俄亥俄州文化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展以迪法恩斯縣為例【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　外文題目：The Culture of Economic Development in Ohio: A Case Study in Defiance County </p><p>　　出 處：Ohio Journal of Science Apr

2、2007, Vol. 107 Issue 2, p2-9, </p><p>　　作 者： KAREN D . JOHNSON-WEBB AND MARK C. ZELLER </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　The Culture of Eco

3、nomic Development in Ohio: A Case Study in Defiance County</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Economic developers in Northwest Ohio have faced enormous challenges since the economic r

4、estructuring of the 1970s. Local factors also impact on local economic development efforts. This is a case study of rural economic development in a postindustrial economy in terms of the culture of economic development.

5、A qualitative approach was utilized and data were gathered from interviews with five key economic decision-makers in Defiance County, OH, to gather a better understanding of the cultural infl</p><p>　　INTROD

6、UCTION</p><p>　　Many rural areas in the industrial midwestern US have faced enormous challenges since the economic restructuring of the 1970s, which resulted in a massive reduction in the manufacturing base

7、and the creation of a services based economy. With the resulting loss of manufacturing jobs, population, and tax base, economic development efforts have been stymied in many rural areas. Aside from these macro-economic f

8、actors, local factors impact the nature and effectiveness of economic development as well</p><p>　　Northwest Ohio, a predominately rural region, has faced many of these challenges. Defiance County, a rural c

9、ounty in northwest Ohio, is a case study of the challenges of rural economic development in a postindustrial economy. Economic development in Defiance County, like other rural areas, is being impacted by numerous factors

10、: the competitive globalization of local industries, the need for development of its workforce, industry downsizing, and the loss of industry to other states and foreign co</p><p>　　MATERIALS AND METHODS <

11、;/p><p>　　A qualitative approach was utilized so that rich data could be gathered in the field. In-depth interviews were completed with five key economic decision-makers in Defiance County to gather a better un

12、derstanding of the cultural influences on economic development there. Participants were individuals who served in economic development, government, and business leadership positions in Defiance County. The interviewees w

13、ere selected so as to include representation of corporate, nonprofit, and city a</p><p>　　The choice of a face-to-face qualitative interview method allowed greater effectiveness in sorting out the complex is

14、sues of economic development and culture. First and foremost, the voice of key economic decision-makers can provide insights into a complex situation which are not otherwise available. A second reason a qualitative appro

15、ach was selected is that a general inductive approach allows research findings to emerge from the frequent, dominant or significant themes inherent in the raw data</p><p>　　Further, the qualitative interview

16、 process yields better results with sensitive, open-ended questions, and more precise answers in a natural interview context (Shuy 2002). Chirban's (1996) relational interview method was chosen to further the interac

17、tion</p><p>　　with the interviewees. This process allows for prepared, open-ended questions to be interwoven in the conversation to facilitate and enhance a deeper relationship between interviewer and interv

18、iewee. The relational stance allows the interviewer to better understand the interviewee and the information provided by him or her.</p><p>　　Interviewees were asked to discuss changes related to economic de

19、velopment they had observed in Defiance County over time. These changes included observations of the available workforce, workforce educational attainment, employment by industry, and matching of education training level

20、s from area educational institutions with industry needs. The interviewees were also asked about problems encountered in retaining existing business, attracting new business, type of businesses, and factors which po</

21、p><p><b>　　RESULTS</b></p><p>　　Demographic and. economic data were compiled in order to provide a profile of Defiance County in the 1990s. In 2000, Defiance County had a population of

22、39,500 and was ranked 64* in population among Ohio's 88 counties (US Census Bureau 2000a). Between 1990 and 2000, Defiance County grew by 150 persons, a percent change of 0.4% (Table 1). Both rates are to be compared

23、 with a 4.6% growth rate in the state as a whole between 1990 and 2000. This is much lower than the rate of growth of the US for th</p><p>　　Table 2 shows characteristics of the adult labor force for the US,

