09上外英語(yǔ)

1、2009年英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合改錯(cuò)Afairlystardconsensualdefinitionis“arelativelypermanentchangeinbehavi(sic.itsAmericanofcourse)thatresultsfrompractise.“Thisisofcoursearguableparticularlythe“practice“criterion.Otherswouldacceptchangesin“

2、capability“evensimple“knowledge““understing“evenifitisnotmanifestinbehaviour.Itishoweveranimptantcriterionthat“l(fā)earned“behaviourisnotpreprogrammedwhollyinstinctive(notawdusedmuchnowadays)evenifaninstinctualdriveunderpins

3、it.Behaviourcanalsochangeasaresultofmaturationsimplegrowingupwithoutbeingtotallylearned.Thinkofthechangingattitudeofchildrenadolescentstooppositesexpeers.Whateverthecasetherehastobeinteractionwiththeenvironment.Evenifpsy

4、chologistseveragreeaboutwhatlearningisinpracticeeducationalistswontbecauseeducationintroducespreivenotionsaboutspecifyingwhatoughttobelearntthereisconsiderabledisputeaboutwhetherthisoughtonlytobewhattheteacherwantsthelea

5、rnertolearn(implicitinbehaviouralmodels)whatthelearnerwantstolearn(asinhumanisticmodels).2009英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)完形填空全文ObtainingLinguisticDataManyproceduresareavailablefobtainingdataaboutalanguage.Theyrangefromacarefullyplannedintensi

6、vefieldinvestigationinafeigncountrytoacasualintrospectionaboutonesmothertonguecarriedoutinanarmchairathome.Inallcasessomeonehastoactasasourceoflanguagedataaninfmant.Infmantsare(ideally)nativespeakersofalanguagewhoprovide

7、utterancesfanalysisotherkindsofinfmationaboutthelanguage(e.g.translationscommentsaboutcrectnessjudgementsonusage).Oftenwhenstudyingtheirmothertonguelinguistsactastheirowninfmantsjudgingtheambiguityacceptabilityotherprope

8、rtiesofutterancesagainsttheirownintuitions.Theconvenienceofthisapproachmakesitwidelyuseditisconsideredthenminthegenerativeapproachtolinguistics.Butalinguistspersonaljudgementsareoftenuncertaindisagreewiththejudgementsofo

9、therlinguistsatwhichpointrecourseisneededtomeobjectivemethodsofenquiryusingnonlinguistsasinfmants.Thelatterprocedureisunavoidablewhenwkingonfeignlanguageschildspeech.Manyfactsmustbeconsideredwheninginfmantswhetheroneiswk

10、ingwithsinglespeakers(acommonsituationwhenlanguageshavenotbeendescribedbefe)twopeopleinteractingsmallgroupslargescalesamples.Agesexsocialbackgroundotheraspectsofidentityareimptantasthesefactsareknowntoinfluencethekindofl

11、anguageused.Thetopicofconversationtheacteristicsofthesocialsetting(e.g.theleveloffmality)arealsodecidealinguistichypothesisbycontrastcpainmajresearchprojectscantotalmillionsofwds.Animptantprincipleisthatallcpawhateverthe

12、irsizeareinevitablylimitedintheircoveragealwaysneedtobesupplementedbydataderivedfromtheintuitionsofnativespeakersofthelanguagethrougheitherintrospectionexperimentation.2009英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合閱讀理解Passage1BAKELITEThebirthofmodernpl

13、asticsIn1907LeoHendrickBaekelaBelgianscientistwkinginNewYkdiscoveredpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.HisinventionwhichhenamedBakelitewasofenmoustechnologicalimptanceeffectivelylaunchedthemodernplasticsindustry.

14、ThetermplasticcomesfromtheGreekplasseinmeaningtomould.Someplasticsarederivedfromnaturalsourcessomearesemisynthetic(theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance)someareentirelysyntheticthatischemicallyengineeredfromthecon

15、stituentsofcoaloil.Somearethermoplasticwhichmeansthatlikeclewaxtheymeltwhenheatedcanthenbereshaped.Othersarethermosetting:likeeggstheycannotreverttotheiriginalviscousstatetheirshapeisthusfixedfever.Bakelitehadthedistinct

16、ionofbeingthefirsttotallysyntheticthermosettingplastic.Thehistyoftodaysplasticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemisyntheticthermoplasticmaterialsinthenieenthcentury.Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearlyplasticswas

17、generatedbyanumberoffactsimmensetechnologicalprogressinthedomainofchemistrycoupledwithwiderculturalchangesthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfdwindlingsuppliesofluxurymaterialssuchasttoiseshellivy.Baekelsinterest

18、inplasticsbeganin1885whenasayoungchemistrystudentinBelgiumheembarkedonresearchintophenolicresinsthegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol(carbolicacid)combineswithanaldehyde(avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol).Hesoonabone

19、dthesubjecthoweveronlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYkerhavingrecentlymadehisftunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelhadbeenbusilyamassingdollarssomeadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopment

20、ofplastics.Theyears18991900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemisyntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.InpurelyscientifictermsBaekelsmajcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryoft