criminology - western versus asian【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)原文原文CriminologyCriminologyWesternWesternversusversusAsianAsianTheiginofmoderncriminologyintheWestislargelycoveredinstardtextbooks.Criminologyasamodernsocialsciencedisciplinewasprimarilydevelop

2、edinNthAmericaEurope.IntheUnitedStatescontemparycriminologyhasbecomeanindependentacademicdisciplinewithscholarsfrommultipledisciplinespractitionersinvariouscrimecontrolrelatedprofessions.Thedominantparadigmofcriminologys

3、tressestheuseofscientificapproachestoachieveanobjectiveunderstingofcrimecrimecontrol.EmpiricalmethodsparticularlyquantitativemethodshavebecomececomponentsofcriminologyinNthAmericaespeciallyintheUnitedStates.Prominentinst

4、itutionsincriminologysuchastheStateUniversityofNewYk–AlbanylatertheUniversityofMarylatCollegeParkhavegraduatedgenerationsofstudentswhopursuecriminologyasasciencebasedonempiricalmethods.AlongwiththegrowthoftheAmericanSoci

5、etyofCriminologytheAcademyofCriminalJusticeSciencesthepublicationofinfluentialacademicjournalsthistraditionhasledtogreatachievementshasproducedagenerallysharedconceptofcriminology.CriminologyhasbeeninstitutionalizedinNth

6、America.Theterm“Americancriminology”canbeusedtoreflectthistraditionitscontemparyinstitutionalization.InEuropecriminologyhasbeenprimarilydevelopedinlawschoolsasasubfieldofcriminallawasscholarsofcriminallawhaverecognizedth

7、ecomplexityofcrimecrimecontrolwhichcannotbeaccomplishedsolelythroughtheapplicationoflawpunishment.QualitativeapproachesweredominantinthistraditionbutinrecentyearsthequantitativemethodsthatareprevalentinNthAmericahavealso

8、beenadoptedbymanycriminologistsinEurope.SimilartoAmericancriminologyempiricalmethodshavebecomethemajapproachincriminologicalresearch.TheestablishmentofacommonganizationtheEuropeanSocietyofCriminologyextensivediscourseamo

9、ngcriminologistswithinEuropewithNthAmericahashelpedEuropeancriminologytodeveloptowardsameunifiedconcepthasinstitutionalized2carriedout.ThesescholarswithaWesternacademicpedigreebuiltsomeoftheearliestcriminologydegreeprogr

10、amsinAsia.InadditiontotheefftsmadebyAsianscholarsreturningfromtheWestWesterncriminologistsinterestedininternationalcomparativecriminologyconductedsomeofthemostimptantcriminologicalresearchincollabationwithscholarsinAsiag

11、reatlycontributedtothedevelopmentofAsiancriminology.TheystudiedcrimecrimecontrolinAsiaeithertotestsocalled“generaltheies”innonWesterncontextstogainabetterunderstingofthelowcrimeratesinanumberofAsiancountriesregions.Fexam

12、pleanumberofstudieswerecarriedoutbyscholarsfromWesterncountriesincollabationwithscholarsinChina.Someofthesestudieshaveproducedinfluentialfindings(Liu2008).BesidestheinfluencesfromWesterncriminologyscholarspolicymakersinA

13、siancountrieshavepaidgreatattentiontothestudyofcrimecriminaljusticepolicies.ManyAsiancountriessuchasChinaJapanSouthKeahaveofferedcoursesprogramsstudyingcrimecriminaljusticeinlawschoolsestablishednationalganizationsheldna

14、tionalconferences.InChinafexampleboththeChineseSocietyofCriminologytheChineseJuvenileDelinquencyResearchAssociationarenationalganizationseachwithseveralthousmembers.OtherareassuchasHongKongTaiwanIndiahaveestablishedprogr

15、amsconsideringcriminologyasanindependentscholarlyfieldhaveproducedresearchpublishedinlocalinternationalparedwithcriminologistsinNthAmericaEuropeoneofthemostsignificantdifferencesisthatcriminologistsinAsiaengageintheirres

16、earchwkstudypolicyrelatedtopicsmostoftenconcerningonlytheirowncountriesintheirownlanguage.ManyofthemrarelyreadEnglishcriminologyliteratureduetolanguagebarriersresourcelimitations.DiscoursebetweenAsiancriminologicalschola

17、rstendstobespadicthereisnoAsiawidecriminologyganization.AmajfeatureoftheAsiancontextisdiversityacrossAsiansocietiescultureswithdifferentlanguagesdifferentlegalsystemsdiversityincrimecrimecontrolsystemspractices.Tofurther

18、developcriminologyinAsiaweneedtodevelopabasicunderstingofthefeaturesofAsianculturessocietiesofhowthesekeyfeaturesarerelatedtocrimecrimecontrolpractices.References:JianhongLiu.AsianCriminology–ChallengesOpptunitiesDirecti