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1、MachiningTurningTurningTheenginelatheoneoftheoldestmetalremovalmachineshasanumberofusefulhighlydesirableattributes.Todaytheselathesareusedprimarilyinsmallshopswheresmallerquantitiesratherthanlargeproductionrunsareencount

2、ered.Theenginelathehasbeenreplacedintoday’sproductionshopsbyawidevarietyofautomaticlathessuchasautomatictracerlathesturretlathesautomaticscrewmachines.Alltheadvantagesofsinglepointtoolingfmaximummetalremovaltheuseoffmtoo

3、lsffinishaccuracyarenowatthedesigner’sfingertipswithproductionspeedsonaparwiththefastestprocessingequipmentonthescenetoday.Tolerancesftheenginelathedependprimarilyontheskilloftheoperat.Thedesignengineermustbecarefulinusi

4、ngtolerancesofanexperimentalpartthathasbeenproducedontheenginelathebyaskilledoperat.Inredesigninganexperimentalpartfproductioneconomicaltolerancesshouldbeused.TurretTurretLathesLathesProductionmachiningequipmentmustbeeva

5、luatednowmethaneverbefeintermsofabilitytorepeataccuratelyrapidly.Applyingthiscriterionfestablishingtheproductionqualificationofaspecificmethodtheturretlathemeritsahighrating.Indesigningflowquantitiessuchas100200partsitis

6、mosteconomicaltousetheturretlathe.Inachievingtheoptimumtolerancespossibleontheturretlathethedesignershouldstrivefaminimumofoperations.processmeritstheattentionconsiderationofdesignersseriouslyconcernedwiththemanufactureo

7、ftheirproduct.Asinanyotherprocesspartsthathavetobemilledshouldbedesignedwitheconomicaltolerancesthatcanbeachievedinproductionmilling.Ifthepartisdesignedwithtolerancefinerthannecessaryadditionaloperationswillhavetobeadded

8、toachievethesetolerancesthiswillincreasethecostofthepart.GrindingGrindingGrindingisoneofthemostwidelyusedmethodsoffinishingpartstoextremelyclosetolerancesfinesurfacefinishes.Currentlytherearegrindersfalmosteverytypeofgri

9、ndingoperation.Particulardesignfeaturesofapartdictatetoalargethetypeofgrindingmachinerequired.Whereprocessingcostsareexcessivepartsredesignedtoutilizealessexpensivehigheroutputgrindingmethodmaybewellwthwhile.Fexamplewher

10、everpossibletheproductioneconomyofcenterlessgrindingshouldbetakenadvantageofbyproperdesignconsideration.Althoughgrindingisusuallyconsideredafinishingoperationitisoftenemployedasacompletemachiningprocessonwkwhichcanbegrou

11、nddownfromroughconditionwithoutbeingturnedotherwisemachined.Thusmanytypesoffgingsotherpartsarefinishedcompletelywiththegrindingwheelatappreciablesavingsoftimeexpense.Classesofgrindingmachinesincludethefollowing:cylindric

12、algrinderscenterlessgrindersshaftssimilarpartsaregroundoncylindricalmachineseitherofthecommoncentertypethecenterlessmachine.Threadgrindersareusedfgrindingprecisionthreadsfthreadgagesthreadsonprecisionpartswheretheconcent

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