24、 Ohio, and Defiance County (those between the ages of 18 and 64 years). Just over 60% of the 2000 population of Defiance County was between 18 and 64 years old. This proportion is on par with that of the US (61.8%) and O

25、hio (61.3%). The elderly comprised 12.9% of the county population in 2000 (5,098) and, although a slightly smaller proportion (12.9%), this is on par with thc state (13.2%; 1,507,757) and the nation as a whole (12.</p

26、><p>　　Table 3 shows educational attainment for those 25 years or older in the US, Ohio, and Defiance County in 2000. Just over 80% of the US population aged 25 years and older has a high school diploma or high

27、er degree. Ohio (83%) and Defiance County (84.7%) had higher proportions of those with a high school diploma in 2000. Although the proportions of those with a high school diploma or higher grew between 1990 and 2000, the

28、 gap between those with a bachelor's degree or higher in Ohio and Defiance wi</p><p>　　Over the 12-year period, total employment increased in the US, in Ohio, and in Defiance County according to the Cens

29、us Bureau (1990b) and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA 2004) . The US had the largest percent growth in total employment, AA.A%. Ohio had 36% growth in total employment and Defiance County employment grew by 25.3% be

30、tween 1990 and 2002. Services employment also grew in all three regions. Services include such industries as transportation utilities, wholesale and retail trade, f</p><p>　　Table 5 shows median household in

31、come for the US, for Ohio, and for Defiance County for 1989 and 1999 (US Census Bureau 1990a; 2000b). Defiance County had the highest levels of median income in both 1989 ($31,505) and 1999 ($44,938). The median househol

32、d income in the United States in 1999 was $41,994 (1989 = $30,056). In the state of Ohio, the 1999 median household income was $40,956 (1989 = $28,706). The state of Ohio, however, had the largest increase in median hous

33、ehold income between 1989 a</p><p>　　Data were also gathered in in-depth interviews with people involved in economic development on Defiance County. Four major themes emerged from the interviews. First, all

34、respondents were invested in the economic strategy of improvement of the business climate, with incentive-based economic development as its main focus. The second theme to emerge was a generally held perception among the

35、m of a lack of "state vision" in economic development. Third, respondents by and large viewed collaboration be</p><p>　　Most of those interviewed were wedded to the idea of incentive based economic

36、 development. They thought that incentives, or lack thereof, were the defining factors in the ability or inability to attract or retain business in Defiance County. Several interviewees voiced the perception that a major

37、 infrastructure improvement, the development of the "Fort to Port" NAFTA highway, was needed as an attraction for new business. US Route 24 (US 24) is a major east-west highway that traverses Defiance Co</p&

38、gt;<p>　　All interviewees voiced the opinion that the US Route 24 transportation program would make a considerable contribution to the economic development of Defiance County. One respondent said, "Locally, w

39、e had better luck...um...as you know, US Route</p><p>　　24 is in the planning stages. I think we've already seen some investigation of Defiance County and northwest Ohio for future investment because of

40、this part of the NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) highway coming into our future..."</p><p>　　The respondent later stated, "I cannot underemphasize [sic] the importance of US Route 24. Wh

41、en that highway gets completed, we are going to be sitting right in the middle of the industrialized Midwest. Sitting in the middle of Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton...even Indianapolis. And I

42、think that we will draw a natural look from many distribution companies that would need to be in the center of those cities."</p><p>　　Those interviewed also felt that another element of infrastructure,

43、 workforce development, was an important factor in economic development of the county. There was a perception that those with more education were leaving or had left the county. The remaining workforce was less-educated

44、and needed development of skills. They felt workforce development was necessary as a business retention strategy as well as to be more competitive at attracting new businesses. One respondent noted, "I would have &l

45、t;/p><p>　　A third interviewee felt the state could do more to provide these types of incentives.</p><p>　　"There are many more programs and I'd use our plant out of state as an example. T

