(zhì),所以在他的文章中能有所體現(xiàn)。在雙料騙子中,作者即給予了小利亞普在賭場(chǎng)時(shí)殺人不眨眼的冷血,可又有體恤慈母的柔暖的心。作者始終不放棄的是相信人性總該是向善的。</p><p>  范月紅認(rèn)為歐亨利所關(guān)注的人性,往往是從小人物著手,他幾乎不寫大英雄。可在社會(huì)底層的人身上所折射出來(lái)的人性之光只會(huì)更迷人。在雙料騙子中,小利亞普甚至算不上真的意義上的善人??伤瑯訐?/p>

40、有一顆懂得慈悲的心,渴望人性溫暖的心愿。</p><p><b>  三、總結(jié)部分</b></p><p>  在歐.亨利的筆下,有人生百態(tài),有小人物的悲喜劇情,還有給我們難以忘記的感動(dòng),這是歐.亨利的世界這個(gè)世界。他所創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的世界總的來(lái)說(shuō)是帶有淡淡灰色的。歐亨利不會(huì)去描寫燈紅酒綠、紙醉金迷的上層階級(jí)的生活,他只關(guān)注小人物所生活的那個(gè)小世界。歐亨利從這個(gè)世界里創(chuàng)造出

41、自己理念中的世界,在這個(gè)世界了寄予了作家的同情與憎恨,揭露出資本主義社會(huì)中“弱肉強(qiáng)食”、“大魚吃小魚”的規(guī)律。但是他的世界不至于讓我們絕望,因?yàn)槌齾s表社會(huì)畸形的方面,歐亨利也不曾忘記尋覓那個(gè)社會(huì)的獨(dú)特傳奇,在世界的某個(gè)角落,這里正綻放著愛(ài)情、友情、親情,自我犧牲的崇高花朵,美麗的心靈和神圣的情感交織了社會(huì)另一美好的一面。真正高尚的心靈不易染上丑陋世俗的塵埃,人性也總該是光明多一些。這是他自己都在堅(jiān)持的人性美。世界很殘酷,人力也很渺小,但

42、還是應(yīng)該心存善念,堅(jiān)持向陽(yáng)的人生。</p><p>  參考文獻(xiàn)(根據(jù)文中參閱和引用的先后次序按序編排)</p><p>  Barry, Taylor. American Short Stories [M]. New York: Longman Group Limited . 1969:61.</p><p>  Thomas, Votterler.(ed.) S

43、hort Story Criticism (volume 5) [M].New York: Gale Research Inc. 1990, </p><p>  樊林.人性的光輝永恒的魅力---歐.亨利短篇小說(shuō)人性主題探索[J].鹽城師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(人文社科版), 2006(3):59-61.</p><p>  范月紅.An Analysis of Humanity Reflected

44、in O. Henry's Works [J].讀與寫周刊, 2008(6):42-45.</p><p>  胡鐵生.人的本質(zhì)與其所處的社會(huì)----歐.亨利與莫泊桑的兩篇短文小說(shuō)對(duì)比評(píng)論[J].學(xué)術(shù)交流, 2004(2):92-94. </p><p>  賈小明.趙曙明.對(duì)馬斯洛需求理論的科學(xué)再反思[J].名家觀察, 2004(6):101-104.</p>&l

45、t;p>  馬軍.論歐?亨利的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格[J].沈陽(yáng)師大學(xué)報(bào), 2005(3):98-101.</p><p>  歐.亨利.歐?亨利短篇小說(shuō)精選 [M].北京:浙江文藝出版社, 2003.</p><p>  秦燕.歐.亨利筆下的人性世界[J].科教導(dǎo)報(bào), 2009(9):58-61.</p><p>  阮溫凌.高揚(yáng)人性美的主旋律--歐.亨利愛(ài)情小說(shuō)藝術(shù)論

46、[J].皖西學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002(2):58-62. </p><p>  張明洋.歐亨利短篇小說(shuō)的主題思想和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)[J].長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)人文學(xué)院報(bào), 2007(6):71-73.</p><p>  魏春芝. 歐.亨利小說(shuō)人性面面觀[J].丹東師專學(xué)報(bào), 2003(3):68-72.</p><p>  朱剛.二十世紀(jì)西方文論[M]. 北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2006&l

47、t;/p><p>  趙莉.黃春妮. 歐?亨利作品導(dǎo)讀 [M] . 武漢:武漢大學(xué)出版社 2003.</p><p>  者興隆.青海師范大學(xué) The Artistic Characteristics in Works of O. Henry[J].青海師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2006(2):88-92.</p><p><b>  (20_ _屆)</b>

48、;</p><p><b>  本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>  英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>  小說(shuō)《雙料騙子》的反轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)局及人性啟示</p><p>  The twist ending and its humanity implication in A Double-dyed

