語(yǔ)言學(xué)課后習(xí)題答案

1、Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweent

2、hefmofalinguisticsignwhatitrelatestoinrealitye.g.thewddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsletters)combinetofmmeaningfulunits(wds)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeoft

3、hegrammarofalanguageasafmalabstractiondistinctfromthebehaviofactuallanguageusei.e.perfmance.(6)perfmance:Chomsky’stermfactuallanguagebehaviasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesitcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowli

4、teraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmospheremaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerthehearer.(9)functionalism:thestudyofthefmsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfun

5、ctionincommunication.(10)fmalism:thestudyoftheabstractfmsoflanguagetheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguagespeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachronic

6、linguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.2.Nolanguageishumanspecific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeaturesincludingarbitrarinessdualityproductivityinterchangeabili

7、tydisplacementspecializationculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’pigs’noisesthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalintrinsicconnectionbet

8、weenaparticularsoundthemeaningitisassociatedwith.FexamplefthesameanimaldoginEnglishwecallitd0ginChineseas“gou”but“yilu”inJapaneseitbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourseonomatopoeticwdssuchas“quackquack”“bang”

9、areexceptionsbutwdslikethesearerelativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwdsinalanguage.Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguage1.Defineeachofthefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)articulat:thetonguelipsvelumwhichchangetheshapeofthevocaltractto

10、producedifferentspeechsounds.(2)assimilation:aphonologicalprocesswherebyasoundbecomesphoicallysimilar(identical)toaneighbingsounde.g.avowelbecomes[nasal]whenfollowedbya[nasal]consonant.(3)consonant:aspeechsoundproducedby

11、partialcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltractthusobstructingtheairflowcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicingplaceofarticulationmannerofarticulation.(4)elision:theleavingoutofasoundsoundsinspeech.(5)

12、intonation:thevariationinpitchstresswhichgivesbeatrhythmtothetunethevoiceplaysindinaryspeech.(6)phoneme:theabstractelementofasoundidentifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.(7)phoics:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsoun

13、dshowtheyareproducedhowtheyareperceivedtheirphysicalproperties.(8)phonology:thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesoundsoflanguage.(9)stress:theprominencegiventocertainsoundsinspeech.(10)voicing:thevibrationinthelaryn

14、xcausedbyairfromthelungspassingthroughthevocalcdswhentheyarepartlyclosedspeechsoundsaresaidtobeeithervoicedvoiceless.(11)voiceless:Whenthevocalcdsarespreadaparttheairstreamfromthelungsisnotobstructedatthespacebetweenvoca

15、lcdspassesfreely.Thesoundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoicelesssounds.(12)vowel:aspeechsoundproducedwithoutsignificantconstrictionoftheairflowingthroughthealcavity.2.Minimalpairtestsubstitutiontest.Minimalpairtestsubs

16、titutiontestistoseewhethersubstitutingonesoundf4anotherresultsinadifferentwd.Ifitdoesthetwosoundsrepresentdifferentphonemes.FexampleastotheEnglishwdbearifwesubstitutepfbwegetthewdpearthetwoaredifferentwds.Thenbprepresent