性別、孩子與研發(fā)能力【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯外文翻譯原文GenderChildrenResearchProductivityMaterialSource:ResearchinHigherEducationVol.45No.8December2004Auth:StevenStackThe‘‘productivitypuzzle’’gendergapinresearchproductivityisoftenthoughttobedueinparttogenderedchild

2、careresponsibilities.Thetimeenergymoneydevotedtochildrearingcanreducetheresearchproductivityofscholarsespeciallywomen.Howeverthereislittlesystematicresearchonthisissue.Thepresentstudycontributestotheliteraturebyexplingth

3、eproductivitypuzzleinlightoftheinfluenceofeightagesetsofchildren.DataarefromtheNationalResearchCouncil’s1995SurveyofDoctalRecipients.Theyreferto11231PhDsinthesciencesengineeringwhoareemployedinacademia.Controllingfchildr

4、enstructuralfactspersonalacteristicsofthePhDsthepresentstudyfindsthatwomenstillpublishsignificantlylessthanmen.SecondproductivityishigherfPhDswithchildrenlessthan11.Thirdproductivityisrelativelylowfwomenwithyoungchildren

5、.FourthfthesocialsciencestheareawiththehighestproptionofwomenPhDsgenderisunrelatedtoproductivitybutwomeninthesocialscienceswhohaveyoungchildrenhaverelativelylowproductivity.Theleadingpredictsofproductivityincludedlocatio

6、ninaresearchuniversityefft(hourswked).Thefullmodelexplains39%ofthevarianceinproductivity.Childrenarenotastrongpredictofproductivitybuttheinfluencethattheydohavefollowedagenderedpattern.Previousstudiesongenderpublishingha

7、vegenerallyfoundthatmenpublishmethanwomen.Areviewofmethan50studiesconcludedthatmalescientistspublishnearlytwiceasmuchasfemalescientists.Furthermalesreceivesubstantiallymecitationstotheirwkthandofemales(ColeSinger1991p.27

8、8).Thisgendergapinresearchproductivityhasbeenreferredtoasthe‘‘productivitypuzzle’’(e.g.ColeZuckerman1984XieShauman19982003).Ithasbeenattributedtofactsincludingthegreaterparentingmaritalresponsibilitiesofwomenrelativetome

9、nwomen’sdifficultyinbecomingintegratedintothemaledominatedwksocialmilieumelimitedopptunitiesfcoauthshipdiscriminationanallegedlowervaluebeingplacedonresearchproductivityamongwomenlowerresearch2singlefieldleavingthegenera

10、lizabilityissueopentheneglectoftheintroductionofadequatesetsofcontrolsfthecovariatesofproductivity(e.g.Astin1969Cole1979ColeZuckerman19871991HamovitchMgenstern1980Hargensetal.1978Helmreichetal.1980FoxFaver1985Long1990).T

11、hepresentstudyaddressestheseotherlimitationofpreviouswkfindsaconsistentpatternthatyoungchildrenperseareassociatedwithenhancedproductivity.Thatyoungchildrenarelinkedtoenhancedproductivityisafindingnotwithoutprecedent.FoxF

12、aver(1985)foundthatyoungchildrenwereassociatedwithsignificantlyhigherproductivityamongPhDsinacademicdepartmentsofsocialwk(butonlyinthecaseofwomen).ColeZuckerman(1991)determinedthattheproductivityofeminentfemalescientists

13、increasedintheperiodfollowingthebirthoftheirchild.InresultsnotreptedfullyintheirstudyHargensetal.(1978p.161)foundthatresearchproductivitywashigheramongrecentlymarriedPhDChemistswithchildrenthantheircounterpartswhohadbeen

14、marriedlonger.Inthelattertwostudiestheageofthechildistakenintoaccountintermsofthemeasurementofarecentbirth.Perhapsmeoftheotherinvestigationswouldhavereptedapositiveeffectofchildrenonresearchproductivityiftheyhadtakenthea

15、geofthechildintoaccount.Childrencanmotivatescientiststowkhardersothatthescientistcanprovideabetterstardoflivingftheiroffspring.Itisimptanttonotethattherelationshipbetweenchildrenproductivitypersistedevenafteracontrolfcar

16、eerstageacovariateofhavingyoungchildren.Athirdissuewastodetermineiftherewasaninteractioneffectinvolvinggenderchildren.Femaleacademicswithpreschoolchildrenpublishedlessthanothers.Howeverwomenwithchildrenfromhigheragebrack

17、etswomenwithchildrenfromcombinedagebracketswerenomenolessproductivethanothers.Thereisnosimilarpooledanalysisofmenwomenwithwhomacomparisoncanbedrawn.HoweverfastudyofChemistsHargensetal.(1978)foundthatamultiplicativeterm(g

18、ender_children)wasinsignificant.Howeverthismultiplicativerepresentschildrenofallages.Perhapsitmighthavebeensignificantifitwererestrictedtoyoungchildren.Thepatterninthefindingsofthepresentstudythatacademicwomenwithyoungch

19、ildrenpublishlessthantheircounterpartsisconsistentwithsomeofthepreviousresearchongenderchildrenpublishing(e.g.Cole1979Kyvik1990Long1990).Thepresentstudyhastheadvantagehoweverofbeingbasedonalargenumberoffields.Sincethedat