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1、外文翻譯外文翻譯原文TourismdevelopmentinsmallislsacrossthewldMaterialSource:GeografiskaAnnalerSeriesB:HumanGeography2003Vol.85Issue4p23124212p2tsAuth:McElroyJeromeL.ThisstudydevelopstheTourismPerationIndexappliesitto51isls.Theresu
2、ltsconfirmthemostperatedcompriseCaribbeanMediterraneanNthernPacificislstypifiedbylargerestscrowdingshtstaysthereplacementofmanmadeattractionsflostamenities.TheleastperatedislscomprisemainlyPacificIndianOceandestinationsa
3、cterizedbysmallfacilitieslongstayslimitedinfrastructure.Theintermediateislsprimarilyfallintotwogroups:Caribbeanislsadvancingtothehighdensitystageotherdestinationsexperiencingrapidgrowthresourceconflicts.Thestudyconcludes
4、withplanningimplicationssuggestionsffurtherresearch.Thepostwarhistyofsmallislshasbeenmarkedbytwofavabledevelopmentfacts:themarchofdecolonizationtheglobalspreadofinternationaltourism.Howevermuchofthisgrowthhasbeenoverlyra
5、pidunplannedintrusivehasdamagedinsularecosystems(Briguglioetal1996).IntheCaribbeantourismexpansionhasdirectlyindirectlycauseddefestationerosionofuplfestsfcondominiumdevelopmentsroadwksaswellasbeachlosslagoonpollutionreef
6、damagefromsminingdredgingboatanching(McElroydeAlbuquerque1998).Nearly30%ofthereefsareathighriskduetorunoffdisgesofuntreatedmunicipalhotelwastepollutionfrompleasureyachtscruiseships(Bryantetal.1998).Partlyasaresultsince19
7、85fishcatchesareoffnearly50percentingrosstonnage(UNEP1999b).Sincetourism’sbioculturalbaseisindeclineacrosstheislwldbecauseofthecontinuedpressuresfromincreasedglobalizationexpectedfthefuture(UNEP2002)researchershavecalled
8、fgreenerlowerdensitytourismstyleshavebeguntoexplethecausesofthispolicyfailure.Avarietyofitemphasizestheobviousplanningchallengesappropriatefeachstageoftouristdevelopment.FinallyitassessesthegeneralusefulnessoftheTPIasaco
9、mprehensivemeasureofoveralltourismimpactaswellasitsfunctionasanearlywarningsignalparticularlyfthosedestinationsexperiencingapproachinghighdensitydevelopmentpotentiallydamaginglevelsofvisitation.Themostcommonmeasureoftour
10、ism’ssocioculturalimpactistheratioofvisitstothelocalpopulation.AmerigousindicatistheTourismPerationRatioi.e.thenumberofstayovervisitstimestheaveragelengthofstaydividedbythepopulationtimes365(CTO1993).Thisstudyusedasimila
11、rmeasurethatincludesonedayexcursionistscruisevisitsmaybecalledtheaveragedailyvisitcensusdensityper1000population.Thisindicatwaschosenasanaggregativeindirectproxymeasureofhose–guestirritationcrowdingsocioculturalpressure.
12、Fthemostdevelopedmaturedestinationsfexamplethekeytaskistosustainvacationquality.Thiswillrequireatleastthreemajpolicydirections:(1)restingenvironmentaldamagecurbingfurtherincursionsintofragileareas(2)managingvisitdensitie
13、slessintrusivelybydispersalthroughtimespace(3)expinglengthofstayvisitqualitydevelopingsmallerscalespecialtyalternativestomasstourism:heritagescientificnatureretirementvillagesoon.Bermudarepresentssuchasuccesssty.Thekeych
14、allengefacingmanyintermediatedestinationsiscontrollingthequantityqualityofgrowth.Duringthisphaseofincreasingintegrationwiththeglobaltouristeconomytheseislsmustattempttoconstrainthenaturalpropensitiesofinternationalairhot
15、elcruiseinterestsflargescalefacilitieshighvolumevisitationsothatthesegrowthimperativesdonotexceedtheinsulareconomic(labutilitiesetc.)socioenvironmentalabsptivecapacities.Thiswillrequireatleastthreemajinitiatives:(1)preve
16、ntingfurtherencroachmentonrenewableresourceuses(agriculturefisheries)(2)sequencinglargedevelopmentsinstagesoverlonghizons(3)engagingresidentsnotonlyinparticipatydecisionmakingbutalsoprovidingthemwithastrongerfinancialsta
17、keintheindustry.Ftheleastdevelopeddestinationsthekeychallengeistoestablishinternationalvisibility.Ideallythisrequiresamajcommunitywideplanningeffttoachievethreeobjectives:(1)toidentifytheisls’uniqueassetsattractions(2)to
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