49、Deceiver</p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  歐?亨利作為世界三大小說(shuō)家之一,以其作品奇巧的藝術(shù)構(gòu)思、出其不意的結(jié)尾而聞名。對(duì)人性理想的執(zhí)著追求是其文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的主題。小說(shuō)《雙料騙子》和其它小說(shuō)一樣,以出乎意料的結(jié)局而結(jié)束故事,引發(fā)讀者無(wú)限的回味和發(fā)思。反轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)局雖然是一種小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)手法,其特殊的運(yùn)用卻隱含了作品的主題意義。出其不意的故

50、事結(jié)尾表達(dá)了人性某個(gè)方面的本質(zhì)特征,人性本質(zhì)是向善的,通過(guò)積極因素的影響,“罪惡”之人也能轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)善良的、有道德的人。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞: 歐.亨利;雙料騙子;藝術(shù)結(jié)尾; 人性; 轉(zhuǎn)化</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p>  O. Henry, as one of the three most fa

51、mous short-story writers in the world, is famous for his exquisite plot and twist ending in his stories. The story A Double-dyed Deceiver, like most other stories of O. Henry, provokes lots of reflections from the reader

52、. Twist ending itself is just an artistic technique, but its application implies the theme that the author is intended in the course of writing. Actually, the unexpected ending indicates the nature of human being in a ce

53、rtain sense. Human bein</p><p>  Key words: O. Henry; Double-dyed Deceiver; twist ending; humanity; conversion</p><p><b>  Contents</b></p><p>  摘要…………………………………………………………

54、…………….,.………...Ⅰ</p><p>  Abstract…........................................................................................................................................II</p><p>  1. Introduct

55、ion2</p><p>  2. Twist ending3</p><p>  2.1 The definition of twist ending……………………………………………………………3</p><p>  2.2 The function of twist ending in O. Henry's works……………………………………

56、…...錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>  2.3 Twist ending in A Double-dyed deceiver…………………………………………….……5</p><p>  3. Reflections of humanity in O. Henry's story5</p><p>  3.1 The defects in huma

57、n nature………………………………………………………………4</p><p>  3.2 The virtues in human nature………………………………………………………………7</p><p>  3.3 Humanity implication in A Double-dyed Deceiver ………………………………………8</p><p&

58、gt;  4. Causes the conversion of human nature8</p><p>  4.1 Living Circumstance………………………………………………………………………8</p><p>  4.2 Aspiration for love………………………………………………………………………...9</p><p>

59、  5. Conclusion10</p><p>  Bibliography12</p><p>  Acknowledgements錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>  1. Introduction</p><p>  O. Henry, originally named William Sydney Porter, is o

60、ne of the most important American storywriters. In his whole life, he wrote more than 300 short works. His stories are of wide rang characters, among them, the majority are the normal people in the city. Because of the e

61、nding, his stories always make the readers surprise. His twist endings are always contrary to readers' expectations. Although the ending of his stories' are always surprising, the backgrounds of those stories are

62、 based on the </p><p>  O. Henry was born in North Carolina, in 1862.His father was a doctor and his mother sometimes wrote poetry. He got little education, but he was much entertained as a boy by his maiden

63、 aunt who taught him a little, but read stories to him much.</p><p>  Because of the pressure of life, O. Henry started to writing stories. At first, he bought a newspaper with one of his friends and they pu

64、blished the news of the week in humorous style, and also some short sketches, drawing, and verse. It is the beginning of his career as a writer. Gradually, there came a large demand for his works and he wrote stories to

65、many magazines. He was very sociable and friendly with the children and the poor, even the tramps and thieves. Many of his stories tell about t</p><p>  2. Twist ending </p><p>  Twist ending is

66、 the most famous feature of O. Henry’s stories. This special writing skill makes his stories full of surprise. The usage of this skill in his works is very common. </p><p>  2.1 The definition of Twist end

67、ing</p><p>  A twist ending is a plot twist occurring near or at the conclusion of a story, an unexpected conclusion to a work of fiction that causes the audience to revaluate the narrative or characters. &l

68、t;/p><p>  There are three features of the twist ending.</p><p>  First, is discovery, which refers to the protagonist's sudden recognition of their own or another character's true identity

69、 or nature? Through this writing skill, previously unforeseen character information is revealed. A famous example of antagonizes occurs in Oedipus Rex: Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother in ignorance, learni

70、ng the truth only toward the climax of the play. </p><p>  Flashback, or analysis, is the second important feature of twist ending. It means a sudden, vivid reversion to a past event. It is often used to sur

71、prise the readers with previously unknown information that offers the answer to a mystery, puts a character in a different light, or reveals the reason for a previously inexplicable action.</p><p>  An unrel

72、iable narrator is the third point .It twists the ending by revealing, almost always at the end of the narrative, that the narrator has manipulated or fabricated the preceding story, thus forcing the reader to question th

73、eir prior assumptions about the text. </p><p>  2.2The function of twist ending in O. Henry’ works</p><p>  Usually, an ending is considered the conclusion of a story, and the majority of writer

74、s obey to this rule. Gradually, writers realize the ending can also deepen the theme. O. Henry is one of the most successful writers who creates his specific style ending--twist ending. This kind of ending not only chang

