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1、Unit4ganizationInstitutionTextAPreparatyWk(1)a.Institutionalization:referstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception(fexampleabeliefnmsocialroleparticularvaluemodeofbehavi)withinanganizationsocialsystemsocietyasawhole.Theterm

2、mayalsobeusedtorefertocommittingaparticularindividualgrouptoaninstitutionsuchasamentalwelfareinstitution.b.Solitaryconfinement:isafmofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanyhumancontactoftenwiththeexceptionofmembers

3、ofprisonstaff.Itismostlyemployedasafmofpunishmentbeyondincarcerationfaprisonerusuallyfviolationsofprisonregulations.Howeveritisalsousedasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionfvulnerableinmates.Inthecaseprisonersathighriskofsui

4、cideitcanbeusedtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowtheprisonertoselfharm.c.Parole:istheprovisionalreleaseofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspritothecompletionofthemaximumsentenceperiod.Aspecifictypeofparoleismedicalp

5、arolecompassionatereleasewhichisthereleaseofprisonersonmedicalhumanitariangrounds.Conditionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobeyingthelawrefrainingfromdrugalcoholuseavoidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictimsobtainingemployme

6、ntmaintainingrequiredcontactswithaparoleofficer.d.Rehabilitation:isthereintegrationintosocietyofaconvictedpersonthemainobjectiveofmodernpenalpolicytocounterhabitualoffendingalsoknownascriminalrecidivism.Alternativestoimp

7、risonmentalsoexistsuchascommunityserviceprobationdersothersentailingguidanceaftercaretowardstheoffender.(2)Mainpublications:InfluencingAttitudesChangingBehavi(2nded.).ReadingMA:AddisonWesley.1977Psychology(3rdEdition)Rea

8、dingMA:AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.1999PsychologyLife17eAllyn&BaconPublishing2005TheLuciferEffect:UnderstingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvilRomHouseNewYk2007Mainresearchinterests:socialpsychologyparticularlyprisonstudysocialintensity

9、syndromestudy(relatedtodisgedsoldiers).(3)NameofexperimentDeionoftheexperimentRelationoftheexperimentwiththetextExperimentonobedienceAseriesofsocialpsychologyexperimentsconductedbyYaleUniversitypsychologistStanleyMilgram

10、.TheymeasuredthewillingnessCloselyrelatedwiththetextsincetheyareallabouttheeffectofassignedroles.experiment)withguardsprisonerswerecarriedouthadtoendearlierbecauseofthefrighteningeffect.III.Findings1113(implication)Indiv

11、idualbehaviislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialfcesenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraitsacterwillpowerotherempiricallyunvalidatedconstructs.IV.Conclusion14(effectsofprison)Theprisonsituationisguaranteedtogene

12、rateseverepathologicalreactionsinbothguardsprisonersastodebasetheirhumanitymakeitdifficultfthemtobepartofasocietyoutsideoftheirprison.2.(1)Zimbardousesthespecificexampleofaprisoner’ssituationtopleadfprisonrefmtojustifyth

13、eexperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.(2)Theyconductanexperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsprisoners.(3)Theywanttounderstwhatitmeanspsychologicallytobeaprisoneraprisonguard.(4)The24participantsareedroml

14、yfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocitytheywereromlyassignedrolesofguardsprisonersinasimulatedprison.(5)AtStanfdUniversityin1971.(6)Theexperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.(7)Becausetheeffectsofprison(abusingbeingabused

15、)onthosebeingexperimentedarefrightening.(8)Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehavi.(9)Individualbehaviislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialfcesenvironmentalcontingenciesrather

16、thanpersonalitytraitsacterwillpoweretc.Manypeopleperhapsthemajitycanbemadetodoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologicallycompellingsituations–regardlessoftheirmalsethicsvaluesattitudesbeliefspersonalconvictions.II.Evaluatio

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