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1、馬克吐溫馬克吐溫：HewasanAmericanhumistsatiristwriterlecturer.Twainenjoyedimmensepublicpopularity.Hiskeenwitincisivesatireearnedhimpraisefrombothcriticspeers.AmericanauthWilliamFaulknercalledMarkTwain“thefatherofAmericanliteratur

2、e”.MarkTwain(meaning“Marknumbertwo“)wasaMississippiRiverterm.Hewassuccessivelyaprinter’sapprenticeatrampprinterasilverminerasteamboatpilotontheMississippiafrontierjournalistinNevadaCalifnia.Hiscolfulexperiencegavehisreso

3、urceofhiswritingawideknowledgeofhumanity.1.1.HeHefirstfirstwonwonfamefamewithwiththethecomiccomicmasterpiecemasterpiece“TheTheCelebratedCelebratedJumpingJumpingFrogFrogofofCalaverasCalaverasCountyCounty””whichwhichdescri

4、beddescribedafrontierfrontiertale.tale.2.2.HisHisfirstfirstnovelnovelTheTheGildedGildedAgeAge(1873)(1873)waswasaartisticartisticfailurefailurebutbutititgavegaveitsitsnamenametotothetheAmericaAmericaofofthethepostbellumpo

5、stbellumperiod.period.3.3.HisHisboyhoodboyhoodexperienceexperiencefurnishedfurnishedhimhimwithwithampleamplematerialmaterialfffiction.fiction.TheTheAdventuresAdventuresofofTomTomSawyerSawyer(1876)(1876)waswasananimmediat

6、eimmediatesuccesssuccessasas“a“aboy’sboy’sbook”.book”.4.4.ItsItssequelsequelTheTheAdventuresAdventuresofofHuckleberryHuckleberryFinnFinn(1884)(1884)becamebecamehishismasterwk.masterwk.ThisThisbookbookwaswasfirstfirstcons

7、ideredconsideredadultadultfictionfictionwhichwhichpaintedpaintedapicturepictureofofMississippiMississippifrontierfrontierlife.life.ErnestErnestHemingwayHemingwayhadhadsuchsucharemark“allremark“allmodernmodernAmericanAmer

8、icanliteratureliteraturecomes”.comes”.5.5.HeHesetsetoutoutwldwldtourtourtravelingtravelingininFranceFranceItaly.Italy.HisHisexperiencesexperienceswerewererecdedrecdedinin18691869ininTheTheInnocentsInnocentsAbroadAbroadwh

9、ichwhichgainedgainedhimhimwidewidepopularitypopularitypokedpokedfunfunatatbothbothAmericanAmericanEuropeanEuropeanprejudicesprejudicesmanners.manners.HeHecriticizedcriticizedthethehypocrisyhypocrisycruptioncruptionasaswe

10、llwellasasthetheAmerican’sAmerican’sshallownessshallownessinnocenceinnocenceusingusinghumoushumouswitwittone.tone.HisHislaterlaterwkwkTheTheManManThatThatCruptedCruptedHadleyburgHadleyburg(1900)(1900)waswasfilledfilledwi

11、thwithpessimisticpessimisticcynicalcynicaltone.tone.HisHiscontribution:contribution:1.MarkTwainisagreatliteraryartist.HiscontributiontothedevelopmentofrealismtheAmericanliteratureasawholewasthroughhishumhistheiesoflocali

12、sminAmericanfictionhisuseofcolloquialspeech.2.Colloquialstyleaimingatexpressionnotdecationconfmstothenatureofasubject.ThestylehassweptAmericanliteratureitsinfluenceonthetwentiethcenturyAmericanwriterssuchasErnestHemingwa

13、yRobertFrostCarlSburgT.S.Eliotisclearlyvisible.HenryHenryJamesJames:HenryJamesO.M.(April151843)–February281916)wasaU.S.bnBritishauth.Jamesisoneofthekeyfiguresof?1)hisdoctrineoftheOversoul:“Philosophicallyconsideredtheuni

14、verseiscomposedofNaturetheSoul…allothermenmyownbodymustberankedunderthisname:NATURE”.?2)Ideasabouttheinfinitudeofmanhumanperfectibility.?QuotationsfromSelfRelianceSelfReliance?Whosowouldbeamanmustbeanonconfmist.?WhatImus

15、tdoisallthatconcernsmenotwhatthepeoplethink.?Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.?3)NatureassymbolicofGod.?Natureisthevehicleofthoughtthesymbolofspirit?“Theloverofnatureishewhoseinwardoutwardsensesarestilltru

16、lyadjustedtoeachotherwhohasremainedthespiritofinfancyevenintotheeraofmanhood.”(Nature)Emerson’sEmerson’simptanceimptanceininthetheintellectualintellectualhistyhistyofofAmerica:America:?Hiscallfanindependentculturereprese

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