46、here are more programs offered by the local trade schools or technical schools [there] to ...to help us, uh, find employees, train employees for what our needs are, and then get them into the workforce."</p>

47、<p>　　The second theme to emerge was that of a general perception that the state government lacked "vision" in terms of an effective strategy for economic development. Within the framework of incentive bas

48、ed economic development, respondents viewed state government as being responsible for providing the much needed incentives. Respondents thought that there was a connection between state budget priorities and the lack of

49、economic development in Defiance County in the 1990s. For example, one interviewe</p><p>　　high on the governor's agenda due to the lean budget situation. Another stated, "There are bad budget short

50、falls in the state, less economic tools. I'm concerned that there aren't any state strategies for economic development."</p><p>　　The perception of lack of vision of state government in economic

51、 development was further reinforced for several respondents by their perception that because the state budget was so tight and funding available for economic development had been so drastically reduced, that even discuss

52、ion of economic development funding needs was being squelched by state officials. One respondent reported that when he brought up the issue of "Fort to Port" development, a regional economic leader discouraged

53、bringi</p><p>　　this issue in larger state social economic summits. Another respondent thought that the job training acts Qob Training Partnership Act and the Workforce Investment Act) were ideal for manufac

54、turing companies to retrain and retain the county labor force to be globally competitive. However, this respondent also noted that the state budget reduced its support and job training programs had been put on hold. This

55、 interviewee also reported that discussion of this topic had also been discouraged by sta</p><p>　　Respondents felt that the state's lack of vision in economic development was also evidenced by its taxat

56、ion policies. Because individual wealth in Ohio is taxed at a higher rate relative to surrounding states, interviewees felt that this provided a disincentive for business to locate in the state and indeed posed problems

57、for retention of existing businesses in the county. One respondent cited a recent report from the Regional Growth Partnership (RGP), a public-private, nonprofit development cor</p><p>　　The third theme was t

58、he need for collaboration between state and local governments and private businesses as a tool for effective economic development. As one respondent simply put it, "intergovernmental cooperation is the best way to d

59、evelopment." Additionally, several interviewees mentioned there was not a clear way to understand the intentions of both government agencies and private interests attempting to coordinate economic development. Anoth

60、er respondent suggested the possibility that an e</p><p>　　The fourth theme was globalization of the world economy and its effects on economic development in Defiance County. All of the respondents recognize

61、d that major structural changes had occurred in the manner in which business was conducted in Defiance County (as it had in other localities). One said, "Defiance County enjoys an expansion of retail trade growth, p

62、articularly in the city of Defiance; however, these jobs are in the range of the minimum wage." </p><p>　　Acknowledging the loss of better paying manufacturing employment another respondent said, "

63、We have experienced loss of manufacturing jobs. Lord knows, it is so competitive out there. It is not about management, in my opinion...it's about competition, this global competition. And we have lost our share of m

64、anufacturing jobs in Defiance City and Defiance County, but we only need to look around northwest Ohio and it's pretty consistent."</p><p>　　The past few decades had wrought a major change in the ow

65、nership of business in Defiance County, and these changes were attributed to globalization. As one respondent recalled, "It used to be, when the local industry...when the industry was locally owned... [you] never wo

66、rried about it going to Tijuana, that simply was not...simply were not going to do that. [But now] I could read the headlines this morning, there's always that sword of Damocles over your head, I could read in the he

67、adlines this</p><p>　　Another said, "...locally, we had some old line family owned companies, and you are aware of that...we see those [businesses] transition and into a family founder retiring, and in

68、some cases, the... next generation is actually retiring and so I don't think that we have the strong base of family's wealth here in the county as much as we did in the past either. With the move away from family

69、 owned companies...I think [national companies with local operations] being the largest anchor employers... </p><p>　　Because this process of globalization had changed the structure of the economy, these res

