中國英語及中國文化的翻譯——以政治經濟新詞傳譯為例【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設計</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　中國英語及中國文化的翻譯——以政治經濟新詞傳譯為例</p><p>　　China English and t

2、he Translation of Chinese Culture: Based on the Translation of new words in Political and Economic Areas</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　隨著中國在世界上的政治、經濟地位的不斷提高，中國英語在世界各類英語中的重要地位越來越突出，因而對中

3、國英語特點研究及探討其存在的客觀性很有必要性；其客觀存在，又促進了對中國文本譯出需采取異化策略。中國英語表達了中國特有文化，豐富了世界英語，同時也使世界更清楚地認識中國。</p><p>　　關鍵字：中國英語，異化，文化</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　With China’s status in po

4、litical and economic areas in the world being improved, the importance of China English in the world’s various kinds of Englishes becomes more and more prominent, and therefore it is necessary to study the characteristic

5、s of China English and to probe its objectivity that determines the foreignition strategy for the unique Chinese culture translation. China English represents the special Chinese culture, enriches world Englishes and mak

6、es the world know more about China </p><p>　　Key words: China English; Foreignization; Culture</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　AbstractII</p><p>　　1. Int

7、roduction1</p><p>　　1.1 Previous Research on China English1</p><p>　　1.1.1 Domestic research into China English1</p><p>　　1.1.2 Foreign researches into China English1</p>

8、<p>　　1.2 China English’s conception2</p><p>　　2. Reasons for China English’s existence2</p><p>　　2.1 The Needs for Both World and China2</p><p>　　2.2 To Enrich the World E

9、nglishes3</p><p>　　3. Characteristics of China English3</p><p>　　3.1 Vocabulary3</p><p>　　3.2 Syntax4</p><p>　　3.3 Discourse5</p><p>　　4. Foreignizati

10、on Strategy and China English6</p><p>　　4.1 Venuti and Foreignization6</p><p>　　4.2 Foreignization and China English7</p><p>　　4.3 Foreignization and Chinese Culture-Specific Wor

11、ds8</p><p>　　5. China English and Chinese Culture9</p><p>　　5.1 China English Inherits Chinese Culture9</p><p>　　5.2 China English Plays an Important Role in Intercultural </

12、p><p>　　Communications9</p><p>　　5.3 China English Makes Contributions to making Chinese Culture </p><p>　　forward to the world9</p><p>　　6. Conclusion10</p><

13、;p>　　Bibliography10</p><p>　　Acknowledgements12</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　1.1 Previous Research on China English</p><p>　　1.1.1 Domestic research into Chin

14、a English</p><p>　　Relevant literature shows that the term of China English was first proposed by Ge Chuangui in 1980 in his short article “A Talk on Chinese-English Translation”. He uses the term “China Eng

15、lish” to refer to English expressions for things and concepts that are peculiar to China，which often appear in Chinese-English translation. For example, “Four Books” (四書), “five Classics” (五經), “imperial competitive exam

16、ination” (科舉) “eight-legged essay” (八股文), “xiucai” (秀才), “May Fourth Movement” (五四運動), etc. </p><p>　　In 1988, Huang Jinqi published an article entitled “A Positive Attitude to Chinese English”. In the artic

17、le, he points out that it is not always a bad thing for Chinese to influence foreign languages in the process of translation because the language influence can be both negative and positive. For this, he quotes examples

18、about the English expressions with Chinese features, such as: the first step in a long march of ten thousand li (萬里長征第一步) four modernizations(四個現(xiàn)代化), erhu(二胡), shoot two hawks</p><p>　　Later, more scholars h

19、ave contributed to the study of China English from various aspects. In the previous stage of study, scholars mainly focused on the problem of whether China English exists or not. Through studies the author of this articl

20、e firmly believes that China English as an objective reality and English variety exists. And it should be regarded as a member of world Englishes. Some other scholars were interested in the differences between China Engl

21、ish and Chinglish. Some were keen on t</p><p>　　1.1.2 Foreign researches into China English</p><p>　　The earliest literature about the research on China English is included in a thesis collectio

22、n Another Language：English language across different cultures published by Kachru in 1982. He believes that the most obvious characteristics of the English used in China are of large-scale use of some brief political voc

23、abulary and structures. China English is only a reflection of the political, social reality in China, and it may not be changed in the future.</p><p>　　Smith (1983) points out that language and culture are c

