人們?yōu)槭裁垂ぷ饔⑽娜囊约胺g

1、WhyPeopleWkEveryoneneedstowkbutwhatdoeswkmeantohimInthefollowingessayLeonardR.Saylesexplestherelationshipbetweenwkhumanbeingswellbeing.每個(gè)人都必須勞動(dòng)，可是勞動(dòng)意味著什么？在下面這篇文章里，萊昂納多塞勒斯研究了勞動(dòng)和人類幸福之間的關(guān)系。Jobswkdomuchmethanmostofusrealizet

2、oprovidehappinesscontentment.Wereallusedtothinkingthatwkprovidesthematerialthingsoflife－thegoodsservicesthatmakepossibleourversionofmoderncivilization.Butwearemuchlessconsciousoftheextenttowhichwkprovidesthemeintangibleb

3、utmecrucialpsychologicalwellbeingthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullanemptylife.工作和勞動(dòng)帶來的幸福和滿足感要比我們意識(shí)到的大得多。我們習(xí)慣于認(rèn)為，勞動(dòng)提供了生活的物質(zhì)財(cái)富——它帶來的商品和服務(wù)使我們的現(xiàn)代文明成為可能?？墒牵覀儏s很少意識(shí)到勞動(dòng)帶來的無形的、更關(guān)鍵的心理健康，它關(guān)系著我們的生活是充實(shí)還是空虛。Whyisitthatmostofusdont

4、putwkhumansatisfactiontogetherexceptwhenitcomestotheendproductofwk:automobileshousesgoodfood為什么大多數(shù)人除了勞動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為其最終產(chǎn)品：汽車、房子和珍饈美味的時(shí)候，并不能把勞動(dòng)和滿足感結(jié)合起來？ItsalwaysusefultoblamesomeoneelsetheGreeksoftheancientwlddeservesomeblamehere.A

5、tthattimewkwasrestrictedtoslavestothosefewfreecitizenswhohadnotyetaccumulatedadequateindependentresources.The“real“citizensofGreece－whomPlatootherstalkedabout－expectedtospendtheirtimeinfreediscussioncontemplation.責(zé)備別人總是有

6、用的，而古老世界的希臘人負(fù)有一定責(zé)任。那時(shí)，勞動(dòng)只局限于奴隸和少數(shù)沒有積累到足夠獨(dú)立財(cái)富的自由民。柏拉圖等人談到的那些“真正”的希臘公民，只想把時(shí)間都花在自由辯論和冥想上。ThedleAgesdidnthelpthereputationofwk.Itbecamemeacceptabletoengageinwk.Infactitwasassertedthatmanhadareligiousdutytofulfillhis“calling“

7、.Tofailtowkwasimmal－wsewkwasthoughtofasapunishmentfthesinsofman.中世紀(jì)時(shí)期勞動(dòng)的聲譽(yù)也沒能提高，勞動(dòng)開始更多地為人們接受。但事實(shí)上，當(dāng)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人要履行自己“使命”的宗教義務(wù)。不勞動(dòng)是不道德的——更糟糕的是，勞動(dòng)被看作是對(duì)人類罪孽的懲罰。Itsnotdifficulttounderstthetarnishedreputation.Histicallywkhasbeenass

8、ociatedwithslaverysincompulsionpunishment.inourowndayweareusedtohearingthetraditionalcomplaints:“Icantwaitfmyvacation.““IwishIcouldstayhometoday.““Mybosstreatsmepoly.““Ivegottoomuchwktodonotenoughtimetodoit.“Againstthisb

9、ackitmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatnotonlypsychologistsbutotherbehavialscientistshavecometoacceptthepositivecontributionofwktotheindividualshappinesssenseofpersonalachievement.Wkismethananecessityfmosthumanbeingsitist

10、hefocusoftheirlivesthesourceoftheiridentitycreativity.但某些內(nèi)在的東西驅(qū)使他們?nèi)趧?dòng)——一種從勞動(dòng)中獲得的獨(dú)特滿足感。PrideinAccomplishment成功的驕傲Thehumanbeingcravesasenseofbeingaccomplishedofbeingabletodothingswithhishwithhismindwithhiswill.Eachofuswant

11、stofeelheshehastheabilitytodosomethingthatismeaningfulthatstsoutsideofusasatributetoourinherentabilities.Thisextensionofourselves－inwhatourhsmindscando－fillsoutourpersonalityexpsourego.人們渴求成功的感覺，渴望運(yùn)用自己的雙手、智慧和意志去創(chuàng)造。我們每個(gè)人都

12、希望自己有能力做些有意義的事，它是我們內(nèi)在能力的外在標(biāo)志。我們的雙手和智慧所做的一切成為我們自身的延展——它能充實(shí)我們的個(gè)性，豐富我們的自我。Itiseasiesttoseethisinthecraftsmanwholovinglyshapessomebasematerialintoanobjectthatmaybeeitherusefulbeautifulboth.Youcanseethecarpenterbricklayerdiem

13、akerstasideadmiretheproductofhispersonalskill.這一點(diǎn)在手工藝人身上最容易見到。他充滿感情地把原材料變成一件實(shí)用、美觀或兩者兼?zhèn)涞氖止に嚻?。你?huì)看到一個(gè)木匠、磚匠或制模工站在一邊，欣賞著用自己的技巧完成的作品。Butevenwherethereisnoobviousendproductthatissolelyattributabletoonepersonsskillresearchershav

14、efoundthatemployeesfindprideinaccomplishment.Ourownresearchinhospitalssuggeststhateventhehousekeepinglaundrystaffstakeprideinthefactthatintheirownwaystheyarehelpingtocuresickpeople－thusaccomplishingagooddeal.即使沒有能夠明顯地表現(xiàn)個(gè)

15、人才能的最終產(chǎn)品，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)者仍然能從完成一件工作中獲得自豪感。我們自己在醫(yī)院的研究表明，即使是負(fù)責(zé)房間整潔和洗衣的職工，也自豪地感到自己在以自己的方式幫助病人痊愈——從而完成了一件有意義的事。Wevewatchedprogrammersengineerswkfifteeneighteenhoursatastretchsevendaysaweekwhenajobreallygottoughtheyknewthatacrucialde

16、adlinehadtobemetwhenamajprojectwouldfallunlesssometoughproblemweresolved.Certainlysomeofthisisloyaltyidentification－givingbacktotheganizationsomethinginreturnfhavingprovidedthemwithgoodjobs－butalargerpartofitisselfishnes

17、sinthegoodsenseofthewd.Theyreceivedasubstantialpersonalpayofffromtheirefftsintheknowledgethattheycouldtackletoughalmostinsurmountableproblemsyetovercomethem.Theyenjoyed“makingit“－winningdespitedifficultoddsprovingtheirca

18、pacitiesagainsttheoutsider:natureacompetitacomplexproblemmasteringsomethingneweveryday.我們還觀察到，有時(shí)，程序設(shè)計(jì)師和工程師在工作中遇到很大困難，而他們知道工作必須如期完成；而有時(shí)，除非他們能解決某個(gè)棘手的問題，否則一項(xiàng)大的工程就面臨著流產(chǎn)，這時(shí)他們就會(huì)每天連續(xù)工作15到18個(gè)小時(shí)，每周工作7天。當(dāng)然，這部分是出于忠誠和與公司息息相關(guān)之感，他們要回報(bào)