70、pondents agreed that job creation had occurred in Defiance County, however, the jobs that had replaced the relatively higher paying, unionized jobs were minimum wage jobs in the services sectot. "The other thing is,

71、 although we've done well on keeping and creating a number of jobs, retail and service, those are not high paying jobs necessarily. So we have some factors working against wealth creation."</p><p>　

72、　When asked about growth in retail and service businesses, another interviewee stated, "Yes, certainly, look at the north side, Menards is a big hirer, Lowe's is a big hirer; all these big box places hire a lot

73、of people," Several respondents recognized that the creation of services jobs was not necessarily a boon to economic development in the county. Several discerned that there are more two-income households in the coun

74、ty, while acknowledging that income earners are working harder and more hou</p><p>　　Respondents were concerned about quality of life as an element of successful economic development. This was evidenced by t

75、he concern about wealth accumulation for individuals, the desire to provide better-paying jobs, and the concerns about the growth of two-income households in the county. While respondents did detail many of the negative

76、aspects of economic development in the current local economic and political climate, they did, as a group, extol several of the positive qualities of Defiance</p><p>　　Although all interviewees stated that c

77、ollege graduates and other highly skilled workers were leaving the region, the economic effect on the county was not noticeable because there were plenty of newer workers who were attracted to the manufacturing jobs</

78、p><p>　　still available. Interviewees mentioned that Defiance County does not have the amenities or job opportunities to recruit or to maintain high tech business, although all interviewees were positive about

79、the attractiveness of the new Defiance Regional Medical Center and Defiance Clinic and the higher skill jobs each provides. Collectively, the interviewees agreed that there could be economic benefits if a program directe

80、d at higher end or higher level jobs is initiated. One interviewee stated, "We</p><p>　　DISCUSSION</p><p>　　The economic development actors interviewed for this study did not perceive the s

81、tate government as being effective in terms of economic development. Helmsing (2001) spoke of the heightened localized nature of economic development in terms of externalities and learning which are connected together by

82、 effective governance. Because respondents felt that there was a disconnect between state and local governments, they perceived that a very limited array of externalities existed for their use in eco</p><p>

83、　　The culture of economic development in Defiance County was also exemplified by these respondents as they expressed shared values such as perceptions of the county's workforce having a strong work ethic and their vi

84、ew that a strong manufacturing base was a positive quality. As one respondent stated. Defiance County offers "an excellent blue collar environment."</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p>&l

85、t;p>　　俄亥俄州文化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展：以迪法恩斯縣為例</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　俄亥俄州西北部經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)自從70年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革后面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。本土因素也影響地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的努力。這是一個(gè)案例,研究在農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展后工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的文化方面。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展定性的方法是利用數(shù)據(jù)聚集的訪談和五個(gè)關(guān)鍵經(jīng)濟(jì)決策者縣，收集到更好理解文化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響

86、。結(jié)果顯示，文化鄉(xiāng)郡的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展可以描述為4個(gè)主要的主題：廣泛接受了改變商業(yè)環(huán)境的經(jīng)濟(jì)策略，在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面缺乏“國(guó)家視野”，對(duì)合作的必要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足，州政府和私人之間的企業(yè)需要改善經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略，作為一個(gè)已大大影響了他們的社會(huì)及經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的因素。這些結(jié)果意味著，一個(gè)國(guó)家的各個(gè)政府機(jī)構(gòu)和民營(yíng)企業(yè)都非常需要便利的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)。然而，在州政府的感知光線不愿或無(wú)法進(jìn)行合作，繼續(xù)接受目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展框架可能不利于地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的進(jìn)展情況。</p>&l

87、t;p><b>　　簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　自20世紀(jì)70年代在美國(guó)中西部的工業(yè)面臨許多農(nóng)村地區(qū)的挑戰(zhàn)，在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)基地，正在大量建立一個(gè)服務(wù)型經(jīng)濟(jì)，導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。隨著制造業(yè)的工作，人口和稅基造成的損失，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展努力受到阻礙，在許多農(nóng)村地區(qū)。除了這些宏觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，影響因素的性質(zhì)和當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的效益以及。</p><p>　　西北俄亥俄，一個(gè)主