24、losely related to each other, but no language in the world is doomed to integrate itself with only one culture.</p><p>　　Kirkpatrick and Xu (2002) in Special Issue of World Englishes reviewed recent debates

25、on the recognition of China English as a legitimate nativized variety. They argued that a Chinese variety of English was characterized by a number of discourse and rhetorical norms from Chinese because the transfer of di

26、scourse and rhetorical norms from first to second language commonly occurs.</p><p>　　Seen from the above analysis of literature review, the previous studies on China</p><p>　　English are done ma

27、inly from two perspectives: one is arguing about the existence of China English, and the other is analyzing the characteristics of China English. </p><p>　　1.2 China English’s conception</p><p>

28、　　The conception of “China English” has been discussed by many scholars over 20 years. Up to now, there is still no universally-accepted definition about China English. There are quite many kinds of definitions about it.

29、 Some representative definitions proposed by domestic scholars are as follows．</p><p>　　Li Wenzhong(1993: 19) defines China English as an English variety that has Normative English as its core，expresses the

30、social and cultural matters specific in China, flees itself from Chinese interference or influence, and enters the English language by means of transliteration, loan translation, semantic regeneration and reflects Chines

31、e features in the aspects of lexis, syntax and discourse.</p><p>　　Luo Yunzhi (1998: 24) defines China English as an English variety with Chinese characteristics. </p><p>　　The author believes t

32、hat from the viewpoint of the analysis of World Englishes, </p><p>　　China English is certainly a kind of English variety. So-called English variety is the localization of English with the local characterist

33、ics. So China English certainly has the Chinese features. On the basis of the argument above, the author in the present thesis defines China English in this way: China English, with Normative English as its core, is an E

34、nglish variety mostly used by the people with Chinese linguistic and cultural backgrounds; it has the Chinese features unavoidably influenced </p><p>　　2. Reasons for China English’s existence</p><

35、;p>　　2.1 The Needs for Both World and China</p><p>　　Since the mid-20th century, with the information technology and the rapid development of transportation technology, the world has become a “global vill

36、age”, which makes exchanges and contacts become more frequent. Contradictions and conflicts caused by culture, values, and other differences remain the biggest obstacle. Globalization does not mean unification. The world

37、 reflects the convergence of familiars as well as the increasingly multi-cultural trends. It is no longer the language of British</p><p>　　2.2 To Enrich the World Englishes</p><p>　　As a variant

38、 type of usage China English is a contribution to the English language. Though English has become the international language, it has limitation, and it can not be fully objective and appropriately reflect the other cultu

39、re in the world. As one of the four ancient civilization countries, with five thousand years splendid culture, China becomes more difficult to express itself in English. The China English with chinese special characteris

40、tics not only offers lots of new vocabularies fo</p><p>　　3. Characteristics of China English</p><p>　　Many scholars believe that China English has its Chinese characteristics at different lingu

41、istic levels, namely vocabulary, syntax and discourse. The author of this paper will discuss its features at these levels. </p><p>　　3.1 Vocabulary</p><p>　　At the lexical level, many words and

42、expressions have to be coined to express Chinese typical culture and society, such as four modernizations(四個現(xiàn)代化), </p><p>　　putonghua(普通話), maotai(茅臺), fengshui(風水), the May 4th Movement (五四運動). When the Chi

43、nese speakers of English refer to Chinese things, they naturally have to use certain expressions that may not exist in other varieties of English. The English language enriches itself by absorbing Chinese borrowings．<

44、/p><p>　　According to Cannon(1988) (陳琳, 2009: 12) the number of Chinese borrowings collected in English standard dictionaries and other reference books are no less than 997 by the mid 1970’s in Webster New Inte

45、rnational Dictionary of the English Language (1934). There are more than 100 Chinese borrowed words except the proper nouns, especially since the initiation of China’s reform and opening to the world, and there is a dram

46、atic increase in the number of Chinese borrowed words. About 30,000 Chinese bor</p><p>　　(1) Literal translation: the words expressing some things with Chinese characteristics through the literal translation

47、 belong to the normal English. Although they are not easy to understand them，they would be acceptable after explanation. That is, the direct transformation of the meaning and structure of the source language into the tar

48、get language. These words both convey what the Chinese words are about and retain their structure as much as possible.</p><p>　　Such as: vegetable basket project(菜籃子工程), spiritual pollution(精神污染), laid-off w