75、es the tradition meaning of so called “happy ending”, but also brings a stronger shock to readers. </p><p>  O. Henry is famous for his using twist ending. With the help of the twist ending, the story can be

76、 more meaningful. The ending is the most suitable place to show the idea conveyed in his works. In the ending, humanity can be presented adequately. Because of those few words, O. Henry gives his readers a strong shocker

77、 and presents the true meaning of humanity. In most of his stories, he always pays attention to the normal people and their human virtue. O. Henry shows the bright side of the humani</p><p>  Actually, the t

78、wist ending is not sudden at all because he has set many clues in the story. The typical feature of O. Henry’s stories is a twist of plot, which turns on an ironic or coincidental circumstance. ( Leacock )His incomparabl

79、e achievement is to create the twist ending by the plot making and compact structure. In O. Henry’s works, the events of some short stories are arranged in the different order of occurrence, which exceed reader’s normal

80、expectation to the arrangement of those event</p><p>  The suspense in the story is usually employed in the plot. It is the seemingly insignificant characters that finally become the notable figures that rou

81、se readers’ reflection. The compact structure is another’s outstanding writing technique of O. Henry. Events in the story are closely connected as chains of rings, which make readers eagerly interested in the ending of t

82、he story. As soon as the high light of the reverse of plots, the story ends without any redundant explanations. In The Last Leaf</p><p>  2.3 Twist ending in A Double-dyed Deceiver</p><p>  Twis

83、ting ending is the most outstanding feature of O. Henry’s stories. There are neither great social events nor complexly plots in the stories. But his works still attract millions of readers all over the world, the most im

84、portant part that touches the readers are the beauty of the humanity conveyed in the twist ending. </p><p>  From an evil to a gentle man is a long process, a person changes himself gradually and the chan

85、gements maybe not very obvious. But in O. Henry’s stories, with the help of twist ending, the conversion is shown clearly.</p><p>  In A Double-dyed Deceiver, Llano Kid, the hero of the story, makes an evil

86、plane with Thacker to cheat the money of an old couple. At the very beginning, Llano deceives the old woman into believing he is her son, the plan is very successful and the couple trust him very much. But at the end of

87、this story, Llano just breaks up with Thacker and gives up the fortune. Because Llano gradually understands Mrs. Vulgar’s sadness and enjoys the kinship with families. Such an unexpected plot twist present</p><

88、;p>  3. Reflections of humanity in O. Henry's stories </p><p>  As we all know that the ending is very important to the story, because it is the conclusion or a summary of an article. An excellent end

89、ing can make the article wonderful and inspiring. </p><p>  However, O. Henry is a pioneer to make amazing endings. His works are famous for twist ending .It indicates that the ending of a story are totall

90、y different from it should be, maybe the fate of the character in the story has also been changed greatly. Because of this ending, the whole story will be more interesting and attractive. And the twist ending not only gi

91、ves the readers an unexpected result, but also let us think a lot. Humanity is the main topic of O. Henry's works and the twist ending </p><p>  The boundary between human virtue and defects is clear. Bu

92、t in O. Henry's stories, it is not very clear. When tempted, a good man would do evil things; when moved, the evil man would become a good person. </p><p>  3.1 The Defects in human nature </p>&

93、lt;p>  O. Henry discloses the ugliness of human in the money first society. In many of his works, it can be seen clearly that he criticized the distorted humanity and the people who lost themselves in fortune. By expo

94、sing the dark side of the world, O. Henry tries to awaken the people and stimulate their desires for the bright side of the world. In a society that only values materialism people bear a tremendous economic pressure and

95、their humanity is damaged greatly. (Fan Yuehong, 2008:42) In that soci</p><p>  In money centered society, people are lost their humanity and confused about right and wrong.(Qin Yan, 2009:59) In The cop and

96、the Anthem, Soapy in order to shelter for the coming winter, had to try hard to be arrested so that he could stay in the prison for three months. In that way, he can provide himself with food. The despairing social polar

97、ization forced the poor to become degraded and “evil”. In most of O. Henry’s works, he shows the ugly reality of society that men were twisted in soul an</p><p>  3.2 The Virtues in human nature </p>

98、<p>  People are supposed to have some human virtues. They are expected to be kind, brave, honest, hard working, polite, and warm hearted. Some people also try their best to keep these good qualities; they are seeki

99、ng happiness for others regardless of themselves.(Fan Lin,2006:60) In The Gift of the Magi, the author shows us the pure love. The couple were very poor, but as the Christmas is coming, both of them wanted to buy gifts t

100、o other. So both of them sold their most precious things and bought gif</p><p>  In A Double-dyed Deceiver, there is a pure kinship between family members. Mrs. Vulgar had separated from her son for more tha

101、n 20 years. During that long time, she is never feeling happy and everyday she is missing her son very much. Even though there is no information from her son, she still believes her son is alive and never gives up seekin

102、g for him. Everyday she is living in the memories and her eyes are frequently wet for missing. In such money-centered society, relationships between peopl</p><p>  Such people make world full of hope and lov

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