藏傳佛教在蒙古地區(qū)的發(fā)展與清朝的民族宗教政策【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯Thedevelopmentoftibetanbuddhisinmongoliatheqinngcourt’spoliciestowardsnationalitiesreligions.BaoguizhenDuringthelastmingdynasty(altankhan’sreigninnthernyuan)thegelugsectonesectoftibetanbuddhism(theyellowhatsect)1prev

2、ailedinmongoliaonceagainsoonafterthatthelocalpeopleembracedit.untilthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturyallthemongolsinthelatemingdynastytheearlyqingdynastycausedthegelugsecttodeclineinthesouthofthegobidesert.indertorulethemongol

3、sinapeacefulwaytheqinggevemmentsepecificallyadvocatedprotectedtibatenbuddhisminitsearlyyears.intheperiodfromempershunzhi’sreigntoemperqianlong‘swhichresultedinitspromotioninstatussothatitsinfluencewasstrengthenedthenumbe

4、rofitsmonasteriesinceased.accdingtostatisticsonlyinthesouthofthegobideserttherestoodthoussofmonasterieswithmethan100000monks.underthemajinfluenceofthegelugsectupperclasslamasenjoydethesamemunificenttreatmentcourtesynames

5、honableofficialtitlesasmongoliannobles.theyevenhadthepowerofjudicialadministrationinthemonasteriesparticipatedinthepoliticalaffairsofmongolianbannerswhichwerethenbothprevalentunprecedented.Theestablishmentoftworeincarnat

6、ionsystermsjebtsundamba(rjebtsundampa)khutughtuIcangskyainmongolia.thelivingbuddhareincarnationsystemsthedalaipanchanlamaswereestablishedthere.indertoguaranteethesuccessfulspreadofbuddhistdoctrinestopreventthelossofmonas

7、terypropertythegelugsectclearlyneededitsownlivingbuddhareincarnationsystemsaswellasitsownspiritualleaders.attheinvitationofkhalkhamongoliawasgivenanhonifictitleofjebtsundamba.hepassedawayin1634nextyeartosiyetukhanhadason

8、sohissonwasidentifiedastheincarationnamedthefirstjebtsundamba.thefirstjebtsundambalearnedbuddhistdoctrinesintibetconvertedtothegelugsectin1649appointedhimtotakegeoftibetanbuddhistaffairsinkhalkjamongol(nthofthedesertinmo

9、denmongolia).inthesameyearatameetinginduoluntheqinggovernmentrecognizedjebtundamba’sleadingroleinkhalkhaparedwiththesystemofjebtsundambakhutughtuthesystemoficangskyakhutughtuinthesouthofthegobidesertwasproppedupcompletel

10、ybytheqinggovernment.whenjebtsundambakhutughtugraduallybecamealeaderwithbothadministrativereligiouspowertheqinggovernmentontheonehestablishedicangskyakhutughtureincarnationsystemtoweakentheauthityofthefmeroneinthegelugse

11、ct.ontheotherhbyadoptingaseriesofmeasurestheqinggovernmentgraduallydevolvedjebtsundamba’sreligiouspoliticalpowerinkhalkhamongoltomongoliannobilitiesthentomanchurianministers.therefeto翻譯翻譯藏傳佛教在蒙古地區(qū)的發(fā)展與清朝的民族宗教政策寶貴貞明朝窩晚期（北苑

12、俺答汗時(shí)期），藏傳佛教格魯派（黃教）再次傳入蒙古地區(qū)，并迅速在蒙古社會(huì)中蔓延。至17實(shí)際上半葉，黃教成為蒙古全民族信奉的宗教，其勢力已深入漠南、漠北和漠西等廣大蒙古地區(qū)。明末清初的戰(zhàn)亂使漠南蒙古地府黃教一度衰弱。清朝前期，清政府利用藏傳佛教作為征服蒙古的工具，特別予以倡導(dǎo)和保護(hù)，經(jīng)吮指至乾隆一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的優(yōu)禮，黃教地位日崇，影響漸大，迅速發(fā)展到前所未有的規(guī)模，寺廟數(shù)量迅速增加。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅漠南地區(qū)即擁有寺廟千余座，僧侶喇嘛數(shù)十萬人?？芍^“寺

13、廟林立，僧侶遍布”。其次，黃教的影響越來越大。上岑喇嘛享有與蒙古王公同等的優(yōu)厚待遇及各種尊貴名號(hào)和職銜，他們在寺院內(nèi)設(shè)置還擁有行政司法等的權(quán)利，并參與蒙旗政治事務(wù)，成一時(shí)之盛，前所未有。清代華昂嬌在蒙古地區(qū)走向全盛的突出標(biāo)志，就是哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖和章嘉呼圖克圖系統(tǒng)的行程。黃教的活佛系統(tǒng)始于西藏，16世紀(jì)在西藏行程了達(dá)賴和班禪兩大活佛系統(tǒng)。為了保證黃教的順利傳播，防止寺院財(cái)產(chǎn)的外流，蒙古地府客觀上也需要自己的活佛轉(zhuǎn)世系統(tǒng)，需要自己的宗教

14、領(lǐng)袖。1614年，應(yīng)克爾克蒙古汗王之邀，西藏覺囊派僧人多羅那他來到庫倫傳教，被尊為“哲布尊丹巴”。他于1634年去世，恰好1635年土謝圖汗生有一子，即被指認(rèn)為多羅那他轉(zhuǎn)世，是為哲布尊丹巴一世。哲布尊丹巴一世后入藏學(xué)法，1649年改宗格魯派。請康熙三十年受封為呼圖克圖大喇嘛，管理克爾克蒙古藏傳佛教事務(wù)。蒙古人又稱之為“溫都爾葛根”。1691年，多倫會(huì)盟時(shí)，清廷正式承認(rèn)了哲布尊丹巴在克爾克（漠北）蒙古的宗教領(lǐng)袖地位。章嘉呼圖克圖系統(tǒng)在漠南