49、orkers (下崗工人), construct clean politics(廉政建設), four modernizations(四個現(xiàn)代化), spiritual civilization(精神文明), iron rice bowl(鐵飯碗), two civilization(兩個文明), floating population(流動人口), Emancipate the mind and seek truth from fac

50、ts(解放思想、實事求是), Special economic zone(經濟特區(qū)), proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy (積極的財政政策、謹慎的貨幣政策).</p><p>　　(2) Free translation：they are not correspondent with the vocabulary of Chinese word

51、s，and they are translated into English in accordance with the concept of words．Such as: jerry-built project(“豆腐渣”工程), housing project for low-income urban residents(安居工程), transform administrative fees into taxes(費改稅), r

52、eform through labor(勞動改革), official profiteering(官倒), fairly comfortable standard of living(小康生活), imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charges(亂收費，亂攤).</p><p>　　(3) Interpretative translation: it woul

53、d be difficult for English-speaking people to understand the terms of relevant Chinese politics, economy, culture and others because of lack of some background knowledge. At this time, the translator needs to fully grasp

54、 the meaning and the substance of our language in order to make the necessary explanations so that the readers could understand their meanings. This is especially applicable to the translation of some abbreviations. For

55、example “三講”(講學習、講政治、</p><p>　　3.2 Syntax</p><p>　　At syntactic level, the English sentences are simple and compact. For example: 一國兩制-One country, two systems. The main difference in sentence s

56、tructure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of hypotaxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Hypotaxis has dominant conjunctions in connecting sentences, relying on vocabulary and grammar to

57、make up sentences in the form of language. It is precisely because of its large number of available conjunctions, as well as the flexible</p><p>　　(1)We need to unswervingly promote reform in economic and po

58、litical institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist market economy, liberate and develop the productive forces, promote social fairness and justice, and achieve all-round personal development.</p&

59、gt;<p>　　我們要堅定不移地推進經濟體制改革，政治體制改革，發(fā)展社會主義民主政治，</p><p>　　完善社會主義時常經濟體制，解放和發(fā)展生產力，促進社會公平正義，實現(xiàn)人的</p><p>　　全面發(fā)展．(Wen Jiabao)</p><p>　　(2)We will act with the full force of the federa

60、l government to ensure that the major banks that Americans depend on have enough confidence and enough money to lend even in more difficult times. (Bush)</p><p>　　According to the above, and it is clear that

61、 the phenomenon with sentences of Chinese style in the report of the work on Chinese government is very prominent. </p><p>　　Now let’s compare the following examples:</p><p>　　Joa

62、n had a good time yesterday. (SE)</p><p>　　Yesterday Joan had a good time. (CE)</p><p>　　Joan yesterday had agood time. (CE)</p><p>　　English natives are used to putting the most im

63、portant component of a sentence in the beginning and then add other components one after another, which creates a linear chain with small head and big body. On the contrary,Chinese people firstly introduce other elements

64、, and then provide the central information element, a formation of a sentence pattern wim big head and small body. </p><p>　　3.3 Discourse</p><p>　　At present, the study of China English at the

65、discourse level is the weakest among the linguistic aspects of China English (杜瑞清, 姜亞軍, 2001: 40). Up to now, there has been no systematical description of the features of China English at discourse level. From 1 963 to

66、1965，Kaplan, the American applied linguist, collected and analyzed about 200 English essays written in L2, of which 110 are written by Chinese students. Kaplan found that students from different cultural backgrounds reve

67、aled different</p><p>　　4. Foreignization Strategy and China English </p><p>　　4.1 Venuti and Foreignization</p><p>　　Lawrence Venuti, an Italian American translation theorist，raise

68、d his own “resistant strategy” against the dominance of fluency. He is commonly acknowledged as the representative of Foreignization School. According to him, foreignization is “an ethno deviant pressure on those values

69、to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the readers abroad” (Venuti, 1995: 20). That is to say, foreignization translation indicates that the translator’s responsibilities are t<

70、;/p><p>　　I want to suggest that insofar as foreignizing translation seeks to restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation, it is highly desirable today, a strategic cultural intervention in the current st

71、ate of world affairs, pitched against the hegemonic English language nations and the unequal cultural exchanges in which they engage their global in others. Foreinizing translation in English can be a form of resistance

72、against ethnocentrism and racism, culture narcissism and imperialism, in the int</p><p>　　4.2 Foreignization and China English </p><p>　　As the bridge and tie, translation plays an indispensibl