88、要是農(nóng)村地區(qū)，面臨著很多挑戰(zhàn)。迪法恩斯縣，鄉(xiāng)俄亥俄州西北部的一個(gè)縣，是在后工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)，農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)的個(gè)案研究。迪法恩斯縣的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，像其他農(nóng)村地區(qū)，正在影響眾多因素：當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)全球化，為它的勞動(dòng)力，工業(yè)發(fā)展的需要裁員，而行業(yè)虧損到其他國(guó)家和外國(guó)的國(guó)家。的蔑視縣的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的文化研究提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中更好地了解那里并提供有用的知識(shí)，可以加以利用的集體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，吸引，維護(hù)和發(fā)展更高層次的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)成長(zhǎng)為美國(guó)俄亥俄州西北部的

89、人口</p><p><b>　　材料與方法</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)定性的方法是利用豐富的數(shù)據(jù)，這樣可以在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)聚集。深入訪談，完成了與五個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)決策中迪法恩斯縣決策者收集有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響的文化有更深入的了解。參加者個(gè)人誰(shuí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中，政府和企業(yè)在迪法恩斯縣擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。受訪者選擇，以便為包括企業(yè)，非營(yíng)利組織和市，縣政府觀點(diǎn)的代表性。受訪者要求分享后十年經(jīng)

90、濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)不大，在地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的蔑視他們的意見(jiàn)。</p><p>　　一個(gè)面對(duì)面質(zhì)性訪談方法的選擇允許在整理經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和文化的復(fù)雜問(wèn)題更大的效力。首先，重要經(jīng)濟(jì)決策者的聲音可以提供一個(gè)復(fù)雜的局勢(shì)的見(jiàn)解是不以其他方式獲得。第二個(gè)原因選擇了一個(gè)質(zhì)的方法是，一般的歸納方法使研究成果走出頻繁，主要或重要題材，在接受采訪時(shí)（托馬斯2003年）所收集的原始數(shù)據(jù)所固有的。這為研究從參與其中的演員的角度對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的文化系統(tǒng)的框架。一個(gè)

91、選擇質(zhì)性的第三個(gè)原因是，在深入采訪提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，其中三角測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)可以得出點(diǎn)名檢討的主題，在訪談資料出現(xiàn)。定性訪談過(guò)程，可以更深入，深入訪談，并解答了為什么和怎樣來(lái)的問(wèn)題。它還允許探索的態(tài)度和行為，以及某些態(tài)度和反應(yīng)（紐曼和奔馳1998年）的原因。</p><p>　　此外，定性采訪過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生更好的結(jié)果與敏感，開(kāi)放式的問(wèn)題，并在采訪中自然（Shuy 2002）更確切的答案。 Chirban（1996）關(guān)系訪談

92、法被選為進(jìn)一步與受訪者的互動(dòng)。這個(gè)過(guò)程允許準(zhǔn)備，不限成員名額，將在對(duì)話交織以促進(jìn)和加強(qiáng)采訪者和受訪者之間更深的關(guān)系問(wèn)題。關(guān)系的立場(chǎng)讓面試官更好地了解受訪者，由他或她提供的信息。</p><p>　　受訪者被要求討論有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，他們?cè)诘戏ǘ魉箍h觀察到隨著時(shí)間的變化。這些變化包括可用的勞動(dòng)力，勞動(dòng)力教育程度，就業(yè)按行業(yè)觀察，以及配套的教育訓(xùn)練水平，從區(qū)域與產(chǎn)業(yè)需要的教育機(jī)構(gòu)。受訪者還詢問(wèn)了在保留現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)中遇到的問(wèn)題