73、e role in cultural exchanges, enriching human cultures, promoting cultural convergence and integration.</p><p>　　It can not leave cultural background, because “translation is essentially cultural</p>

74、<p>　　translation” (趙元任, 1996: 97). To be frankly, the demand of foreignization in translation is also the embodiment for people to seek freshness and difference. Every single culture or language should be given the

75、 same respect. The view that some languages are far superior to other cultures is a noted deterrent to understanding the relation between language and culture. (Nida, 2001: 79) Therefore, cultural esteem for comparativel

76、y weaker nations should be practiced through language. In other words, </p><p>　　Owing to the lack of cultural equivalents in the English-speaking culture, some</p><p>　　Chinese culture-specific

77、 words and expressions are difficult to translate into English, which becomes a big problem in Chinese-English translation. Therefore, the proper translating strategy and approach available are very important to transmit

78、 Chinese culture. Foreignization strategy is preferable for cultural translation, which preserves the original flavor and truly achieves the goal of enriching the target language culture and promoting the communication b

79、etween different cultures. That is t</p><p>　　4.3 Foreignization and Chinese Culture-Specific Words</p><p>　　Now we are in the 21stcentury, the world is moving in the direction of becoming an in

80、tegrated entity. This trend is becoming clearer by the day. The most distinctive characteristic now is the enhancement of cross-cultural communication between different cultures in the world. Today, it is impossible for

81、any nation’s culture to develop without absorbing the excellent aspects of the cultures of others. Chinese culture-specific words, cannot find equivalents or counterparts in English, which makes </p><p>　　Th

82、en the question comes: How to translate Chinese culture-specific words? We need a translating strategy. In that case, we have to face the other question：What strategy or strategies should translators use to deal with thi

83、s problem? Generally speaking, there are two strategies for translators to employ when they meet cultural difficulties, that is, foreignization and domestication. The former is to preserve the cultural image of the origi

84、nal in its attempt to be faithful to the source. The latte</p><p>　　5. China English and Chinese Culture</p><p>　　5.1 China English Inherits Chinese Culture</p><p>　　In the past, th

85、e purpose of the Chinese people learning English is to learn foreign science technology and culture through English in addition to learning that language. Nowadays, there is a new feature to use English, that is, to spre

86、ad Chinese culture and technology. Thus, English is injected into a large number of Chinese English. Standard English and the effective integration of Chinese culture are leading to the presence of China English.</p&g

87、t;<p>　　5.2 China English Plays an Important Role in Intercultural Communications</p><p>　　Ridjanovic once asked in his paper: “If there is a Pakistan English, why can’t Yugoslavia English?” To put a

88、further question：If there is a Yugoslavia English, why</p><p>　　can’t there be China English? Since the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up, and China’s entry into the World Trade Organizat

89、ion (WTO), China has been developing quickly in the international, political, and economic arena. As an ancient civilized country with 5000 years’ history and the big family of 56 nationalities, China possesses extensive

90、 and profound languages and cultural storage differing from the west, which would be difficult to express and translate in English comple</p><p>　　5.3 China English Makes Contributions to making Chinese Cult

91、ure forward to the world</p><p>　　China English plays an important role in introducing China and Chinese culture to the world in cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication is an essential par

92、t of globalization. The principle task of it is to recognize and make a bridge between the differences in cross-cultural understanding and communication. China has never been described thoroughly or introduced fully in E

93、nglish to the outside world before. China English plays an important role to introduce China and Chinese cu</p><p>　　With the fast growth of publicity and communication with the world, China has been enormou

94、sly influencing the world in many fields, like economy, politics, culture, science, education, belief and daily life. As globalization has been providing a new context for English as an international language, China Engl

95、ish has entered a prime stage of development. Along with China’s increasing cooperation and exchange with the outside world, a distinctive China English fulfills a practical need for the wor</p><p>　　The Chi

96、na English reflects the characteristics of the Chinese way of thinking in sentences and the usages. Foreigners know more about Chinese Culture through China English. China English is more suits for Chinese people’s think

97、ing model and understanding, and it is easier for Chinese people to master, so the presence of China English in promoting English more widely spread in China is very important. The existence and development of China Engl

98、ish is good for the exchange of Chinese and foreign c</p><p>　　6. Conclusion</p><p>　　China English comes into being in the context of economic globalization. Many previous researches have prove

99、d China English’s existence and its significant meanings. As for the translation method for China English, foreignization is the best choice and it is accepted by the public. We should keep a correct attitude towards its