93、，吸引新的業(yè)務(wù)，企業(yè)類型，積極或消極的因素影響，保留和擴(kuò)大。所有的訪談，錄音及謄寫(xiě)。轉(zhuǎn)錄分析的關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的文化這兩大主題的采訪復(fù)發(fā)條款。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)果</b></p><p>　　人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)匯編，以提供20世紀(jì)90年代的蔑視縣概況。 2000年，蔑視縣有39500人口的，并躋身美國(guó)俄亥俄州的88個(gè)縣（美國(guó)人口普查局2000年）人口* 64。

94、1990年至2000年，蔑視縣增長(zhǎng)了150人，有0.4％的百分比變化。這兩個(gè)比率是與一個(gè)國(guó)家在4.6％的增長(zhǎng)，1990年和2000年之間的整體速度比較。這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)為這一時(shí)期（13.2％）為低。俄亥俄州的開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目部的反抗縣的人口將增加至39754到2015年，增長(zhǎng)速度為0.6％。國(guó)家總?cè)丝陬A(yù)計(jì)將增加至2015年11353140（ODOD 2004）11588000或2.1％。</p><p>　　美

95、國(guó)，俄亥俄和蔑視縣成年勞動(dòng)力（18至64歲的年齡組）的特點(diǎn)。剛剛超過(guò)的60％蔑視縣2000年人口為18歲至64歲。這個(gè)比例與美國(guó)（61.8％）和俄亥俄州（61.3％）不相上下。老人占全縣總?cè)丝诘?2.9％，在2000年（5098），雖然稍微較小比例（12.9％），這與國(guó)家的四氫大麻酚（13.2％; 1507757）看齊，和作為一個(gè)整體（全國(guó)12.4％; 34999753 ）（美國(guó)人口普查局2000年c）。</p><

96、p>　　這25年在美國(guó)俄亥俄州，老年人和藐視縣在2000年的教育程度。只要年齡在25歲以上80歲及以上％的美國(guó)人口擁有高中文憑或更高學(xué)歷。俄亥俄（83％）和蔑視縣（84.7％）曾與在2000年高中畢業(yè)文憑的比例較高。雖然有高中文憑或更高比例的那些1990年至2000年的增長(zhǎng)，與那些具有學(xué)士學(xué)位或更高的俄亥俄州和蔑視的差距擴(kuò)大了2.0個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，比1990年至2000年。 2000年，那些誰(shuí)是25年以上，在俄亥俄州，21.1％有大學(xué)本

97、科以上學(xué)歷，而只有14.2％的人在迪法恩斯縣有學(xué)士學(xué)位或更高。此外，那些誰(shuí)了大專學(xué)歷以上的比例只增長(zhǎng)了1.8％，從12.5％到14.3％，比十年，而對(duì)整個(gè)國(guó)家的這一比例超過(guò)一倍率，4.1％，增加或從17.0 ％至21.1％。值得注意的是，美國(guó)之間的差距仍然和俄亥俄州從1990年和2000年相同的3.3％。 2000年，縣有蔑視了15.3％（俄亥俄州= 17.0％）率和1990,23.2％（俄亥俄州= 24.3％）高輟學(xué)。此外，蔑視縣都超

98、過(guò)了國(guó)家和美國(guó)在1990年和2000年高中輟學(xué)的比例較低。此外，這些誰(shuí)放棄了高中的比例下降了1990年至2000年在美國(guó)俄亥俄州，在迪</p><p>　　在12年期間，總就業(yè)人數(shù)增加了在美國(guó)的俄亥俄州，并在迪法恩斯縣根據(jù)人口普查局（1990b）和經(jīng)濟(jì)分析局（BEA 2004年）。美國(guó)曾在總就業(yè)人數(shù)，AA.A％增長(zhǎng)百分之最大。俄亥俄州有36％的增長(zhǎng)，在總就業(yè)人數(shù)和藐視縣就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)25.3％，1990年至2002年。